Class 11 Chapter 1

1. Rational number decimal represents an irrational number.

A number which can written in the form of Example 1
p 25
where p, q  z and q≠0 called rational number i. 0.25 = rational no.
q 100
1
1 3 ii. = 0. 333.... = (recurring decimal
Example , 4, 3
2 4 (rational no.)
2. Irrational number
A Number which cannot written in the form iii. 2.3 = 2.333.... Rational no.
1
p iv. 0.142857142857 ... =7 (rational no.)
of where p, q  z and q≠0 is called irrational
q v. 0.01001000100001.... Non-
number. Example 2, 3, 5 terminating,
3. Decimal Representation of Rational Non-periodic so irrational no.
and Irrational Numbers vi. 214.121122111222… Irrational no.
1) Terminating decimals: vii. 1.4142135... Is an irrational no.
A decimal that contains finite number of viii. 7.320 5080... Irrational no.
digits in its decimal part is called
Terminating decimal ix. 1.709975947... Irrational no.
e.g. 2.02.04, 0.000415 x. 3.141592 654.... Important irrational
* Every terminating decimal can be number called𝑎 𝜋 (𝑃𝑖) and

pk
converted to a common fraction. 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
Every terminating decimal represents a 𝜋=
rational number. 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2) Non-Terminating decimals:
A decimal having infinite number of digits
s.
Example 2.
Prove that √𝟐 is an irrational number.
in its decimal part is called non-terminating
te
decimal Solution:
e.g., 0.428571.... , 0.33333 …
√2=1.414213.... =
Suppose√2 is a rational number then√2
no

𝑝
There are two types of non-terminating 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞𝜖𝑍 ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞) ≠
𝑞
decimals:
i) Recurring decimals ii) Non- 1
sy

recurring decimals 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑝. 𝑞), √2 can

i) Recurring decimals be reduced as
𝑝
√2 =
ea

A recurring or periodic or cyclic 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 → (1)

𝑞
decimal is a decimal in which one or
 √2𝑏 = 𝑎
more digits repeat indefinitely.
 2𝑏 2 = 𝑎2
e.g., 2.3 = 2.3333.... (Rational no.)
1
 𝑎2 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
= 0.33333.... (Rational no.)  𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2 → (2)
3
3
= 0:4285714285714.... (rational)  𝑎 = 2𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
7
Every recurring decimal can be converted to ∴ √2𝑏 = 2𝑐
a common fraction. 2𝑏 2 = 4𝑐 2
* Every recurring decimal represents la  𝑏 2 = 2𝑐 2
rational number.  2𝑏 2 = 4𝑐 2
ii) Non-recurring decimals:  𝑏 2 = 2𝑐 2
A decimal which neither terminates nor it is  𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2 → (3)
recurring is called non-recurring decimal. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
e.g. √2 = 1.414213562... , √7= 2.645751... 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑠 (1)
Every non-recurring decimal can not be 𝑠𝑜 √2𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
converted to a common fraction.
* Every non-terminating and non-recurring

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Class 11 Chapter 1
Prove that √3 is an rational number. ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, ∃ 0 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

Solution: 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 0 (𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

Suppose√3 is a rational number then√3

= 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑝
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞𝜖𝑍 ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑝, 𝑞) ≠ 𝒊𝒗) 𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆
𝑞
1 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, ∃(−𝑎) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑝. 𝑞), √3 can 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0 = (−𝑎) + 𝑎

be reduced as 𝒗) 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘
𝑝
√3 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝐹 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 → (1) ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎
𝑞

 √3𝑏 = 𝑎
 3𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 2. Multiplication Laws
 𝑎2 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 vi) Closure Law
 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 → (2)
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎. 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅
 𝑎 = 3𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
∴ √3𝑏 = 2𝑐 (𝑎, 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏)

pk
3𝑏 2 = 9𝑐 2 vii) Associative Law
s. ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎. (𝑏. 𝑐) = (𝑎. 𝑏). 𝑐
2 2
 𝑏 = 3𝑐
𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
 𝑏 2 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3
te
 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 → (3) ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, ∃ 1 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
𝑎. 1 = 1. 𝑎 = 𝑎 1 (𝑜𝑛𝑒)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
no

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑠 (1)

𝑠𝑜 √3𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟. 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
Properties of real numbers 𝑖𝑥) 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
sy

Binary operation:- ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, ∃(𝑎−1 ) ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝑎. 𝑎 −1 = 𝑎 −1 𝑎 = 1 (𝑎−1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛
ea

𝐴 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒

𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ⋇ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 1
𝑎𝑠
𝑎
𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑥) 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴.
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎
∗ 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑
3. Multiplicative – addition Law
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (. 𝑜𝑟 ×)𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 xi)
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 (𝐼𝑅)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
1. Addition laws 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
i) Closure law 𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑐 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅
4.
𝑖𝑖) 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
i) Reflexive property
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 = 𝑎

