1.

Print Prime Numbers up to a Given Integer

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Import the Scanner class from [Link] package to take input from the user.
Step 3: Define the Class - Create a public class named PrimeNumbers.
Step 4: Create the Main Method
Step 5: Create Scanner Object to read user input.
Step 6: Take User Input and Store the value in variable limit.
Step 7: Display message showing prime numbers up to the given limit.
Step 8: Use Loop to Check Each Number starting from 2 up to limit.
Step 9: Call the function isPrime(i) to check if the number is prime.
Step 10: If the function returns true, print the number.
Step 11: Close the scanner to prevent memory leaks.
Steps Inside isPrime() Method
Step 12:Create a method isPrime(int n) that returns boolean.
Step 13: Check Base Condition
 If number is less than or equal to 1, return false.
Step 14: Check Divisibility of a number
Step 15: Displays all prime numbers up to the entered limit.
Step 16: Stop the Program
Program 1
import [Link];
public class PrimeNumbers
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a positive integer: ");
int limit = [Link]();
[Link]("Prime numbers up to " + limit + ":");
for (int i = 2; i <= limit; i++)
{
if (isPrime(i)) {
[Link](i + " ");
}
}
[Link]();
}
public static boolean isPrime(int n)
{
if (n <= 1)
{
return false;
}
for (int i = 2; i <= [Link](n); i++)
{
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter a positive integer: 30
Prime numbers up to 30:
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29
 2. Multiply Two Given Matrices

Algorithm

Step 1 : Start the Program

Step 2: Create a public class named Matrix Multiplication.
Step 3: Create the Main Method
Step 4: Define the number of rows and columns for Matrix A and Matrix B.
Step 5: Declare and initialize matrix A and matrix B with values.
Step 6: Check Multiplication Condition for the two matrix
Step 7: Create a new matrix C to store the result.
Step 8: Perform Matrix Multiplication
Step 9: Display Result Matrix
Step 10 : Stop the Program
Program
import [Link];
public class MatrixMultiplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter rows of first matrix: ");
int r1 = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter columns of first matrix: ");
int c1 = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter rows of second matrix: ");
int r2 = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter columns of second matrix: ");
int c2 = [Link]();
if (c1 != r2) {
[Link]("Matrices cannot be multiplied: columns of first matrix must equal
rows of second matrix.");
[Link]();
return;
}
int[][] A = new int[r1][c1];
int[][] B = new int[r2][c2];
[Link]("Enter elements of first matrix (" + r1 + "x" + c1 + "):");
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c1; j++) {
A[i][j] = [Link]();
}
}
[Link]("Enter elements of second matrix (" + r2 + "x" + c2 + "):");
for (int i = 0; i < r2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
B[i][j] = [Link]();
}
}
int[][] C = new int[r1][c2];
 for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
int sum = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < c1; k++) {
sum += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
C[i][j] = sum;
}
}
[Link]("Resultant matrix (" + r1 + "x" + c2 + "):");
for (int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
[Link](C[i][j] + " ");
}
[Link]();
}
[Link]();
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter rows of first matrix: 3
Enter columns of first matrix: 3
Enter rows of second matrix: 3
Enter columns of second matrix: 3
Enter elements of first matrix (3x3):
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Enter elements of second matrix (3x3):
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Resultant matrix (3x3):
6 6 6
6 6 6
6 6 6
3. Display Number of Characters, Lines, and Words in a Text
Aim : A java Program to find the number of characters, lines and words in a
given text.

