BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

Module-5
IoT Case studies & Future trend

Vehicular IOT
Architecture of the vehicular IOT divided into three layers:
Device:
The device layer is the bottom-most layer, which consists of the basicinfrastructure of the
scenario of the connected vehicle.
▶ This layer includes the vehicles and road side units (RSU).
▶ These vehicles contain certain sensors which gather the internal
information of the vehicles.
▶ On the other hand, the RSU works as a local centralized unit that managesthe data from
the vehicles.

Fog:
▶ In vehicular IoT systems, fast decision making is pertinent to avoidaccidents and traffic
mismanagement.
▶ In such situations, fog computing plays a crucial role by providingdecisions in real-time,
much near to the devices.
▶ Consequently, the fog layer helps to minimize data transmission time in avehicular IoT
system.
Cloud:
Fog computing handles the data processing near the devices to take decisions instantaneously.
However, for the processing of huge data, fog computing is not enough therefore, in such a
situation, cloud computing is used.
▶ In a vehicular IoT system, cloud computing helps to handle processes that involve a huge
amount of data.
▶ For long-term storage, cloud computing is used as a scalable resource in vehicular IoT
system
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

Components of vehicular IoT

1. Sensors:
▶ Sensors monitor different environmental conditions and help to make the system more
economical, efficient, and robust.
▶ Two types of sensors, internal and external, are used invehicular IoT systems.

Internal:
▶ These types of sensors are placed within the vehicle.
▶ The sensors are typically used to sense parameters that are directlyassociated with the vehicle
e.

▶ Along with the sensors, the vehicles are equipped with different electroniccomponents such as
processing boards and actuators.
▶ The internal sensors in a vehicle are connected with the processor board,to which they
transmit the sensed data.
▶ Further, the sensed data are processed by the board to take certain predefined actions.
▶ Examples: GPS, fuel gauge, ultrasonic sensors, proximity sensors, accelerometer,
pressure sensors, and temperature sensors
External:

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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

▶ External sensors quantify information of the environment outside the vehicle.

▶ For example, there are sensors used in the smart traffic system that arecapable of sensing
vacant parking lots in a designated parking area.
▶ The still images and videos from cameras are important inputs to generatedecisions in a
vehicular IoT system.
▶ Therefore, on-road cameras are widely used as external sensors to capturestill images and
videos.
▶ The captured images and videos are processed further, either in the fog or in the cloud layer, to
take certain pre-programmed actions.
▶ As an example, camera sensor can capture the image of the license plate of an over speeding
vehicle at a traffic signal; the image can be processed to identify the owner of the vehicle to
charge a certain amount of fine.
▶ Temperature, rainfall, and light sensors are also used in the vehicular IoT infrastructure.

2. Satellites:
▶ In vehicular IoT systems, automatic vehicle tracking and crash detectionare among the
important available features.
▶ Satellites help the system to track vehicles and detect on-road crashes.
▶ The satellite image is also useful for detecting on-road congestions androad blocks.

3. Wireless connectivity:
▶ As vehicular IoT deals with connected vehicles, communication is animportant enabling
component. \
▶ For taking any action or making decisions, the collective data from internaland external sensors
need processing.
▶ For transmitting the sensed data from multiple sensors to RSU (roadside unit) and from RSUs to
the cloud, connectivity plays an indispensable role.
▶ Different communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GSM, are
common in the vehicular IoT systems.

4. Road Side Unit (RSU):

▶ The RSU is a static entity that works collaboratively with internal and external sensors.
▶ Typically, the RSUs are equipped with sensors, communication units, and fog devices.
Vehicular IoT systems deal with time critical applications, which need to take
decisions in real time.
▶ In such a situation, the fog devices attached to the RSUs process the senseddata and take
necessary action promptly.
▶ If a vehicular system involves heavy computation, the RSU transmits the sensed data to
the cloud end. Sometimes, these RSUs also work as an intermediate communication
agent between two vehicles.