2|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
𝑖𝑖) Symmetric Property
Note:
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 = 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏 = 𝑎
∗ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑(−𝑎) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (−𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 − (−𝑎) = 𝑎
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎=𝑏 ∧𝑏=𝑐 ⟹𝑎=𝑐
∗a and 1/a are 𝑥 −1 inverse of each other.
𝑖𝑣) 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
1
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑎(𝑖. 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎−1 )𝑎 ≠ 0
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 =𝑏 ⟹𝑎+𝑐 =𝑏+𝑐 𝑎

v) Multiplicative property 1
(𝑎−1 )−1 = 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 =𝑎
1
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎 = 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 ∧ 𝑐𝑎 = 𝑐𝑏 𝑎

vi) cancellation property w.r.t addition

∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎+𝑐 =𝑏+𝑐 ⟹𝑎 =𝑏 Exercise No.1.1
1. Which of the following have closure property
vii) Cancellation property w.r.t multiplication
w.r.t addition and multiplication
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑏, 𝑐 ≠ 0 i. {0}

pk
5. Properties of inequalities Solution:- As 0+0=0∈{0}
1) Trichotomy property ⇒{0} has closure property w.r.t
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐼𝑅, 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟𝑎 > 𝑏 𝑜𝑟𝑎 < 𝑏 s. addition
2) Transitive property As 0 × 0 =0∈{0}
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 ⇒{0} has closure property w.r.t
te
1. 𝑎 > 𝑏 ∧ 𝑏 > 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑎 > 𝑐 multiplication
ii. {1}
no

2. 𝑎 < 𝑏 ∧ 𝑏 < 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑎 < 𝑐

Solution:- As 1+1=2∉{1}
3) Additive property
⇒{1} does not have closure property
∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝐼𝑅
sy

w.r.t addition
a) 1. 𝑎 > 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 > 𝑏 + 𝑐 As 1 × 1 =1∈{1}
2. 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐
⇒{1} has closure property w.r.t
ea

b) 1. 𝑎 > 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 > 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 > 𝑏 + 𝑑 multiplication

2. 𝑎 < 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 < 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑑
iii. {0, −1}
4) Multiplicative properties
a) ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0 Solution:-
𝑖) 𝑎 > 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐 0+0=0∈{0, −1}
𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
0+(-1)=-1∈{0, −1}
(-1)+0=-1∈{0, −1}
b) ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0
(-1)+(-1)=-2 ∉ {0, −1}
𝑖) 𝑎 > 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
⇒{0, −1}does not have closure
𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 < 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐 property w.r.t addition
c) ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ As (-1)×(-1) =1∉ {0, −1}
𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ⇒{0, −1} has closure property w.r.t
1. 𝑎 > 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 > 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑑
multiplication
2. 𝑎 < 𝑏 ∧ 𝑐 < 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑑
iv. {1, −1}
Solution:-
(-1)+(-1)=-2 ∉ {1, −1}
3|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
⇒{1, −1}does not have closure 3. Name the property used in the following
property w.r.t addition inequalities
Also as i. -3 < -2 ⇒ 0 < 1
1 x1=1 ∈{1, −1} Ans:- Additive property
-1x(-1)=1 ∈{1, −1} ii. -5 < -4 ⇒ 20 > 16
(-1) x 1=-1 ∈{1, −1} Ans:- Multiplicative property
1 x (-1)= -1 ∈{1, −1} iii. 1 > -1 ⇒ -3 > -5
⇒{1, −1} has closure property w.r.t Ans:- Additive property
multiplication. iv. a < 0 ⇒ -a > 0
2. Name the property used in the Ans:- Multiplicative property
1 1
following equations v. a>b ⇒ <
𝑎 𝑏
i. 4+9=9+4 Ans:- Multiplicative property
Ans:- commutative property w.r.t vi. a > b ⇒ -a < -b
addition Ans:- Multiplicative property
3 3
ii. (a+1)+ =a+(1+ ) 4. Prove the followings rules 0f addition.
4 4

pk
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
Ans:- Associative property w.r.t i. 𝑐
+𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
addition L.H.S= 𝑐 + 𝑐
iii. (√3 + √5) + √7 = √3 + (√5 +
s. 1
=a x 𝑐 + b x 𝑐
1

√7) =(a+b) x 𝑐
1
te
Ans:- Associative property w.r.t =
𝑎+𝑏
=R.H.S
𝑐
addition 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
no

ii. +𝑑 =
iv. 100+0=100 𝑏 𝑏𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
L.H.S=𝑏 + 𝑑
Ans:-additive identity 𝑎 𝑐
=𝑏 x 1+ 1 x 𝑑
sy

v. 1000x1=1000
𝑎 1 1 𝑐
Ans:-Multiplicative identity =𝑏 x (d x 𝑑) + (b x 𝑏) x 𝑑
𝑎 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐
vi. 4.1+(-4.1)=0 =𝑏 x 𝑑 + x𝑑
ea

𝑏
Ans:-Additive inverse 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐
=𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑑
vii. a-a=0 1
=ad x 𝑏𝑑 + bc x 𝑏𝑑
1