Procedure

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Import Scanner Class
Step 3: Define the Class
Step 4: Declares a public class named clw.
Step 5 :Define Main Method
Step 6: Create Scanner Object which allows input from the keyboard.
Step 7: Displays a message that Prompts User for Input
Step 8: Read the Input entered by the user and Stores it in a variable named str.
Step 9: Get Length of String and Stores the length of the string in variable len.
Step 10 : Convert String to Character Array
Step 11: Initialize Counters
int letter = 0;
int space = 0;
int num = 0;
int other = 0;
Step 12: Loop Through Each Character to Check each character one by one.
Step 13: Check Character Type and incrememnts its value.
Step 14: Display the Results
import [Link];
public class clw {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a sentence:");
String str = [Link]();
str += " ";
int len = [Link]();
char[] ch = [Link]();
int letter = 0;
int space = 0;
int num = 0;
int other = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++) {
if ([Link](ch[i])) {
letter++;
}
else if ([Link](ch[i])) {
num++;
}
else if ([Link](ch[i])) {
space++;
}
else {
other++;
}
}
[Link]("letter: " + letter);
[Link]("space: " + space);
[Link]("number: " + num);
[Link]("other: " + other);
}}
OUTPUT
Enter a sentence: welcome to 3rd computer science
letter: 26
space: 4
number: 1
other: 0
 4. Generate Random Numbers Between Two Limits and Print Messages
Aim:
A java Program to generate random numbers between any two numbers using
random class
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Import necessary Packages Random and Scanner
Step 3: Create a public class named RandomNumberRange.
Step 4: Create Main Method
Step 5: Create object of Scanner to read input and Create object of Random to generate
random numbers.
Step 6: get the Lower and Upper Limits from the user
Step 7: Check if lower limit is greater than or equal to upper limit.
Step 8: Generate Random Number Using the formula
[Link](upper−lower+1)+lower
 This generates a number between lower and upper (inclusive).
Step 9: Print the generated random number.
Step 10: Find Middle Value
 Calculate middle value of the range.
Step 11: Check Range Category
 If number < mid → Lower half
 If number == mid → Middle
 If number > mid → Upper half
Step 12: Print the result
Step 13:Close Scanner
Step 14: Stop the Program
Program 4:

import [Link];

import [Link];

public class RandomNumberRange {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);

Random random = new Random();

[Link]("Enter lower limit: ");

int lower = [Link]();

[Link]("Enter upper limit: ");

int upper = [Link]();

if (lower >= upper) {

[Link]("Invalid range! Upper limit must be greater than lower limit.");

return;

int randomNumber = [Link](upper - lower + 1) + lower;

[Link]("Generated Random Number: " + randomNumber);

int mid = (lower + upper) / 2;

if (randomNumber < mid) {

[Link]("The number is in the LOWER half of the range.");

} else if (randomNumber == mid) {

[Link]("The number is exactly at the MIDDLE of the range.");

} else {

[Link]("The number is in the UPPER half of the range.");

[Link]();

}}
OUTPUT

Enter lower limit: 10

Enter upper limit: 15

Generated Random Number: 13

The number is in the UPPER half of the range.

5. String Manipulation using Character Array

Aim :

A java program to perform string operation using character array

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Import Required Classes

Step 3: Define the Class

Step 4: Define the Main Method

Step5: Take First String Input using scanner class object

Step6: Take Second String Input using scanner class object and Converts it into
character array.

Step7: Take Index Input and stores it in the variable..

Step8: Find Length of Both Strings

Step9: Get Character at Given Index

Step 10 :Concatenate Two Character Arrays and displays it.

Step 11: stop the Program

import [Link];

import [Link];

public class StringManipulation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter a sentence:");

String st1 = [Link]();

char[] ch1 = [Link]();

Scanner at = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter a sentence:");

String st2 = [Link]();

char[] ch2 = [Link]();

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter the index number");

int inn = [Link]();

int len1 = findLen(ch1);

int len2 = findLen(ch2);

[Link]("String 1 Length: " + len1);

[Link]("String 2 Length: " + len2);

char CAI = getCharAtIndex(ch1, inn);

[Link]("Character at index " + inn + " in String 1: " + CAI);

char[] concatStr = concatArr(ch1, ch2);

[Link]("Concatenated String: " + new String(concatStr));

public static int findLen(char[] arr)

return [Link];
 }

public static char getCharAtIndex(char[] arr, int index)

if (index >= 0 && index < [Link])

return arr[index];