5. Cloud and fog computing:

▶ In vehicular IoT systems, fog computing handles the light-weight processes
geographically closer to the vehicles than the cloud.
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

▶ Consequently, for faster decision making, fog computing is used in vehicular IoT
systems.
▶ However, for a heavy-weight process, fog computing may not be a suitable option. In
such a situation, cloud computing is more adept for vehicular IoT systems.
▶ For example, the location and extent of short on-road congestion from a certain
location can be determined by fog computing with the help of sensed data.
▶ Further, the congestion information can be shared by the RSU among other on road
vehicles, thereby suggesting that they avoid the congested road.
▶ On the other hand, for determining regular on-road congestion, predictions are typically
handled with the help of cloud computing.
▶ For the regular congestion prediction, the cloud end needs to process a huge amount of
instantaneous data, as well as, historical data for that stretch of road spanning back a
few months to years.

6. Analytics:
▶ Vehicular IoT, analytics is a crucial component.
▶ Vehicular IoT systems can be made to predict different dynamic and static conditions
using analytics.
▶ For example, strong data analytics is required to predict on-road traffic conditions
that may occur at a location after an hour.

Advantages of vehicular IoT

1. Easy tracking:

➢ The tracking of vehicles is an essential part of vehicular IoT.

➢ Moreover, the system must know from which location and which vehicle the system is
receiving the information.
➢ In a vehicular IoT system, the tracking of vehicles is straightforward; the system can collect
information at a remote location.
2. Fast decision making:
▶ Most of the decisions in the connected vehicle environment are time critical. Therefore, for
such an application, fast and active decision making are pertinent for avoiding accidents.
▶ In the vehicular IoT environment, cloud and fog computing help to make fast decisions with
the data received from the sensor-based devices.
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

3. Connected vehicles:
▶ A vehicular IoT system provides an opportunity to remain connected and share information
among different vehicles.
4. Easy management:
▶ Since vehicular IoT systems consist of different types of sensors, a communication unit,
processing devices, and GPS, the management of the vehicle becomes easy.
▶ Further, the IoT infrastructure helps in managing the huge number of users located at
different geographical coordinates.
[Link]:
▶ Safety is one of the most important advantages of a vehicular IoT system.
▶ With easy management of the system, both the internal and external sensors placed at
different locations play an important role in providing safety to the vehicle, its occupants,
as well as the people around it.
[Link]:
▶ Storing different data related to the transportation system is an essential component of a
vehicular IoT.
▶ The record may be of any form, such as video footage, still images, and documentation.
▶ By taking advantage of cloud and fog computing architecture, the vehicular IoT systems
keeps all the required records in its database.
Case Study:
Crime assistance in a smart IoT transportation system
▶ The system highlights a fog framework for intelligent public safety invehicular environments
(fog-FISVER).
▶ The primary aim of this system is to ensure smart transportation safety(STS) in public bus
services.
▶ The system works through the following three steps:
(i) The vehicle is equipped with a smart surveillance system, whichis capable of
executing video processing and detecting criminal activity in real time.

(ii) A fog computing architecture works as the mediator between avehicle and a
police vehicle.
(iii) A mobile application is used to report the crime to a nearby police agent.
Architecture
▶ Fog-FISVER is based on a three-tiered architecture,

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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

1. Tier1—In-vehicle FISVER STS Fog:

▶ This tier accumulates the real sensed data from within the vehicle andprocesses it to detect
possible criminal activities inside the vehicle.
▶ Further, this tier is responsible for creating crime-level metadata andtransferring the required
information to the next tier.
▶ For performing all the activities, Tier 1 consists of two subsystems:
▶ Image processor
▶ Event dispatcher
1. Image Processor:
▶ The image processor inside Tier 1 is a potent component, which has acapability similar to
the human eye for detecting criminal activities.
▶ Developers of the system used a deep-learning-based approach for enablingimage processing
techniques in the processor.
▶ To implement the fog computing architecture in the vehicle, a Raspberry-Pi-3 processor board
is used, which is equipped with a high-quality camera.
▶ This architecture uses template matching and correlation to detect the presence of
dangerous articles (such as a pistol or a knife) in the sub-image of a video frame.
▶ Typically, the image processor stores a set of crime object templates in the fog-FISVER STS
fog infrastructure, which is present in Tier 2 of thesystem. The image processor is divided
into the following three parts:

(a) Crime definition downloader:

▶ This component periodically checks for the presence of new crimeobject
template definitions in fog-FISVER STS fog infrastructure.
▶ If a new crime object template is available, it is stored locally.
(b) Crime definition storage:
▶ In order to use template matching, the crime object templatedefinition
is required to be stored in the system.

