Module 3
1 Explain the Working of 4-Strokes Petrol Engine with P-V diagram.
The four different strokes are:
i)Suction stroke ii) Compression stroke iii) Power or Expansion stroke iv) Exhaust
stroke
1. Suction stroke: The suction stroke is completed by rotating the crankshaft from
0o to 180o . During suction stroke the inlet valve opens, and exhaust valve is in
closed condition. When the piston starts moving from TDC to BDC, the volume
above the piston increases, results in decrease in pressure (vacuum), This
decrease in pressure draws the petrol and air mixture from the carburetor and
delivered it to the cylinder, this process is continuous till the pressure inside the
cylinder becomes equal to atmosphere. At the end of suction stroke, the cylinder
is filled with petrol and air mixture. At the end of suction stroke, the inlet valve
closes. The line AB in the PV diagram represents suction stroke (volume of mixture
filled in the cylinder).
2. Compression stroke: During the compression stroke both inlet and exhaust
valves are closed and the piston travels from the BDC to TDC & the crankshaft
revolves further by half rotation, causing the compression of air and fuel mixture.
This stroke is represented by a line BC on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram. At
the end of this stroke a spark is produced by a sparkplug, resulting in the
combustion of the fuel and air & is represented by a line CD on P-V diagram.
3. Power stroke / Expansion stroke / Working stroke: In this stroke the piston
travels from TDC to BDC with both the valves remain closed & the crankshaft
revolves half rotation. The piston is forced due to the expansion of the burnt gases.
The linear motion of the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod to produce Mechanical power. This stroke is called as power stroke
as the Mechanical power is produced during this stroke. It is represented by the
curve DE on a P-V diagram. As the piston moves further, the pressure of the hot
gases gradually decreases at constant volume as represented by the line EB in PV
diagram.
4. Exhaust stroke: During Exhaust stroke the exhaust valve opens with inlet valve
closed and the piston travels from BDC to TDC, the crankshaft revolves half
rotation. As the piston moves upward the burnt gases are expelled out of the
cylinder at atmospheric pressure. The energy required to perform this stroke is
supplied by the flywheel from the energy absorbed by it during the previous stroke.
This stroke is represented by a line BA on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.
Explain the Working of 4-Strokes Diesel Engine with P-V diagram.
4-Stroke Diesel Engine:
The four strokes that are performed are, 1. Suction stroke 2. Compression stroke
3. Working stroke or Power stroke or Expansion stroke & 4. Exhaust stroke
The following figure represent working principle of 4-stroke Diesel engine with
Theoretical Diesel-cycle.
1. Suction stroke: During suction stroke the inlet valve opens with outlet
valve closed & the piston travels from (Top Dead Center) TDC to (Bottom Dead
Center) BDC & the crankshaft revolves by half rotation, causing the suction of
pure air. The energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by ‘cranking’ only
during the first cycle at the time of starting, while running, the flywheel supplies
the mechanical energy. This stroke is represented by a line AB on the (Pressure -
Volume) P-V diagram.
2. Compression stroke: During the compression stroke both inlet and
exhaust valves are closed and the piston travels from the BDC to TDC & the
crankshaft revolves further by half rotation, causing the compression of air. This
stroke is represented by a line BC on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram. At the
end of this stroke a metered quantity of fuel is injected through the fuel injector,
the high temperature of the air ignites the fuel as soon as it is injected. This is
called Auto-ignition or Self-ignition
3. Power stroke / Expansion stroke / Working stroke: In this stroke the
piston travels from TDC to BDC with both the valves remain closed & the
crankshaft revolves half rotation. The burnt gases released by the combustion
of the fuel that is continuously injected into the cylinder, force the piston to
perform earlier part of this stroke at constant pressure till the injection of the fuel
is completed. This constant pressure expansion with simultaneous combustion
is represented by the line CD on PV diagram. The piston is forced further during
the remaining part of this stroke due to the expansion of the burnt gases .This
linear motion of the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod to produce Mechanical power. This stroke is called as power
stroke as the Mechanical power is produced during this stroke. It is represented
by the curve DE on a P-V diagram. As the piston moves further, the pressure of
the hot gases gradually decreases at constant volume as represented by the line
EB in PV diagram.
4. Exhaust stroke: During Exhaust stroke the exhaust valve opens with inlet valve
closed and the piston travels from BDC to TDC, causing the exhaust of burnt
gases from the cylinder & the crankshaft revolves half rotation. This stroke is
represented by a line BA on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.