} else

throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("Index is out of bounds");

public static char[] concatArr(char[] arr1, char[] arr2)

int combLeng = [Link] + [Link];

char[] result = new char[combLeng];

//[Link](sourceArray, sourceStart, destinationArray, destStart, length);

[Link](arr1, 0, result, 0, [Link]);

[Link](arr2, 0, result, [Link], [Link]);

return result;

}
OUTPUT
Enter a sentence:
THIRD COMPUTER
Enter a sentence:
SCIENCE
Enter the index number5
String 1 Length: 14
String 2 Length: 7
Character at index 5 in String 1:
Concatenated String: THIRD COMPUTERSCIENCE
6. String Operations using String Class

Aim : To perform basic String class operations in Java,

 String concatenation
 Searching for a substring
 Finding the index of a substring
 Extracting substrings from a given string.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: import Required Classes

Step 3: Define the main Class

Step 4: Read Main String from User and store it in mainSt.

1. Converts the string into a character array ch1 (not used later).

Step 5: Read Substring to Search string inside the main string and Store it in subst.

Step 6: Read Extra Word for Concatenation

Step 7: (a) String Concatenation

 Uses concat() method to join mainSt and xst.

(b) Search for a Substring

 Checks if subst exists inside mainSt.

 If found → prints found message.
 Else → prints not found.

[c] Find Position of Substring

 indexOf() returns:
o Starting index if found
o -1 if not found

(d) Extract Substring from main string from the given index value

Step 8 : Display the result

Step 9 : Stop the Program.

import [Link];
import [Link];
public class StringClassOps {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a sentence:");
String mainSt = [Link]();
char[] ch1 = [Link]();
Scanner at = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter a word to search :");
String subst = [Link]();
char[] ch2 = [Link]();
Scanner xt = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Extra word to concatenate:");
String xst = [Link]();
char[] ch3 = [Link]();
// a. String Concatenation
String combined = [Link](xst);
[Link]("Concatenated string: " + combined);
// b. Search a substing
if ([Link](subst)) {
[Link]("Substring '" + subst + "' found in the main string.");
} else {
[Link]("Substring '" + subst + "' not found.");
}
// Can also use indexOf for position
[Link]("Index of '" + subst + "': " + [Link](subst));
// c. To extract substring from given string
// Extracts from index 5 to the end
String extracted1 = [Link](5);
[Link]("Substring from index 5: " + extracted1);

// Extracts from index 5 up to (but not including) index 17

String extracted2 = [Link](5, 17);
 [Link]("Substring from index 5 to 17: " + extracted2);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter a sentence:
SANGHAMAM COLLEGE
Enter a word to search:
MAM
Extra word to concatenate:
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT IS BEST
Concatenated string: SANGHAMAM COLLEGECOMPUTER SCIENCE DEPT IS BEST
Substring 'MAM' found in the main string.
Index of 'MAM': 6
Substring from index 5: AMAM COLLEGE
Substring from index 5 to 17: AMAM COLLEGE
7. String Operations using StringBuffer Class
import [Link];
public class StringBufferOperations {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
StringBuffer buffer;
[Link]("Enter an initial string for the StringBuffer:");
String initialString = [Link]();
buffer = new StringBuffer(initialString);
[Link]("Enter string to append:");
String strAppend = [Link]();
[Link](strAppend);
[Link]("Result: " + buffer);
[Link]("Enter string to insert:");
String strInsert = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter index to insert at:");
int indexInsert = [Link]();
[Link](); // Consume newline
try {
[Link](indexInsert, strInsert);
[Link]("Result: " + buffer);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Error: Index out of bounds. Current length is " +
[Link]());
}