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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

▶ The crime definition storage is used to store all the possible crimeobject
template definitions.

(c) Algorithm launcher:

▶ This component initiates the instances of the registered algorithmin order to
match the template with the video captured by the camera attached in the
vehicles.
▶ If a crime object is matched with the video, criminal activity isconfirmed.
2. Event dispatcher:
▶ The event dispatcher is responsible for accumulating the data sensed fromvehicles and the
image processor.
▶ After the successful detection of criminal activity, the information is sent to the fog-FISVER
STS fog infrastructure. The components of the event dispatcher are as follows:
(a) Event notifier:
▶ It transfers the data to the fog-FISVER STS fog infrastructure, afterreceiving it from the
attached sensor nodes in the vehicle.

(b) Data gatherer:

▶ This is an intermediate component between the event notifier and thephysical
sensor; it helps to gather sensed data.

(c) Virtual sensor interface:

▶ Multiple sensors that sense data from different locations of the vehicle arepresent in
the system. The virtual sensor interface helps to maintain a particular procedure to
gather data.
▶ This component also cooperates to register the sensors in the system
2. Tier 2—FISVER STS Fog Infrastructure:
▶ Primarily, this tier has three responsibilities—
▶ Keep updating the new object template definitions,
▶ Classifying events,
▶ Finding the most suitable police vehicle to notify the event.
▶ FISVER STS fog infrastructure is divided into two sub-components:
(i) Target Object Training:
(ii) Notification Factory:
1. Target Object Training
▶ Practically, there are different types of crime objects. The system needs tobe up-to-dated
regarding all crime objects.
▶ This sub component of Tier 2 is responsible for creating, updating, andstoring the crime
object definition.
▶ The algorithm launcher uses these definitions in Tier 1 for the templatematching process.
▶ The template definition includes different features of the crime objectsuch as color gradient
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

and shape format.

▶ The database requires to be updated based on the availability of new template definitions.
2. Notification Factory:
▶ This sub-component receives notification about the events in a differentvehicle with the
installed system.
▶ Further, this component receives and validates the events. In order tohandle multiple events, it
maintains a queue.
iii) Tier 3
▶ Consists of mobile applications that are executed on the users’ devices.
▶ The application helps a user, who witnesses a crime, to notify the police.

Healthcare IoT
Architecture of healthcare IoT
▶ A typical architecture for healthcare IoT is shown in Figure

1. Layer 1:
▶ Layer 1 contains different physiological sensors that are placed on the human body.
▶ These sensors collect the values of various physiological parameters.
▶ The physiological data are analyzed to extract meaningful information.
2. Layer 2:
▶ Layer 1 delivers data to Layer 2 for short-term storage and low-level processing.
▶ The devices that belong to Layer 2 are commonly known as local processing units(LPU) or
centralized hubs.
▶ These units collect the sensed data from the physiological sensors attached to the body and
process it based on the architecture’s requirement.
▶ Further, LPUs or the centralized hubs forward the data to Layer 3.
3. Layer 3:
▶ This layer receives the data from Layer 2 and performs application specific high-level
analytics.
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

▶ Typically, this layer consists of cloud architecture or high-end servers.

▶ The data from multiple patients, which may be from the same or different locations,are
accumulated in this layer.
▶ Post analysis of data, some inferences or results are provided to the application in Layer 4.
4. Layer 4:
▶ The end-users directly interact with Layer 4 through receiver-side applications.
▶ The modes of accessibility of these services by an end user are typically throughcellphones,
computers, and tablets.
Components of healthcare IoT

1. Sensors:
▶ Layer 1 mainly consists of physiological sensors that collect the physiologicalparameters of
the patient.
▶ Few commonly used physiological sensors and their uses are depicted in Table.