2 Enumerate the Difference between Petrol engine and Diesel engine
3 What are the applications of IC engines?
Following are the applications of IC engine:
• IC engines are used in Road vehicles like scooters, motorcycles, cars, buses etc.
• It is also used in Aircraft.
• IC engine is commonly used in Motorboats.
• IC engine has great application in small machines, such as lawnmowers,
chainsaws, and portable engine-generators.
• IC engines are used in generators to produce electricity
• IC engines used in Diesel power plants
Q Describe the Components of Hybrid Vehicle with neat sketch.
No Define Hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV), with the help of block
diagram explain different components used in HEV. Write
limitations of EV in current trend.
1 Hybrid electrical vehicles have both an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an
electric motor. In this type of electric cars, ICE gets energy from fuel while the
motor gets electricity from batteries.
Components of Hybrid Vehicles:
1. Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary
battery provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged;
it also powers vehicle accessories.
2. DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
3. Electric generator: Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while
braking, transferring that energy back to the traction battery pack. Some vehicles
use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
4. Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this
motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that
perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
5. Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the
engine out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-
out emissions within the exhaust system.
6. Fuel tank (gasoline): This tank stores gasoline on board the vehicle until
it's needed by the engine
7. Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is
injected into either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is
combined with air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark
plug.
8. Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
9. Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor
10. Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
11. Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine
and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. Limited Driving Range: EVs often have a limited driving range on a single
charge.
2. Charging Infrastructure: The availability of charging infrastructure can vary
significantly depending on the region.
3. Charging Time: Charging an EV takes longer than refueling a conventional car.
4. Upfront Cost: Electric vehicles tend to have a higher upfront cost compared to
traditional ICE vehicles.
5. Battery Life and Replacement Cost: EV batteries have a limited lifespan, and
over time, their capacity to hold a charge decreases.
6. Weight and Performance: The batteries used in EVs can be heavy, affecting the
overall weight and performance of the vehicle.
7. Dependency on Electricity Grid: Charging an EV relies on access to electricity.
8. Environmental Impact of Battery Production: The manufacturing process of
batteries for EVs can have a significant environmental impact, including carbon
emissions and resource extraction.
9. Limited Model Variety:
2 Describe the Components of Electric Vehicle with neat sketch. Write the benefits
of EV in current trend
Components of Electric Vehicles:
1. Traction Battery Pack
• The function of the battery in an electric car is as an electrical energy storage
system in the form of direct-current electricity (DC).
• The type of battery used is a rechargeable battery that is arranged in such a way
as to form what is called a traction battery pack.
• The most widely used is the type of lithium-ion batteries.
2. DC/DC Converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
3. Power Electronics Controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
4. Charge Port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power
supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
5. Electric Traction Motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both
the drive and regeneration functions.
6. Onboard Charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge
port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery.
7. Thermal System (Cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
8. Transmission (Electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from
the electric traction motor to drive the wheels.
9. Power electronics controller: It controls the flow of electrical energy from
battery to motor and controls the speed.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. Zero Emissions: EVs do not release harmful pollutants like carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).
2. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: EVs can be powered by electricity from
renewable sources like solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, which can further
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making them more environmentally friendly.
3. Energy Efficiency: EVs convert a higher percentage of energy from the grid into
usable power at the wheels, resulting in reduced energy waste compared to ICE
vehicles.
4. Lower Operating Costs: Electric vehicles have fewer moving parts and require
less maintenance than ICE vehicles.
5. Quiet and Smooth Operation: EVs operate more quietly than traditional
vehicles, which helps reduce noise pollution.
6. Energy Independence: EVs can be powered by locally generated electricity,
reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhancing energy security.
8. Advancements in Battery Technology
9. Health Benefits: By reducing emissions, EVs contribute to improved air quality,
which has positive impacts on public health, reducing respiratory and
cardiovascular illnesses associated with air pollution.
Write the adantages and disadvanytages of Hybrid Vehicle
Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles:
• Environmentally Friendly
• Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels
• Regenerative Braking System
• Assistance From Electric Motor
• Smaller Engines
Disadvantages of Hybrid Vehicles:
• Less Power
• Can be Expensive
• Higher Maintenance Costs
• Battery Replacement is Pricey
• Battery Disposal and Recycling