Ans:- Additive inverse = (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) 𝑥 1/𝑏𝑑

viii. √2 × √5 = √5 × √2 =
𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
=R.H.S
𝑏𝑑
Ans:- commutative property w.r.t
multiplication 5. Prove that − 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖 =
𝟕 𝟓 −𝟐𝟏−𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝟔
ix. a(b-c)=ab-ac 7 5
Ans:-Left distribution property 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = − −
12 18
7 5
x. (x-y)z=xz-yz = − 12 × 1 − 18 × 1
Ans:- Right distribution property 7 1 5 1
= − 12 x(3 x 3) − 18 x (2 x 2)
xi. 4x(5x8)=(4x5)x8 7 3 5 2
= − 12 x 3 − 18 x 2
Ans:- Associative property w.r.t 21 10
= − 36 − 36
multiplication
1
xii. a(b+c-d)=ab+ac-ad = (−21 − 10)𝑥
36
Ans:- Left distribution property −21−10
= = R.H.S
36
4|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
𝑏 𝑎
6. Simplify by justify each step. +
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
4+16𝑥 = 1
i. 1−
𝑎𝑏
4 1 1
1 𝑏× +𝑎×
Solution:- = 4 𝑥 (4 + 16𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏
1
𝑎𝑏
1 (multiplicative inverse and
𝑎𝑏× −1.
1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
= 4 𝑥 (4 × 1 + 4 × 4𝑥) (Multiplicative multiplicative identity)
1
identity) (𝑏+𝑎)
𝑎𝑏
1 = 1 (dist. property)
= 4 𝑥 4(1 + 4𝑥) (Distributive property) (𝑎𝑏 −1)
𝑎𝑏
𝑏+𝑎
= 1 × (1 + 4𝑥) (Multiplicative inverse) = 𝑎𝑏 −1 (cancellation law)
= (1 + 4𝑥) (Multiplicative identity) Complex Numbers
1 1
+
4 5 The numbers of the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈
ii. 1 1
−
4 5 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 = √−1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
1 1
4
×1 + × 1
5
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥
Solution:- 1 1
4
×1− × 1
5
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠. ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
1
4
1 1 1
×( 𝑥 5) + ×( 𝑥 4)
5 5 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
= 1 1 1 1 5
×( 𝑥 5) − ×( 𝑥 4)
4 5 5 4 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑒. 𝑔3 + 4𝑖, 2 − 𝑖
1 5
× + ×
1 4 7
4 5 5 4
= 1 5 1 4  Every real number is a complex
× − ×
4 5 5 4
number with O as its imaginary part.

pk
5 4
+
20 20 Consider the equation
= 5 4
−
20 20
1 1
𝑥2 + 1 = 0
5× +4×
= 20
1
20
1
s.  𝑥 2 = −1
5× −4×
20
1
20  𝑥 = ±√−1
(5 + 4 ) ×
√−1 ∉ 𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑡
te
20
= 1
(5 − 4 ) ×
20 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑖
(5 + 4 )
= (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑜𝑡𝑎)
no

(5 − 4 )
Power of 𝒊
9 𝑖 2 = −1 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓.
= =9
1 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 . 𝑖 = (−1)𝑖 = −𝑖
sy

𝒂 𝒄
+
iii. 𝒃 𝒅
𝒂 𝒄
−
𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 . 𝑖 2 = (−1)(−1) = 1
𝑖 = 𝑖 12 . 𝑖 = (𝑖 2 )6 . 𝑖 = (−1)6 . 𝑖
13
𝒃 𝒅
𝑎 𝑐
×1 + ×1
𝑏 𝑑
Solution:- 𝑎 𝑐 (multiplicative identity) (1)𝑖 = 𝑖
ea

×1− ×1
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 1 𝑐
×(𝑑× ) + ×(𝑏× )
1 𝑖 = (𝑖 )3 = (−1)3 = −1
6 2
𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
= 𝑎 1 𝑐 1 (multiplicative inverse) 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
×(𝑑× )− ×(𝑏× )
𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐
𝑖, −𝑖, 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1
+
𝑏𝑑
𝑎𝑑
𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑐 = Operation on complex numbers
+
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 1) 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
1
(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐) × 𝑎 1  𝑎 =𝑐∧𝑏 =𝑑
= 𝑏𝑑
1 ∴ =𝑎×𝑏
(𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐) × 𝑏 2) Addition
𝑏𝑑
𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
=𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + (𝑏 + 𝑑)𝑖
1 1
+
3) 𝑘(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑘𝑎 + 𝑘𝑏𝑖
𝑎 𝑏
iv. 1 1 4) (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)
1− .
𝑎 𝑏
=(𝑎 − 𝑐) + (𝑏 − 𝑑)𝑖
1 1 5) (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖). (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)
×1+ ×1
= 𝑎 𝑏
1 1 (multiplicative identity) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝑖 + 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖 2
1− .
1
𝑎 𝑏
1 1 1
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑖
×(𝑏× )+ ×(𝑎× )
= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
1 1
𝑎
(multiplicative inverse) Conjugate complex Numbers:
1− .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒
1 𝑏 1 𝑎
×( )+ ×( )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
=
1 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 Z and is defined as
1− .
𝑎 𝑏
Z = a  ib = a − ib
5|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
 A real number is self –conjugate. Exercise 1.2
Complex Numbers of Ordered pairs of Real 1. 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐱
Numbers. 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝑖) (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) ⟺ 𝑎 = 𝑐 ∧ 𝑏 = 𝑑 i. Closure property
𝑖𝑖) (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑) For (a, b), (c, d) ∈ C
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) ∈ C
𝑘(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑘𝑎, 𝑘𝑏)
𝑖𝑣) (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) ii. Associative property
𝑣) (𝑎, 𝑏) − (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎 − 𝑐, 𝑏 − 𝑑) For (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ C
Properties of the fundamental operation on = [(a, b) + (c, d)] + (e, f)
complex Numbers. = (a + c, b + d) + (e + f)
𝑖) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 (0,0)
= [(a + c) + e, (b + d) + f]
𝑖𝑖) 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑎, 𝑏)
ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒(−𝑎, −𝑏) = [a + (c + e), b + (d + f)]
𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (−𝑎, −𝑏) = (0,0)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠(1,0) ∴ ‘ + ’ is associative in R
𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑎, 𝑏)(1,0) = (𝑎. 1 − 𝑏, 0, 𝑏. 1 + 𝑎. 0) = (a, b) + (c + e , d + f)
𝑖𝑣) 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜(0,0)ℎ𝑎𝑠 = (a, b) + [(c, d) + (e, f)]