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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

2. Wireless Connectivity:
▶ Without proper connectivity and communication, the data sensed by the physiological
sensors are of no use in an IoT-based healthcare system.
▶ Typically, the communication between the wearable sensors and the LPU is througheither
wired or wireless connectivity.
▶ The wireless communication between the physiological sensors and LPU occurs withthe
help of Bluetooth and ZigBee.
▶ These communication protocols vary depending on the type of device in use.
▶ For example, when a service is received by a cellphone, it uses GSM (global system for
mobile communications). On the other hand, if the same service is received on a desktop, it
can be throughEthernet or Wi-Fi.
3. Privacy and Security:
▶ The privacy and security of health data is a major concern in healthcare IoT services.
▶ In a healthcare IoT architecture, several devices connect with the external world. Moreover,
between LPU and the server/cloud, different networking devices work via network hops (from
one networked device to another) to transmit the data.
▶ If any of these devices are compromised, it may result in the theft of health data of a patient,
leading to serious security breaches and ensuing law suits.
▶ In order to increase the security of the healthcare data, different healthcare service providers
and organizations are implementing healthcare data encryption and protection schemes.
4. Analytics:
▶ For converting the raw data into information, analytics plays an important role in healthcare
[Link] actors, such as doctors, nurses, and patients, access the healthcare information
in a different customized format.
▶ This customization allows each actor in the system to access only the information pertinent to
their job/role. In such a scenario, analytics plays a vital role in providing different actors in
the system access to meaningful information extracted from the rawhealthcare data.
▶ Analytics is also used for diagnosing a disease from the raw physiological data available
5. Cloud and Fog Computing:
▶ Several physiological sensors are attached to a patient’sbody. These sensors continuously
produce a huge amount of heterogeneous data.
▶ For storing these huge amounts of heterogeneous health data, efficient storage space
is essential.
▶ These data are used for checking the patient’s history, current health status, and future for
diagnosing different diseases and the symptoms of the patient.
▶ Typically, the cloud storage space is scalable, where payment is made as per the usageof
space.
▶ Consequently, to store health data in a healthcare IoT system, cloud storage space is used.
▶ Analytics on the stored data in cloud storage space is used for drawing variousinferences.
▶ Therefore, cloud and fog computing play a pivotal role in the storage of these massive
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

volumes of heterogeneous data.

6. Interface:
▶ The interface is the most important component for users in a healthcare IoT system.
▶ The user interface must be designed in such a way that it can depict all the required
information clearly and, if necessary, reformat or represent it such that it iseasy to
understand.
▶ Moreover, an interface must also contain all the useful information related to the
services.
Advantages of healthcare IoT
1. Real-time:
▶ In healthcare sectors, different components, such as the condition of the patients,
availability of doctors and beds in a hospital, medical facilities with their monetary charges,
can vary dynamically with time.
▶ In such a dynamic scenario, one of the important characteristics of an IoT-basedhealthcare
system is real-timeliness.
▶ A healthcare IoT system enables users, such as doctors, end users at the patient-side,and
staff in a healthcare unit, to receive real-time updates about the healthcare IoT components,
as mentioned earlier.
▶ Moreover, a healthcare IoT system can enable a doctor to observe a patient’s health
condition in real-time even from a remote location, and can suggest the type of care tobe
provided to the patient.
▶ On the other hand, users at the patient-end can easily take different decisions, such as where
to take a patient during critical situations.
2. Low cost:
▶ Healthcare IoT systems facilitate users with different services at low cost.
▶ For example, an authorized user can easily find the availability of the beds in a hospital with
simple Internet connectivity and a web-browser-based portal.
▶ Moreover, multiple registered users can retrieve the same information simultaneously.
3. Easy management:
▶ Healthcare IoT is an infrastructure that brings all its end users under the same umbrelato
provide healthcare services.
▶ On the other hand, in such an infrastructure, the management of numerous tangible
and intangible entities (such as users, medical devices, facilities, costs, and security) is
a challenging task.
▶ However, healthcare IoT facilitates easy and robust management of all the entities.
4. Automatic processing:
▶ A healthcare unit consists of multiple subsystems, for which manual interventions are
required.
▶ For example, to register a patient with a hospital, the user may be required to enter
his/her details manually.
▶ However, automatic processing features can remove such manual intervention with a
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

