·

[I
Light : -

"It is form of that enables us to see "

a
energy
.

reflects the full These reflected light rays,

An
object light says that on it
.

when received
by our
eyes ,
make the object visible to us
.

"The speed of
light in vacuum or in air is 3x105mis

Light travels in straight a line .

Light is electromagnetic transverse

rays.
* Explain the reflection of light and the laws of reflection .

"The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays in the same medium on

striking a

Smooth surface is called reflection of light " .

laws of reflection :

-See Nora reflected

-
=

"There are two laws of reflection :

>
Angle of incidence and
angle of reflection
both are of the
equal magnitude with opposite
direction. ' smooth surface
point of
incident
the incident the reflected ray and the normal the
2
ray , at

point of incidence all lie in the , same plane

.

-Explain the reflection of

light with its
types
"The phenomenon of
bouncing back of
light rays in the same medium on
striking a

Smooth surface is called reflection of light . "

"There are two of reflection
types
Regular reflection
e
Irregular reflection

2Regular reflection :
-

If parallel beam of incident

rays remain parallel even after
reflection and direction is known -7 vve
"
go only in one as
regular -v
-- T

reflection .

It takes place mostly in plane mirrors or

highly polished
metal surfuzes .

2
Irragutur reflection : -

If parallel beam of incident rays is reflected in

T
V -
V
17

different directions is known as

irregular reflection of light . - T

"It takes place on unpolished and rough surfaces

.
7 &

m
*
Types
The
of image :-

of
L I
images are two
types -
:

Real
I
Image :-
light rays coming from point actually meet after reflection
If the , a ,

then the
image formed is called real image a .

2 . Virtual Image If the light ruys coming from point after reflection does not
:- a , meet

actually but appear to meet at another point then the image formed is called
, ,

virtual
a
image
* Mirror : -

Mirror is a
polished surface , which reflects almost all the
light incident
On it .

Mirrors of two
are
types
-
:

1) Plane mirror
e Spherical mirror
2) plane mirror :-
"If surface of
the
reflecting a mirror is plane then the
,
mirror is called
a plane .
mirror
Plane mirrors are
commonly used as
looking glass , in
making periscope
keleidoscopes etc .

Spherical Mirror :-

If the reflecting surface of the mirror is curved inwards or outwards

,

then the mirror is called a spherical mirror

The spherical mirrors are of two

types
-
:

mirror Inward curved surface

a concave mirror
convergent reflecting
be convex mirror Outward curved
'divergent mirror -
reflecting surface

· % P p &

· Definitions of some busic terms related to spherical mirrors :-

1) Centre of curvature : -

It is sphere of which the mirror is

the centre of the
imaginary , a part

& ·
&
1) Concave mirror 2Convex mirror

In case of concure mirror the centre of curvature lies in Front of it .

"In
ease of convex mirror the centre of curvature lies behind it
.

2) Polei -

Pole of the spherical mirror is the mid-point of its

reflecting surface . It is
denoted by .
P
Principal axis :-

It is the
imaginary line joining the pole and the centre of curvature
.

4) Focus : -

"The
light rays coming parallel to principal axis ,
after reflection meet at a point on the

called focus
"

principal axis is .

In ease of concave mirror the focus is in front of the mirror, while for a conve

mirror , the focus is behind the mirror

.

Rudius of curvature :
"

"It is the distance between pole P and centre of curvature e .

"It is denoted by R.

6) Focal
length :-

between pole
"
" "It is the distance P and focus F.

It is denoted by F
7) Aperture :-
"

"The surface of spherical mirror is called aperture

reflecting .

"
Ray diagrams for spherical mirrors :-

Parallel principal
1)
Rays to the cxisi-

·
&

· P
& ·
- ·

I
p
L

The incident
rays parallel to principal exis , pass
through the focus after
reflection in concave mirror and appear to come from focus in
convex mirror .