pk
𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒. iii. Additive identity
Q.
Prove that the multiplicative inverse of(a,b) s. ∀ (a, b) ∈ C there is (0,0) ∈ C
𝑎 𝑏
Is(𝑎2 +𝑏2 , − 𝑎2 +𝑏2) Such that (a, b) + (0,0)
te
Proof: = (a + 0 , b + 0) = (a, b)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
1 1 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 iv. Additive inverse
no

𝑍 −1 = = ×
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ∀ (a, b) ∈ C there is (−a, −b) ∈ C
𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
𝑍 −1 = = 2
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) 𝑎 − 𝑖 2 𝑏 2 Such that (a, b) + (−a, −b)
sy

𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
𝑍 −1 = 2 = = (a − a , b − b) = (0,0)
𝑎 − (−1)𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎 𝑏
ea

𝑍 −1 = 2 2
− 2 𝑖
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏2
Hence v. Commutative property
𝑎 −𝑏 ∀ (a, b), (c, d) ∈ C
𝑍 −1 = ( 2 , 2 )
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏2
2
v) (𝑎, 𝑏)[(𝑐, 𝑑) ± (𝑒, 𝑓)] = (a, b) + (c, d)
= (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐, 𝑑) ± (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑒, 𝑓) = (a + c) + (b + d)
A special subset of C𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑎, 0), (𝑏, 0)𝜖𝐶
(𝑎, 0) + (𝑏, 0) = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 0) = (c + a) + (d + b)
(𝑎, 0). (𝑏, 0) = (𝑎𝑐, 0)
𝐾(𝑎, 0) = (𝑘𝑎, 0) = (c, d) + (a, b)
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑎, 0)𝑖𝑠 Q2. Verify the multiplication properties of the
1 complex numbers.
( , 0) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎 Solution:
[Link] w.r.t “x”
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)𝜖𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑖𝑎𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏𝑐 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) − 𝑏𝑑
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝜖𝐶

6|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
[Link] w.r.t “x” =1. 𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑), (𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓)𝜖𝐶 =𝑖
[(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)](𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓) ii. 𝑖 14
= [(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑)](𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓) Solution:- (𝑖 2 )7
= [𝑒(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) − 𝑓(𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑)] =(−1)7
+𝑖[𝑓(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑒(𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑] = -1
= [𝑒𝑎𝑐 − 𝑒𝑏𝑑 − 𝑓𝑏𝑐 − 𝑓𝑎𝑑] iii. (−𝑖)19
+ 𝑖[𝑓𝑎𝑐 − 𝑓𝑏𝑑 + 𝑒𝑏𝑐 + 𝑒𝑎𝑑] Solution:-−(𝑖 2 )9 . 𝑖
= [𝑎(𝑒𝑐 − 𝑑𝑓) − 𝑏(𝑑𝑓 + 𝑑𝑒)] =−(−1)9 . 𝑖
+ 𝑖[𝑎(𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑𝑒) + 𝑏(𝑒𝑐 − 𝑑𝑓)] =-(-1). 𝑖
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)[(𝑒𝑐 − 𝑑𝑓) + 𝑖(𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑𝑒)] =1. 𝑖
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)[(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑒 + 𝑓)] =𝑖
iii)Identity
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), (1 + 𝑖0) ∈ 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 21
iv. (−1)− 2
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑖0) = 𝑎 + 0 + 𝑖𝑏 + 0
Solution:
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ∈ 𝐶 1 1
iv)Inverse 21 =
1 21
𝑎 𝑖𝑏 (−1) 2 [(−1)2 ]
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), ( 2 , )∈𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

pk
1 1
Then = =
𝑎 𝑖𝑏 𝑖 21 (𝑖 2 )10 . 𝑖
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) ( 2 − ) 1 1
𝑎 + 𝑏2 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 s. = =
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 (−1) . 𝑖
10 1. 𝑖
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) ( 2 ) 1 𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏2 = ×
te
𝑎2 − (𝑖𝑏)2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 𝑖
= 2 = 2 = 1 = 1 + 𝑖0 𝑖 𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏2 𝑎 + 𝑏2 = 2 =
𝑖 (−1)
no

v) Commutative
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏), (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) ∈ 𝐶 = −𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) Q5.
sy

= 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑑𝑏) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑐𝑏) Write into the term of 𝒊

