Trace Elements
Mrs K.N. Akinyele
The minerals are inorganic elements that constitute only a small proportion of the body
weight. Minerals perform several vital functions which are absolutely essential for the
very existence of the organism.
Classification of minerals
1. Macro Mineral / Principal Elements
2. Micro Mineral/ Trace Element
Macro minerals
The seven macro minerals constitute 60-80% of the body’s inorganic material. These are
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. The Macro
minerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day. Macro elements
constituents of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats providing energy.
Micro minerals /Trace elements
Trace elements, also known as micro elements (micro minerals) are essential minerals
required by the body in small amounts (typically less than 100 mg per day) to maintain
proper physiological functions. Unlike macro elements constituents of macronutrients
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, trace elements do not provide energy; instead,
they play specific roles in cellular processes, enzyme functions, and hormone regulation.
Characteristics of trace elements
Required in small amounts but vital for health and development.
Act as cofactors for enzymes, contributing to biochemical reactions in the body.
Involved in growth, immune function, brain development, and red blood cell
formation.
Deficiencies or excesses can lead to various health issues.
Trace elements are subdivided into three categories
1. Essential trace elements: Iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum,
cobalt, fluorine, selenium and chromium.
2. Possibly essential trace elements: Nickel, vanadium, cadmium and barium.
3. Non-essential trace elements: Aluminium, lead, mercury, boron, silver, bismuth
etc.
Essential trace elements
The most important trace elements include Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iodine (I),
Selenium (Se), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Fluorine (F) and
Molybdenum (Mo). Each of these elements has distinct biological functions and health
implications.
1. Iron (Fe)
Role: Iron is crucial for hemoglobin formation in red blood cells, which is essential for
oxygen transport. It also plays a role in myoglobin (oxygen storage in muscles) and
various enzymes involved in cellular respiration and DNA synthesis.
Sources: Red meat, poultry, fish, lentils, beans, tofu, fortified cereals, and leafy green
vegetables.
Deficiency: Iron deficiency leads to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, pale
skin, and shortness of breath.
Toxicity: Excessive iron can lead to iron overload, causing liver damage and conditions
like hemochromatosis.
2. Zinc (Zn)
Role: Zinc is involved in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA
synthesis, and cell division. It also supports growth and development during pregnancy,
childhood, and adolescence.
Sources: Meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy, and whole grains.
Deficiency: Zinc deficiency may result in impaired immune function, delayed wound
healing, hair loss, and growth retardation in children.
Toxicity: High doses can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and immune
suppression.
3. Copper (Cu)
Role: Copper assists in iron metabolism, energy production, and connective tissue
formation. It is also an antioxidant that protects cells from damage.
Sources: Shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and legumes.
Deficiency: Rare, but can cause anemia, bone abnormalities, and cardiovascular issues.
Toxicity: High copper levels can lead to liver damage and gastrointestinal symptoms.
4. Iodine (I)
Role: Essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and
development.
Sources: Iodized salt, seafood, dairy products, and eggs.
Deficiency: Iodine deficiency can lead to goiter (thyroid gland enlargement) and, in
severe cases, intellectual disabilities and growth delays in children.
Toxicity: Excessive iodine intake can also cause thyroid dysfunction, leading to
hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
5. Selenium (Se)
Role: Selenium is a component of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative
damage. It also plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism.
Sources: Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, eggs, and cereals.
Deficiency: Can result in Keshan disease (a type of heart disease) and may weaken the
immune system.
Toxicity: High intake can cause selenosis, characterized by hair and nail loss, skin rashes,
and nervous system abnormalities.
6. Manganese (Mn)
Role: Involved in bone formation, blood clotting, and the functioning of antioxidant
enzymes.
Sources: Whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and tea.
Deficiency: Rare but can cause skeletal abnormalities and impaired growth.
Toxicity: Excess manganese can lead to neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's
disease.
7. Cobalt (Co)
Role: Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which is necessary for red blood cell
production and nervous system function.
Sources: Meat, dairy products, and seafood.
Deficiency: Vitamin B12 deficiency (often related to cobalt) can lead to anemia and
neurological issues.
Toxicity: High levels can lead to heart problems and thyroid dysfunction.
8. Chromium (Cr)
Role: Chromium helps in glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin action, contributing
to blood sugar regulation.
Sources: Broccoli, grape juice, whole grains, and meats.
Deficiency: Rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance and increased insulin
resistance.
Toxicity: Excessive chromium can cause skin irritation and kidney issues.
9. Molybdenum (Mo)
Role: Acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing
amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines.
Sources: Legumes, nuts, dairy products, cereals, and leafy green vegetables.
Deficiency: Extremely rare, but can lead to neurological and developmental
abnormalities.
Toxicity: High intake may interfere with copper metabolism, leading to deficiency.
Functions of Trace Elements in Health
1. Enzyme Activation: Many trace elements act as cofactors that activate enzymes
involved in metabolic reactions. For example, zinc is a cofactor for over 300
enzymes, while iron is essential for enzymes in the electron transport chain for
energy production.
2. Immune System Support: Elements like zinc and selenium support immune
function by promoting the development and activity of immune cells and
protecting cells from oxidative stress.
3. Hormonal Regulation: Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones,
which regulate metabolism. Chromium plays a role in enhancing insulin action,
aiding in blood sugar regulation.
4. Antioxidant Protection: Selenium, manganese, and copper are components of
antioxidant enzymes that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage,
protecting cells from premature aging and chronic diseases.
5. Growth and Development: Trace elements like zinc, copper, and iron are essential
for growth, cell division, and development, especially during pregnancy,
childhood, and adolescence.
Deficiencies and Health Implications of Trace Elements
Deficiencies in trace elements, though rare in well-nourished populations, can have
serious health implications:
Iron Deficiency: Leads to anemia, reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, and symptoms such
as fatigue and cognitive impairment.
Iodine Deficiency: Causes goiter and intellectual disabilities, especially in children.
Zinc Deficiency: Results in delayed wound healing, weakened immunity, and growth
retardation.
Selenium Deficiency: May increase susceptibility to oxidative stress and infectious
diseases.
Toxicity and Safety Concerns
While trace elements are essential, excessive intake can lead to toxicity and adverse
health effects:
Iron Overload: Leads to conditions like hemochromatosis, where iron accumulates in
organs, causing damage.
Zinc Toxicity: High zinc intake suppresses immune function and may interfere with
copper absorption.
Selenium Toxicity: Excess selenium causes selenosis, with symptoms including hair and
nail loss.
Table 1: Summary of other information of major characteristics of trace elements
(microelements)
Conclusion
Trace elements are required in minute quantities. These play indispensable roles in
maintaining health. A balanced diet containing diverse food sources generally provides
adequate amounts of these elements, minimizing the risk of deficiencies. However, in
some cases—such as restricted diets, medical conditions, or increased physiological
needs—supplementation may be necessary but should be monitored to avoid toxicity.