[Link]("Enter start index for deletion:");

int startIndex = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter end index (exclusive) for deletion:");
int endIndex = [Link]();
[Link](); // Consume newline
try {
[Link](startIndex, endIndex);
[Link]("Result: " + buffer);
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("Error: Indices out of bounds. Current length is " +
[Link]());
}
[Link]();
[Link]("Result: " + buffer);
[Link]("Length: " + [Link]());
[Link]("Capacity: " + [Link]());
[Link]();
return;

}
}
OUTPUT

Enter an initial string for the StringBuffer:

COMPUTER

Enter string to append:

SCIENCE

Result: COMPUTERSCIENCE

Enter string to insert:

2ND

Enter index to insert at:

Result: 2NDCOMPUTERSCIENCE

Enter start index for deletion:

Enter end index (exclusive) for deletion:

Result: COMPUTERSCIENCE

Result: ECNEICSRETUPMOC

Length: 15

Capacity: 24
8. Multi-thread Application (Even/Odd Square/Cube)
import [Link];
public class randeoc {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Number n = new Number();
[Link]();
}
}
class Square extends Thread
{
int x;
Square(int n)
{
x = n;
}
public void run()
{
int sqr = x * x;
[Link]("Square of " + x + " = " + sqr );
}
}
class Cube extends Thread
{
int x;
Cube(int n)
{
x = n;
}
public void run()
{
int cub = x * x * x;
[Link]("Cube of " + x + " = " + cub );
}
}
class Number extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
Random random = new Random();
for(int i =0; i<10; i++)
{
int randomInteger = [Link](100);
[Link]("Random Integer generated : " + randomInteger);
Square s = new Square(randomInteger);
[Link]();
Cube c = new Cube(randomInteger);
[Link]();
try {
[Link](1000);
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
[Link](ex);
}
}
}
}
OUTPUT

Random Integer generated : 45

Cube of 45 = 91125
Square of 45 = 2025
Random Integer generated : 31
Square of 31 = 961
Cube of 31 = 29791
Random Integer generated : 11
Square of 11 = 121
Cube of 11 = 1331
Random Integer generated : 87
Square of 87 = 7569
Cube of 87 = 658503
Random Integer generated : 65
Square of 65 = 4225
Cube of 65 = 274625
Random Integer generated : 23
Square of 23 = 529
Cube of 23 = 12167
Random Integer generated : 62
Square of 62 = 3844
Cube of 62 = 238328
Random Integer generated : 20
Square of 20 = 400
Cube of 20 = 8000
Random Integer generated : 1
Square of 1 = 1
Cube of 1 = 1
Random Integer generated : 8
Square of 8 = 64
Cube of 8 = 512
9. Threading Program with Asynchronous Method Calls

OUTPUT

Thread-1: 90
Thread-0: 1
Thread-1: 91
Thread-0: 2
Thread-1: 92
Thread-0: 3
Thread-1: 93
Thread-0: 4
Thread-1: 94
Thread-0: 5
Thread-1: 95
Thread-0: 6
Thread-1: 96
Thread-0: 7
Thread-1: 97
Thread-0: 8
Thread-1: 98
Thread-0: 9
Thread-1: 99
Thread-0: 10
Thread-1: 100
10. Demonstrate Use of Exceptions

import [Link];

public class ExceptionDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 5 / 0;
[Link]("Result of division: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Arithmetic Exception caught: Division by zero");
}
try {
String str = "abc";
int num = [Link](str);
[Link]("Parsed number: " + num);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
[Link]("Number Format Exception caught: Invalid number format");
}
try {
int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
[Link]("Accessing element at index 3: " + arr[3]);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
[Link]("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException caught: Index out of bounds");
}
try {
int[] negativeArray = new int[-3];
[Link]("Array created successfully with size: " + [Link]);
} catch (NegativeArraySizeException e) {
[Link]("NegativeArraySizeException caught: Negative array size");
}
}
}
OUTPUT