fingerprint sensor/device.
▶ Healthcare IoT enables end-to-end automatic processing in different units and also
consolidates the information across the whole chain: from a patient’s registration to
discharge.
5. Easy record-keeping:
▶ When we talk about a healthcare IoT system, it includes a huge number of patients,doctors,
and other staff. Different patients suffer from different types of diseases.
▶ A particular disease requires particular treatment, which requires knowledge of apatient’s
health history, along with other details about them.
▶ Therefore, the timely delivery of health data of the patient to the doctor is important. In such a
situation, the permanent storage of the patients’ health data along with their respective details
is essential.
▶ Similarly, for the smooth execution of the healthcare unit, details of the staff with their daily
activity in a healthcare unit are also required for storage.
▶ A healthcare unit must also track its condition and financial transactions for further
development of the unit.
▶ A healthcare IoT enables the user to keep these records in a safe environment anddeliver them
to the authorized user as per requirement.
6. Easy diagnosis:
▶ We have already explained that a healthcare IoT system stores the data of the patient in a
secure manner.
▶ Sometimes, for diagnosing a disease, a huge chunk of prior data is required.
▶ In a healthcare IoT system, the diagnosis of the disease becomes easier with the help
of certain learning mechanisms along with the availability of prior datasets.
Risk in healthcare IoT
1. Loss of connectivity:
▶ A healthcare IoT system consists of different physiological sensors that sense and
transmit the sensed data to a centralized unit.
▶ Moreover, continuous data transmission from the patient is expected in a good
healthcare system. Intermittent connectivity may result in data loss, which may result
in a life-threatening situation for the patient.
▶ Proper and continuous connectivity is essential in a healthcare IoT system.
[Link]:
▶ A healthcare IoT system contains the health data of different patients associated with
the system.
▶ The healthcare system must keep the data confidential.
▶ This data should not be accessible to any unauthorized person.
▶ On the other hand, different persons and devices are associated with a healthcare IoT
system. In such a system, the risk of data tampering and unauthorized access is
quite high.

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 BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

3. Error:
▶ Data analytics helps a healthcare IoT system to predict the patients’ condition anddiagnosis of
diseases.
▶ A huge amount of data needs to be fed into the system in order to perform accurate analytics.
▶ Moreover, the management of a huge amount of data is a crucial task in any IoT-based
system.
▶ Particularly, in the healthcare system, errors in data may lead to misinterpretation of
symptoms and lead to the wrong diagnosis of the patient. It is a challenging task to
construct an error-free healthcare IoT architecture.
CaseStudies
AmbuSens system
▶ Patients need to be transferred from primary-care to tertiary-care hospitals for proper
diagnosis and treatment.
▶ During the transit, the hospitals at both ends—the referring one as well as the referred one—
do not have any information about the patient’s health condition during transit.
▶ In such situations, the hospitals are unable to suggest any precautionary measures in the
event of some emergency during transit.
▶ Consequently, many patients die during the transit due to lack of proper suggestive care by
medical experts. To overcome these shortcomings, the Smart Wireless Applications and
Networking (SWAN) laboratory at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur developed a
system: AmbuSens.
▶ This product system is a very crucial part of the healthcare IoT system.
The primary objectives of the AmbuSens system are summarized as follows:
▪ Digitization and standardization of the healthcare data, which can be easily accessed
by the registered hospital authorities.
▪ Real-time monitoring of the patients who are in transit from one hospital to another.
At both hospitals, doctors can access the patients’ health conditions.
▪ Accessibility by which multiple doctors can access the patient’s health data at
the same time. Provision of confidentiality to the health data of the patients in
the cloud.
▪ In the AmbuSens system, wireless physiological sensor nodes are used. These
sensor nodes make the system flexible and easy to use.