= (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) i. √−𝟏𝒃
ea

Q.3 verify the distributive law of complex Solution:- 𝒊𝒃

numbers ii. √−𝟓
(𝑎, 𝑏)[(𝑐, 𝑑) + (𝑒, 𝑓)] 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:- √−1 × 5
= (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐, 𝑑) + (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑒, 𝑓)
√−𝟏 √5 = √5 𝑖
Solution :
L.H.S
16
(𝑎, 𝑏)[(𝑐, 𝑑) + (𝑒, 𝑓)] iii. √−
25
= (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑑 + 𝑓)
16
= (𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑒) − 𝑏(𝑑 + 𝑓), 𝑎(𝑑 + 𝑓) + 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑒) Solution:- √−1 × 25
=(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑒 − 𝑏𝑑 − 𝑏𝑓, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑎)
16
R.H.S =√−1 × √25
= (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐, 𝑑) + (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑒, 𝑓) 4
= (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) + (𝑎𝑒 − 𝑏𝑓, 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏𝑐 = 5𝑖
(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑒 − 𝑏𝑑 − 𝑏𝑓, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑎 1
iv. √
Hence proved. −4
2. Simplify the following. 1
Solution:- √−1 × 4
i. 𝑖9
Solution:- (𝑖 2 )4 . 𝑖 1 1
=√−1 × √4 = 𝑖 × 2
=(−1)4 . 𝑖

7|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
𝑖 6 + 4𝑖 − 42(−1) 6 + 42 + 32𝑖
= 𝐴𝑛𝑠. = =
2 9 + 49 58
Q6. 48 + 4𝑖 24 2
= = ( , )
Solve (7,9)+(3,-5) 58 29 32
Solution:- Q.12
(7,9) + (3, −5) Solution
= (7 + 3,9 − 5) (5, −4) ÷ (−3, −8)
= (10,4 𝟓, −𝟒 𝟓 − 𝟒𝐢
= =
−15 + 40𝑖 + 12𝑖 − 32𝑖 2 (−𝟑, −𝟖) −𝟑 − 𝟖𝐢
= 𝟓 − 𝟒𝐢 (−𝟑 + 𝟖𝐢)
9 − 64𝑖 2 = ×
−15 + 52𝑖 + 32 −𝟑 − 𝟖𝐢 (−3 + 8i)
= ∴ 𝑖 2 = −1
9 + 64 5(−3) + (5)(8i) + (−4i)(−3) + (−4i)(8i)
17 + 52𝑖 17 52 17 52 =
= + 𝑖=( , ) (−3)2 − (8i)2
73 73 73 73 73 Q.13
Q7. Prove that sum as well as product of two
Solve (8,-5)-(-7,4) conjugate complex number is real.
Solution:- (8+7,-5-4) Solution:-
=(15,-9) let two conjugate complex number be
Q8.𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (2,6). (3,7)

pk
𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑆𝑢𝑚 = 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
(2 + 6𝑖). (3 + 7𝑖) = 2𝑎 𝜖 ℝ ∴ 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
= (2.3 + 2.7𝑖 + 6𝑖 .3 + 6𝑖 . 7𝑖) s. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑧 . 𝑧̅
= (6 + 14𝑖 + 18𝑖 + 42𝑖 2 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏). (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)
= (6 + 42(−1) + 32𝑖) = (𝑎2 − 𝑖 2 𝑏 2 )
te
= (6 − 42 + 32𝑖) = 𝑎2 − (−1)𝑏 2
= (−36 + 32𝑖) = (−36,32) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∈ ℝ ∴ 𝑥, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
no

Q9. Q14.
(𝟓, −𝟒)(−𝟑, −𝟐) Find the multiplicative inverse of the following
S0lution: i. (-4,7)
sy

(5, −4)(−3, −2) Solution:- let 𝑧 = (−4,7)

= (5(−3) − (−4)(−2), 5(−2) + (−4)(−3)) 1
Multiplicative inverse of 𝑧 = 𝑧
= (−15 − 8, −10 + 12) = (−23,2)
ea