Arithmetic Exception caught: Division by zero

Number Format Exception caught: Invalid number format
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException caught: Index out of bounds
NegativeArraySizeException caught: Negative array size
11. File Information Program
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class FileInfo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
// Prompt user for the file name
[Link]("Enter the file name (with path if necessary): ");
String fileName = [Link]();
// Create a File object
File file = new File(fileName);
// Check if the file exists
if ([Link]()) {
[Link]("File exists: Yes");
// Check if the file is readable
[Link]("Readable: " + ([Link]() ? "Yes" : "No"));
// Check if the file is writable
[Link]("Writable: " + ([Link]() ? "Yes" : "No"));
// Get the file type (directory or file)
if ([Link]()) {
[Link]("Type: Directory");
} else {
[Link]("Type: File");
}
// Get the length of the file in bytes
[Link]("Length: " + [Link]() + " bytes");
} else {
[Link]("File exists: No");
}
// Close the scanner
[Link]();
}
}
12. Text Modifier with Frames and Controls
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class TextModifier extends Frame implements ActionListener, ItemListener {

private TextField textInput;
private Choice fontChoice, sizeChoice;
private Checkbox boldCheckbox, italicCheckbox;
private Button applyButton;
private Label displayLabel;
private Font currentFont;

public TextModifier() {
setTitle("Text Modifier");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setSize(500, 300);

textInput = new TextField("Sample Text", 20);

fontChoice = new Choice();
[Link]("Serif");
[Link]("SansSerif");
[Link]("Monospaced");
[Link](this);

sizeChoice = new Choice();

for (int i = 12; i <= 48; i += 4) {
[Link]([Link](i));
}
[Link](this);

boldCheckbox = new Checkbox("Bold");

italicCheckbox = new Checkbox("Italic");
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
 applyButton = new Button("Apply Changes");
[Link](this);

displayLabel = new Label("Sample Text", [Link]);

currentFont = new Font("Serif", [Link], 12);
[Link](currentFont);

add(new Label("Enter Text:"));

add(textInput);
add(new Label("Font:"));
add(fontChoice);
add(new Label("Size:"));
add(sizeChoice);
add(boldCheckbox);
add(italicCheckbox);
add(applyButton);
add(displayLabel);

addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
[Link](0);
}
});
setVisible(true);
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

[Link]([Link]());
updateFont();
}

public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {

updateFont();
 }

private void updateFont() {

String fontName = [Link]();
int fontSize = [Link]([Link]());
int fontStyle = [Link];
if ([Link]()) {
fontStyle |= [Link];
}
if ([Link]()) {
fontStyle |= [Link];
}
currentFont = new Font(fontName, fontStyle, fontSize);
[Link](currentFont);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new TextModifier();
}
}
13. Mouse Event Handler (Adapter Classes)

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Import Required Packages

Step 3: Create a Class Extending JFrame

Step 4: Declare Components to display text messages.

Step 5: Create Constructor To initializes the window and components.

Step 6: Set Frame Properties like window title, window size (width, height).

Step 7: Creates label with default message, Sets font style and size and Add label to center
of the frame.

Step 8: Add Mouse Listener to handle mouse events.

Step 9: Make Frame Visible to display the window using setVisible(true);

Step 10: Create Main Method and call the method MouseEventDemo.

Step 11: Display the result.

Step 12: Stop the Program.

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class MouseEventDemo extends Frame {

private String statusMessage = "No mouse event yet.";
private int mouseX = 100, mouseY = 100;

public MouseEventDemo() {
addMouseListener(new MyMouseAdapter());
addMouseMotionListener(new MyMouseMotionAdapter());
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
[Link](0);
}
});
setSize(400, 400);
setTitle("Mouse Events");
setVisible(true);
}

// Inner class to handle MouseListener events

class MyMouseAdapter extends MouseAdapter {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Clicked";
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Pressed";
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();
repaint();
}
 public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Released";
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();
repaint();
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Entered Window";
repaint();
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Exited Window";
repaint();
}
}