2)
Rays passing through Focus:
-

*
[ >

P
· %
·

p &
7

C S

The incident the focus of

rays passing through a concave mirror or
passing towards
focus of a conve mirror became ,
parallel to principal is ufter reflection from

the mirror
.
Rays passing through centre of curvature :-

-
S

p - ·
P
· %
&

The ruy
passing through centre of
curvature of a concave mirror and towards the
of mirror, reflects back
direction of centre envature of convex
along the same

path on
striking the mirror surface
.

4)
Rays incident to principal Geis

S &

i is( ·

P
M
p - ·
· % R &

"A
ray incident to principal is ,
towards polep of the concave or convex mirror
is reflected with the same
angle
·
Image formation by a concave mirror:-
1) Object at
infinity -

A
---ne
11

At T
Position of object
=
at infinity
Position of
· % P image :
at focus

Infinity L
Nature of
image Real and inverted
:

Size of
- image -Extremely diminished

behind the
2)
Object at
just centre of
curvature : -

Position of object-just behind the of

A centre curvature
A

Position of In between
image :
C and F
"
·
P
Nature of
image : Real and inverted
B · 13' %
S V Size of
image diminished
Al
Object at centre of curvatures

An >
Position of object = at centre of curvature

Position of of
L
image : at centre curvature

B Bi
P
Nature of
image : Real and inverted
%
.

c
Size of same size that of object
Al
T image as

~
S

4)
Object in between focus and centre of curvature :-

Position of object = between C and F

M
position of
image beyond : the centre of curvature

Nature of Real and inverted

· · P image :

Size of
image magnified
*

5) Object at Focus : -

Position of object = at focus

position of
A image =
at
infinity
·
7

P
Nature of
image : Real and inverted
L · ·
Size of
To
L image -extremely magnified
Infinity

6) Object between ZoeusPand ole -

:

Al

&
between F and P

A behind the mirror

M
7
Virtual and erect
P
%
O O

C C B B'
Magnified.

* Uses of concave mirrors

Concave mirrors commonly

are used in torches ,
search-light and headlights
of vehicles ,
to
get powerful parallel beams of light
we used
"Concave mirrors as
sharing mirrors to see
larger image of the Face
Dentists use concave mirrors to see
large images of the teeth of patients.
large concave mirrors are used to
converge sunrays on a
point to produce
large amount of concentrated heat in a solar furnace
"Image formation by a conver mirror -
:

1) Objectct infinity

&
A &
M S

Position of object = at
infinity
Position of focus
·
- image : at

-
p ·
Nature of
image Virtual and erect
:

B
Y
&
Size of
image highly diminised

2) Object at on principal cis :-

Position of object =
On principal exis

·
A position of behind the mirror
image :

"
a

- ·
Al
u
Nature of

Size of
image Virtual and erect
image diminished
:

B p B' - ·

* Uses of convex mirrors

It is used mirrors in vehicles

commonly as hear view .

It is used as shop security mirrors

.

#Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirrors :

mirror

A Al

(negative
-

towards (left towards

Distance Distance
right
(Positive)
3

·
Xi BI X

"The convensions are as follows :-

the
Al
2)
object is
always placed to the left of the
mirror

m
2) parallel to principal ais are
All distances measured
from the pole of the mirror .

3) Distance to the left of pole are negative

.

Distance the of pole positive.

to
right are

Distances measured above the

4)
perpendienarly principal axis we taken positive.

5) Distances measured perpendicuturly below the principal is are taken negative

of
6 Focal
length convex mirror is taken as positive whereas focal
length of

mirror is taken
concave
negative .
*
Magnification by spherical mirror -
:

"It
is the ratio of of
height image to the height of object " .

It is denoted by m.
The of the hi and the
height of the object is denoted by
height image is denoted
by
ho

:
Magnification ,
m =
Height of
image
of
Height object

· m = hi
Wo

is also related the object distance (U) and

Magnification to
image distance (v)

:
magnification =
Image distance
distance
Object
. m =
=
V
Th