1 1
Q10. = =
(0,3)(0,5) (−4, 7) −4 + 7𝑖
1 1 −4−7𝑖
Solution: = −4+7𝑖 = −4+7𝑖×−4−7𝑖
(0,3)(0,5) −4−7𝑖 −4−7𝑖
= (−4)2 −(7𝑖)2 = 16−49(𝑖)2
= (0.3 − 3.5,0.5 + 3.0) = (0.15,0 + 0) −4−7𝑖 −4−7𝑖
= (−15,0) = 16+49 = 16−49(𝑖)2
Q.11 −4−7𝑖 −4 7
= = − 65 𝑖
65 65
Solve (2,6) ÷ (3,7) 4 7
Solution:- = (− ,− )
65 65
(2,6) 2+6𝑖 ii. (√2 , √5)
= 3+7𝑗
(3,7)
2 + 6𝑖 3 − 7𝑖 Solution:- let z=(√2 , −√5)
= × Multiplicative inverse of z=𝑧
1
3 + 7𝑖 3 − 7𝑖
(2 + 6𝑖)(3 − 7𝑖) 1 1
= =( =
(3)2 − (7𝑖)2 √2 ,−√5) √2−√5𝑖
1 √2+√5𝑖
(2.3 − 2.7𝑖 + 6𝑖. 3 − 6𝑖 . 7𝑖) = ×
= √2−√5𝑖 √2+√5𝑖
9 − 49(𝑖)2 √2+√5𝑖
6 − 14𝑖 + 18𝑖 − 42𝑖 2 = 2 2
(√2) −(√5𝑖)
=
9 − 49(−1)
8|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
=
√𝟐+√𝟓𝒊 (−𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊)𝟐
𝟐−𝟓𝒊𝟐 .
√𝟐+√𝟓𝒊 √𝟐+√𝟓𝒊
𝟏+𝒊
= = (−𝟐)𝟐 +(𝟑𝒊)𝟐 +𝟐(−𝟐)(𝟑𝒊)
𝟐−𝟓(−𝟏) 𝟐+𝟓 𝒔olution:- 𝟏+𝒊
√𝟐+√𝟓𝒊 √𝟐 √𝟓 𝟒+𝟗𝒊𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒊
= =(𝟕 , ) = =
𝟒+𝟗(−𝟏)−𝟏𝟐𝒊
𝟕 𝟕 𝟏+𝒊 𝟏+𝒊
iii. (1,0) 𝟒−𝟗−𝟏𝟐𝒊 −𝟓−𝟏𝟐𝒊
= =
Solution: 𝟏+𝒊 𝟏+𝒊
−𝟓−𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟏−𝒊
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = (1 ,0) = ×
𝟏+𝒊 𝟏−𝒊
1 −𝟓+𝟓𝒊−𝟏𝟐𝒊+𝟏𝟐𝒊𝟐
Multiplicative inverse of z=𝑧 = (𝟏)𝟐 −(𝒊)𝟐
1 1
= 1+0𝑖 =
−𝟓+𝟓𝒊−𝟏𝟐𝒊+𝟏𝟐(−𝟏)
(1,0)
𝟏−(−𝟏)
1 1
= 1+0 = 1 = 1 −𝟏𝟕−𝟕𝒊 −𝟏𝟕 𝟕
= = − 𝟐𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
= (1,0) 𝒊
𝒊𝒊𝒊.
𝟏+𝒊
Q15. 𝒊 𝟏−𝒊
Solution:- 𝟏+𝒊×𝟏−𝒊
Factorize the following.
𝒊−𝒊𝟐 𝒊−(−𝟏)
i. 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒃𝟐 =𝟏𝟐 −𝒊𝟐 =𝟏−(−𝟏)
Solution:- 𝒂𝟐 − (−𝟏)𝟒𝒃𝟐 𝒊+𝟏 𝒊+𝟏
=𝟏+𝟏 =

pk
= 𝑎2 − (𝑖)2 22 𝑏 2 𝟏 𝒊
𝟐

= (𝑎)2 − (𝑖2𝑏)2 =𝟐 + 𝟐
= (𝑎 + 𝑖2𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑖2𝑏) s. The Real Line
= (𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − 2𝑏𝑖) The set or real numbers are represented by a
straight line 𝑋𝑂𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛.
te
ii. 𝟗𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐
Solution:- 𝟗𝒂𝟐 − (−𝟏)𝟏𝟔𝒃𝟐
The Real Plane /coordinate plane
no

= (3𝑎)2 − (𝑖)2 42 𝑏 2
The plane made by two mutually perpendicular
= (3𝑎)2 − (𝑖4𝑏)2
lines is called coordinate plane. Let us draw two
= (3a+i4b)(3a-i4b)
mutually ⊥
sy

= (3a+4bi)(3a-4bi)
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑋𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑌 ′ 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠 𝑂 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟
Point of interaction. The lines
iii. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐
𝑋𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝑌 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 coordinates axes. The
ea

Solution:- 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − (−𝟏)𝟑𝒚𝟐

common point O is called origin or initial point.
= 3(𝑥)2 − (𝑖)2 3𝑦 2
XOX’ is called X-axis, which is horizontal line and
= 3[(𝑥)2 − (𝑖𝑦)2 ]
YOY’ is called Y-axis. Which is vertical line. Thus
= 3[(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)]
the plane made by both x-axis and y-axis is called
= 3(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
xy-plane or real plane.
Q17. Separate real and imaginary part.
If (a,b) are called coordinates of a point p then a
i.
𝟐 − 𝟕𝒊 is called x-coordinate or abscissa of point p and b
is called y-coordinate are ordinate of point p. the
𝟒 + 𝟓𝒊
2−7𝑖 4−5𝑖 coordinate plane into four equal parts, called
Solution:- 4+5𝑖×4−5𝑖
quadrants.
8−10𝑖−28𝑖+35𝑖 2
= (4)2 −(5𝑖)2
8−38𝑖+35(−1)
= 16−25𝑖 2
8−38𝑖−35
= 16−25(−1)
−27−38𝑖 −27−38𝑖
= =
16+25 41
−27 38
= 41 − 41 𝑖

9|Page
Class 11 Chapter 1
In Cartesian plane distance of A(a,b) from origin
O(0,0)
|𝑂𝑃| = √(𝑎 − 0)2 + (𝑏 − 0)2
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Draw ⊥ 𝐴𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑂𝑀| = 𝑎
|𝐴𝑀| = 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑂𝐴| = 𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛 ⊿ 𝐴𝑂𝑀
|𝑂𝐴|2 = |𝑂𝑀|2 + |𝐴𝑀|2
𝑍 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|𝑍| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Geometrical representation of complex Thus the modules of a complex number from the
Numbers
origin.
Geometrical representation of complex Number
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is represented by a point P(a,b) on the
coordinate plane. When are represent a complex
Exercise 1.3
Question Find multiplicative inverse of
number on coordinate plane, then the coordinate
each of the following numbers.
plane is called complex plane or Z plane.
i. -3i
 In the representation the x-axis is called

pk
Solution:-let z= -3i then its
real axis and y-axis is called imaginary axis. 1
Y multiplicative inverse is 𝑧
1 1 𝑖
= −3𝑖 × 𝑖
C(-2+i)
A(3+2i)
s. 𝑧
𝑖
= −3(𝑖)2 = −3(−1)
𝑖
te
X 𝑖
X’ =3
no