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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

Architecture

▪ The AmbuSens system is equipped with different physiological sensors along with alocal
hub.
▪ These sensors sense the physiological parameters from the patient’s body and transmit
those to a local data processing unit (LDPU).
▪ The physiological sensors and LDPU form a wireless body area network (WBAN).
▪ Further, this local hub forwards the physiological data to the cloud for storing and
analyzing the health parameters.
▪ Finally, the data are accessed by different users.

Layer 1:
▶ This layer consists of multiple WBANs attached to a patient’s body.
▶ These WBANs acquire the physiological data from the patient and transmit them tothe upper
layer.
▶ The physiological sensors are heterogeneous, that is, each of these sensors senses different
parameters of the body.
▶ Layer 1 takes care of the calibration of the physiological sensor nodes.
▶ Further, in order to deliver the patient’s physiological data from the sensor node to the
LDPU, it is essential to form a proper WBAN.
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▶ The formation of WBAN takes place by connecting multiple physiological sensornodes to

the LDPU so that the sensors can transmit the data to the LDPU, simultaneously.

Layer 2:
▶ In the AmbuSens system, cloud computing has an important role.
▶ Layer 2 is responsible for handling the cloud-related functions.
▶ From Layer 1, WBANs attached to the different patients deliver data to the cloud end.
The cloud is used for the long-term analysis and storage of data in the AmbuSens
system.
Layer 3:
▶ In the AmbuSens system, the identity of the patients remains anonymous.
▶ An algorithm is designed to generate a dynamic hash value for each patient in order to
keep the patient’s identity anonymous.
▶ Moreover, in the AmbuSens system, at different time instants, a new hash value is
generated for the patients.
▶ The entire hashing mechanism of the AmbuSens is performed in this layer.
Layer 4:
▶ The users simply register into the system and use it as per requirement.
Hardware
▶ A variety of hardware components are used such as sensors, communication units,
and other computing devices.
1. Sensor
▶ The sensors used in the AmbuSens system are non-invasive.
▶ The description of the sensors used for forming the WBAN in the AmbuSens system
are as follows:
(i) Optical Pulse Sensing Probe:
It senses the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal and transmits it to a GSR
expansion module. Typically, PPG signals are sensed from the ear lobe, fingers, or
other location of the human body. Further, the GSR expansion module transfers the
sensed data to a device in real-time.
(ii) Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit and sensor:
The ECG module used in AmbuSens is in the form of a kit, which contains
ECG electrodes, biophysical 9” leads, biophysical 18” leads, alcohol swabs, and
wrist strap. Typically, the ECG sensor measures the pathway of electrical impulses
through the heart to sense the heart’s responses to physical exertion and other
factors affecting cardiac health.
(iii) Electromyogram (EMG) sensor:
This sensor is used to analyze and measure the biomechanics of the human
body. Particularly, the EMG sensor is used to measure different electrical activity
related to muscle contractions; it also assesses nerve conduction, and muscle response
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

in injured tissue.
(iv) Temperature sensor:
The body temperature of patients changes with the condition of the body. Therefore, a
temperature sensor is included in the AmbuSens system, which can easily be placed
on the body of the patient.
(v) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) sensor:
The GSR sensor is used for measuring the change in electrical characteristics of the
skin.
2. Local Data Processing Unit (LDPU):
▶ In AmbuSens, all the sensors attached to the human body sense and transmit thesensed
data to a centralized device, which is called an LDPU.
▶ An LDPU is a small processing board with limited computation capabilities.
▶ The connectivity between the sensors and the LDPU follows a single-hop startopology.
▶ The LDPU is programmed in such a way that it can receive the physiological data
from multiple sensor nodes, simultaneously.
▶ Further, it transmits the data to the cloud for long-term storage and heavy processing.
3. Communication Module:
▶ Each sensor node consists of a Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1 standard) module.
▶ The communication between the sensor nodes and the LDPU takes place with the
help of Bluetooth, which supports a maximum communication range of 10 meters in
line-of-sight.
▶ The LDPU delivers the data to the cloud with 3G/4G communication.
Front End
▶ In the AmbuSens system, three actors—doctor, paramedic/nurse, and patient—are
able to participate and use the services.