// Inner class to handle MouseMotionListener events

class MyMouseMotionAdapter extends MouseMotionAdapter {
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Dragged at (" + [Link]() + ", " + [Link]() + ")";
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();
repaint();
}
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
statusMessage = "Mouse Moved at (" + [Link]() + ", " + [Link]() + ")";
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();
repaint();
}
}

public void paint(Graphics g) {

// Clear previous message by repainting the background
 [Link]([Link]);
[Link](0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());

[Link]([Link]);
// Center the message
FontMetrics fm = [Link]();
int x = (getWidth() - [Link](statusMessage)) / 2;
int y = (getHeight() - [Link]()) / 2 + [Link]();
[Link](statusMessage, x, y);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new MouseEventDemo();
}
}
14. Simple Calculator with Grid Layout
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

public class SimpleCalculator extends Frame implements ActionListener {

private TextField display;
private Button[] buttons;
private String[] buttonLabels = {
"7", "8", "9", "+",
"4", "5", "6", "-",
"1", "2", "3", "*",
"C", "0", "=", "/"
};
private double firstOperand = 0;
private String operator = "";
private boolean startOfNumber = true;

public SimpleCalculator() {
setTitle("Calculator");
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setSize(300, 400);

display = new TextField("0", 20);

[Link](false);
[Link](new Font("Arial", [Link], 20));
add(display, [Link]);

Panel buttonPanel = new Panel();

[Link](new GridLayout(4, 4, 5, 5));
buttons = new Button[16];

for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {

buttons[i] = new Button(buttonLabels[i]);
buttons[i].addActionListener(this);
 [Link](buttons[i]);
}
add(buttonPanel, [Link]);

addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
[Link](0);
}
});
setVisible(true);
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

String command = [Link]();

if ([Link]([Link](0)) || [Link](".")) {
if (startOfNumber) {
[Link](command);
startOfNumber = false;
} else {
[Link]([Link]() + command);
}
} else if ([Link]("C")) {
[Link]("0");
startOfNumber = true;
firstOperand = 0;
operator = "";
} else if ([Link]("=")) {
if (![Link]()) {
try {
double secondOperand = [Link]([Link]());
double result = calculate(firstOperand, secondOperand, operator);
[Link]([Link](result));
firstOperand = result;
 operator = "";
startOfNumber = true;
} catch (ArithmeticException ex) {
[Link]("Error: " + [Link]());
firstOperand = 0;
startOfNumber = true;
}
}
} else { // Operator buttons (+, -, *, /)
if (!startOfNumber) {
firstOperand = [Link]([Link]());
operator = command;
startOfNumber = true;
}
}
}

private double calculate(double op1, double op2, String op) throws ArithmeticException {
switch (op) {
case "+": return op1 + op2;
case "-": return op1 - op2;
case "*": return op1 * op2;
case "/":
if (op2 == 0) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by zero");
}
return op1 / op2;
default: return 0;
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

new SimpleCalculator();
}
}
15. Traffic Light Simulator with Radio Buttons
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class TrafficLightSimulator extends Frame implements ItemListener {
private Checkbox red, yellow, green;
private CheckboxGroup colorGroup;
private Label messageLabel;
private String statusMessage = "";
public TrafficLightSimulator() {
setTitle("Traffic Light Simulator");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setSize(300, 200);
colorGroup = new CheckboxGroup();
red = new Checkbox("Red", colorGroup, false);
yellow = new Checkbox("Yellow", colorGroup, false);
green = new Checkbox("Green", colorGroup, false);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
messageLabel = new Label("Select a light", [Link]);
[Link](new Font("Serif", [Link], 16));
add(red);
add(yellow);
add(green);
add(messageLabel);
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
[Link](0);
}
});
setVisible(true);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {
if ([Link]() == red) {
 statusMessage = "STOP";
[Link]([Link]);
} else if ([Link]() == yellow) {
statusMessage = "READY";
[Link]([Link]);
} else if ([Link]() == green) {
statusMessage = "GO";
[Link]([Link]);
}
[Link](statusMessage);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new TrafficLightSimulator();
}
}