-4 -3 -2 1 2 3 4 ii. 1-2i
F(2-i)
Solution:-let z= -3i then its
E(-3-2i) 𝟏
sy

multiplicative inverse is 𝒛
1 1
Y’ =
𝑧 1−2𝑖
1 1+2𝑖
= 1−2𝑖 × 1+2𝑖
ea

Argand diagram: 1+2𝑖

=(1)2 −(2𝑖)2
Figure representing one or more complex
1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖
numbers on complex plane is called Argand =1−4(𝑖)2 =1−4(−1)
diagram. 1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖
= 1+4 = 5
1 2
Modulus of the Complex Number 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 5 + 5𝑖

Y
iii. −𝟑 − 𝟓𝒊
Solution:
y 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = −3 − 5𝑖 = (−3, −5)
X’ ∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = (𝑎, 𝑏)
X 𝑎 𝑏
O X M  𝑧 −1 = (𝑎2 +𝑏2 , − 𝑎2 +𝑏2 )
𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = (−3, −5)
3 −5
 𝑧 −1 = (− (−3)2 +(−5)2 , − (−3)2 +(−5)2 )

Y’

10 | P a g e
Class 11 Chapter 1
−3 5 −3 5 Let 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
=( , )=( , )
9 + 25 9 + 25 34 34 Then a-bi= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
−3 5 ⇒-bi=bi
= + 𝑖
34 34 ⇒ 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 =0
iv. (1,2) ⇒2bi=0
Solution: ⇒b=0 so z=a (real)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑍 = (1,2) Conversely let z be a real number
∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = (𝑎, 𝑏) that is z=a, a ϵ ℝ
𝑎 𝑏 Then 𝑧̅ = 𝑎̅ = 𝑎 because ‘a’ is a real
𝑧 −1 = ( 2 2
,− 2 )
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏2 number.
For Z=(1,2) Hence 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
1 −2
 𝑧 −1 = ((1)2 +(2)2 , (1)2 +(2)2 ) Question No.5
1 −2 1 −2 1 −2 Simplify by expressing in the form of
=( , )=( , )= + 𝑖 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊
1+4 1+4 5 5 5 5
Question No.3 i. 5+2√−4
Simplify Solution:- 5+2√4√−1
i. 𝑖 101 = 5+2(2)i=5+4i
𝑠olution:- 𝑖 100 . 𝑖

pk
=(𝑖 2 )50 . 𝑖
=(−1)50 . 𝑖 ii. (2+√−3)(3+√−3)
=1.i=i s. Solution:- (2+√−3)(3+√−3)
=(6+2√−3 + 3√−3 + (√−3)2)
ii. (−𝑎𝑖)4
=(6+5√−3 + (−3))
te
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢tion:- (−𝑎)4 𝑖 4
=(6+5√3𝑖 − 3)
=𝑎4 . (𝑖 2 )2
=𝑎4 . (−1)2 =(3+5√3𝑖)
no

=𝑎4 . 1=𝑎4
2
iii. 𝑖 −3 iii.
sy

√5+√−8
1 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙ution:-𝑖 3 Solution:-
√5+√−8
1
= 𝑖 2 .𝑖 =
2
×
√5+√8𝑖
ea

1 √5−√8𝑖 √5+√8𝑖
=(−1).𝑖 2(√5−√8𝑖)
=(√5)2 −(√8𝑖)2
1 −1
=(−1).𝑖= 2(√5−√8𝑖) 2(√5−√8𝑖)
𝑖
= =
−1 𝑖 5−8(𝑖)2 5−8(−1)
= ×𝑖
𝑖 2(√5−√8𝑖) 2(√5−√8𝑖)
−𝑖 −𝑖 = =
= = (−1) 5+8 13
𝑖2 2√5 2√8
=i = 13 − 13

3
iv.
√6−√−12
iv. 𝑖 −10 3
1 Solution:-
𝑠𝑜𝑙ution:- 𝑖 10 √6−√−12
3 √6+√−12
1 = ×
= (𝑖 2 )5 √6−√−12 √6+√−12
3(√6+√−12)
=(−1)5
1 =(√6)2 −(√12𝑖)2
1 3(√6+√−12) 2(√5+√8𝑖)
=−1 = -1 = =
6−12(𝑖)2 6−12(−1)
Question No.4 Prove that 𝒛̅ = 𝒛 iff z is =
3√6+√12𝑖) 3(√6+√12𝑖)
=
6+12 18
real.
3√6 3.2√3𝑖
Proof :- let z=a-bi and 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 = 18 18
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Class 11 Chapter 1
√6 2√3𝑖 −1
1 √3
=6 + =(− 2 − 𝑖)
6 2
1 √3𝑖 1 √3
= + 1 − + 𝑖
√6 3 = 1 √3
× 2 2
1 √3
1 1 − − 𝑖 − + 𝑖
= + 𝑖 2 2 2 2
√6 √3 1 √3
− + 𝑖
= 2 2
1 2 √3 2
Question No.6 Show that ( ) −( 𝑖)
2 2
i. 𝑧̅ 2 + 𝑧 2 is a real number 1 √3
− + 𝑖 − + 𝑖
1 √3
= 2 2
= 2 2
Solution:- let z=a+ib then 1 3 2 1 3
− (𝑖)
4 4
− (−1)
4 4
𝑧̅=a-ib 1 √3
− + 𝑖 − + 𝑖
1 √3