▶ The web interface is designed as per the requirements of the actors of the system.
Each of the actors has an option to log in and access the system.
▶ The confidentiality of a patient and their physiological data is important in a
healthcare system. Therefore, the system provides different scopes for data
accessibility based on the category of an actor.
▶ For example, the detailed health data of a patient is accessible only to the assigned
doctor.
▶ These data may not be required for the nurse; therefore, a nurse is unable to access the
same set of data a doctor can access.
▶ The system provides the flexibility to a patient to log in to his/her account and
download the details of his/her previous medical/treatment details.
▶ Therefore, in AmbuSens, the database is designed in an efficient way such that it can
deliver the customized data to the respective actor.
▶ Each of the users has to register with the system to avail of the service of the
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BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

AmbuSens.
▶ Therefore, in this system, the registration process is also designed in a customized
fashion, that is, the details of a user to be entered into the registration form is different
for different actors.
▶ For example, a doctor must enter his/her registration number in the registration form.
IoT Analytics
Machine learning
▶ The term “machine learning” was coined by Arthur Lee Samuel, in 1959.
▶ He defined machine learning as a “field of study that gives computers the ability to learn
without being explicitly programmed”.
▶ ML is a powerful tool that allows a computer to learn from past experiences and its mistakes
and improve itself without user intervention.
▶ The main components of ML are statistics, mathematics, and computer science for
drawing inferences, constructing ML models, and implementation, respectively.
Advantages of ML

(i) Self-learner:
▶ An ML-empowered system is capable of learning from its prior and run-timeexperiences,
which helps in improving its performance continuously.
▶ For example, an ML-assisted weather monitoring system predicts the weather report of the
next seven days with high accuracy from data collected in the last six months.
▶ The system offers even better accuracy when it analyzes weather data that extendsback to
three more months.
(ii) Time-efficient:
▶ ML tools are capable of producing faster results as compared to human interpretation.
▶ For example, the weather monitoring system generates a weather prediction report for the
upcoming seven days, using data that goes back to 6–9 months. A manual analysis of such
sizeable data for predicting the weather is difficult and time-consuming.
▶ Moreover, the manual process of data analysis also affects accuracy. In such a situation, ML
is beneficial in predicting the weather with less delay and accuracy as compared to humans.
(iii) Self-guided:
▶ An ML tool uses a huge amount of data for producing its results.
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▶ These tools have the capability of analyzing the huge amount of data for identifying trends
autonomously.
▶ As an example, when we search for a particular item on an online e-commercewebsite, an
ML tool analyzes our search trends.
▶ As a result, it shows a range of products similar to the original item that we searched for
initially.
(iv) Minimum Human Interaction Required:
▶ In an ML algorithm, the human does not need to participate in every step of its
execution.
▶ The ML algorithm trains itself automatically, based on available data inputs.
▶ For instance, let us consider a healthcare system that predicts diseases. In traditionalsystems,
humans need to determine the disease by analyzing different symptoms using standard “if–
else” observations.
▶ However, the ML algorithm determines the same disease, based on the health data available
in the system and matching the same with the symptoms of the patient.
(v) Diverse Data Handling:
▶ Typically, IoT systems consist of different sensors and produce diverse and multi-dimensional
data, which are easily analyzed by ML algorithms.
▶ For example, consider the profit of an industry in a financial year. Profits in such industries
depend on the attendance of laborers, consumption of raw materials, andperformance of
heavy machineries.
▶ The attendance of laborers is associated with an RFID (radio frequency identification)-based
system.
▶ On the other hand, industrial sensors help in the detection of machinery failures, and a
scanner helps in tracking the consumption of raw materials.
▶ ML algorithms use these diverse and multi-dimensional data to determine the profit of the
industry in the financial year.
(vi) Diverse Applications:
▶ ML is flexible and can be applied to different application domains such as healthcare,industry,
smart traffic, smart home, and many others.
▶ Two similar ML algorithms may serve two different applications.
Challenges in ML
An ML algorithm utilizes a model and its corresponding input data to produce an Output
(i) Data Description:
▶ The data acquired from different sensors are required to be informative andmeaningful.
Description of data is a challenging part of ML.
(ii) Amount of Data:

▶ In order to provide an accurate output, a model must have sufficient amount of data.
The availability of a huge amount of data is a challenge in ML.
(iii) Erroneous Data:
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▶ A dataset may contain noisy or erroneous data. On the other hand, the learning of a
model is heavily dependent on the quality of data.
▶ Since erroneous data misleads the ML model, its identification is crucial.
(iv) Selection of Model:
▶ Multiple models may be suitable for serving a particular purpose.
▶ However, one model may perform better than others. In such cases, the properselection of the
model is pertinent for ML.
(v) Quality of Model:
▶ After the selection of a model, it is difficult to determine the quality of the selected model.
However, the quality of the model is essential in an ML-based system.
Types of ML
▶ ML algorithms consist of four categories:

▶ Labeled data contain certain meaningful tags, known as labels.

▶ Typically, the labels correspond to the characteristics or properties of the objects.
▶ For example, in a dataset containing the images of two birds, a particular sample istagged as
a crow or a pigeon.
▶ On the other hand, the unlabeled dataset does not have any tags associated with them.
▶ For example, a dataset containing the images of a bird without mentioning its
name.

(i) Supervised (ii) Unsupervised (iii) Semi-supervised (iv)Reinforcement Learning

(i) Supervised Learning:

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 BETCK105H Introduction to IOT Module-5

▶ This type of learning supervises or directs a machine to learn certain activities using labeled datasets.
▶ The labeled data are used as a supervisor to make the machine understand the relation of the labels
with the properties of the corresponding input data. Consider an exampleof a student who tries to learn to
solve equations using a set of labeled formulas.
▶ The labels indicate the formulae necessary for solving an equation.
▶ Supervised ML algorithms are popular in solving classification and regression problems.

▶ Typically, the classification deals with predictive models that are capable of approximating a mapping
function from input data to categorical output.
▶ On the other hand, regression provides the mapping function from input data to numerical output.

▶ Regression mode: Used to estimate the relationship among a set of dependentvariables with independent
variables
▶ The dependent variables are the primary factors that we want to predict. However,these dependent variables
are affected by the independent variables.
▶ Let x and y be the independent and dependent variables, respectively. Mathematically,a simple regression
model is represented as:

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Unsupervised Learning
▶ Unsupervised learning algorithms use unlabeled datasets to find scientific trends.
▶ Unsupervised learning does not use any labels in its operations. Consider an exampleof a
student who tries to learn to solve equations using a set of labeled formulas. The ML algorithms
in this category try to identify the nature and properties of the input equation and the nature of
the formulae responsible for solving it.
▶ Unsupervised learning algorithms try to create different clusters based on the features of the
formulae and relate it with the input equations.
▶ Unsupervised learning is usually applied to solve two types of problems: clustering and
association.
▶ Clustering divides the data into multiple groups. Association discovers the relationship or
association among the data in a dataset.
Semi-Supervised Learning
▶ Semi-supervised learning belongs to a category between supervised and unsupervised
learning.
▶ Algorithms under this category use a combination of both labeled and unlabeleddatasets for
training.
▶ Labeled data are typically expensive and are relatively difficult to label correctly.
▶ Unlabeled data is less expensive than labeled data.
▶ Therefore, semi-supervised learning includes both labeled and unlabeled dataset todesign the
learning model.
▶ Traditionally, semi-supervised learning uses mostly unlabeled data, which makes itefficient to
use, and capable of overcoming samples with missing labels.
Reinforcement Learning:
▶ Reinforcement learning establishes a pattern with the help of its experiences by interacting
with the environment.
▶ Consequently, the agent performs a crucial role in reinforcement learning models.
▶ It aims to achieve a particular goal in an uncertain environment. Typically, the model starts
with an initial state of a problem, for which different solutions are available.
▶ Based on the output, the model receives either a reward or a penalty from the environment.

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▶ The output and reward act as inputs for proceeding to the next state.
▶ Thus, reinforcement learning models continue learning iteratively from their experiences while
inducing correctness to the output.

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