𝑧̅2 + 𝑧 2 =(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)2 = 2 2

1 3 =2 2
4
+ 4
4 4
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2 + 2(𝑎)(𝑖𝑏) + 𝑎2 + −1+√3𝑖
𝑏 2 𝑖 2 − 2(𝑎)(𝑖𝑏) = 2
= 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 (−1) iv. (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 2𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 which is real. 𝑠olution:-(𝑎)2 + (𝑏𝑖)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
ii. 𝑧̅2 − 𝑧 2 is a imaginary =𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (𝑖)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
number =𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (−1) + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
Solution:- let z=a+ib then =𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
𝑧̅=a-ib v. (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)−2

pk
𝑧̅2 − 𝑧 2 =(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)2 𝑠olution:- (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)−2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑖 2 + 2(𝑎)(𝑖𝑏) − 𝑎2 − 1
=
𝑏 2 𝑖 2 + 2(𝑎)(𝑖𝑏) s. (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2
= 4𝑎𝑏𝑖 1
=
= 2𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2 Which is (𝑎) + (𝑏𝑖)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
2
te
imaginary number. 1
= 2
Question No.7 Simplify 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 (𝑖)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
no

1 √3 3 1
i. (− 2 + 𝑖) = 2
2 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 (−1) + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
−1+√3𝑖 3
𝑠olution:- ( ) ∴ω 1
2 = 2
sy

−1+√3𝑖 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏 ) + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
=
2 (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
=(𝜔)3 ∴ 𝜔3 = 1 × 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
ea

=1
(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
= 2
1 √3 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏 2 )2 − 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑖 2
ii. (− 2 − 𝑖) (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
2
−1−√3𝑖 3 = 4
𝑠olution:- ( ) ∴ 𝜔2 𝑎 + 𝑏 4 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 (−1)
2
−1−√3𝑖
(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
= = 4
2 𝑎 + 𝑏 4 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎2 𝑏 2
=(𝜔 ) 2 3 (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑎𝑏𝑖
=
=(𝜔3 )2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2
=(1)2 ∴ 𝜔3 = 1 (𝑎 − 𝑏 2 )
2
2𝑎𝑏
=1 = 2 2 2
− 2 𝑖
(𝑎 + 𝑏 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 2 )2
−2
iii. (− 2 −
1 √3
𝑖)
1
(− 2 −
√3
𝑖) vi. (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)3
2 2
−2 Solution:- (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)3
1 √3 1
Solution:- (− 2 − 𝑖) (− 2 − =(𝑎)3 + (𝑏𝑖)3 + 3(𝑎)(𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)
2
√3 =𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 (𝑖)3 + 3𝑎𝑏𝑖(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)
𝑖)
2 =𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 (𝑖)2 . 𝑖 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 +
−2+1
=(− 2 −
1 √3
𝑖) 3𝑎𝑏 2 (𝑖)2
2
=𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 (−1).
𝑖 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 (−1)
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Class 11 Chapter 1
[Link]
=𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 𝑖 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 − 3𝑎𝑏 2 1
=
27 − 8(𝑖)2 . 𝑖
− 54𝑖 + 36𝑖 2
vii. (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)3 1
=
Solution:- (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)3 27 − 8(−1). 𝑖 − 54𝑖 + 36(−1)
=(𝑎)3 − (𝑏𝑖)3 − 3(𝑎)(𝑏𝑖)(𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖) 1
=
=𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 (𝑖)3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑖(𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖) 27 + 8𝑖 − 54𝑖 − 36
=𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 (𝑖)2 . 𝑖 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 + 1 −9 + 46𝑖
= ×
3𝑎𝑏 2 (𝑖)2 −9 − 46𝑖 −9 + 46𝑖
−9 + 46𝑖
=𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 (−1). 𝑖 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 + =
3𝑎𝑏 2 (−1) (−9)2 − (46𝑖)2
−9 + 46𝑖
=𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 𝑖 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑖 − 3𝑎𝑏 2 =
81 − 2116(𝑖)2
viii. (3 − √−4)−3
−9 + 46𝑖
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: − (𝑎 − √4𝑖)−3 =
81 − 2116(−1)
1
= −9 + 46𝑖
(𝑎 − 2𝑖)3 =
81 + 2116
1 −9 + 46𝑖
= =
(3)3 − (2𝑖)3 − 3(3)(2𝑖)(3 − 2𝑖) 2197
1 −9 46

pk
= = +
27 − 2 (𝑖) − 18𝑖(3 − 2𝑖)
3 3
2197 2197
s.
te
no
sy
ea

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