Faculty of Natural Sciences

Tutorial-2
Department: Mathematics and Statistics
Programme: [Link]
Semester/Batch: 2/2025
Course Code: MTF111B
Course Title: Engineering Mathematics-2

1. Prove that Rn is a vector space over R under the usual addition and scalar multiplica-
tion.

2. Prove that the set of all 2 × 2 matrices with real entries is a vector space over R under
the usual matrix addition and scalar multiplication.

3. Prove that the set of all polynomials of degree ≤ 2 with real coefficients is a vector
space over R under the usual polynomial addition and scalar multiplication.

4. Determine whether the following sets forms a subspace of a vector space V over R.
Justify your answer.

(a) S = {(x1 , x2 , x3 )T | x1 + x3 = 1}
(Ans: Not a subspace)
(b) S = {(x1 , x2 )T | x1 = 3x2 }
(Ans: Subspace of R2 )
(c) S = {(x1 , x2 , x3 )T | x3 = x1 + x2 }
(Ans: Subspace of R3 )
(d) S = {(x1 , x2 )T | x21 = x22 }
(Ans: Not a subspace)
(e) The set of all 2 × 2 diagonal matrices.
(Ans: Subspace)
(f) The set of all 2 × 2 matrices B = (bij ) such that b11 = 0.
(Ans: Subspace)
(g) S = {(x1 , x2 )T | x2 = 2x1 + 1}.
(Ans: Not a subspace)
(h) S = {t(5, −3)T | t ∈ R}.
(Ans: Subspace of R2 )

5. Check whether the following sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent:

(a) {(1, 1, 1)T , (1, 1, 0)T , (1, 0, 0)T }.

(Ans: Linearly Independent)

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 (b) {(1, 0, 1)T , (0, 1, 0)T }.
(Ans: Linearly Independent)
(c) {(1, 2, 4)T , (2, 1, 3)T , (4, −1, 1)T }.
(Ans: Linearly Dependent)
(d) {(2, 1, 3)T , (3, −1, 4)T , (2, 6, 4)T }.
(Ans: Linearly Dependent)
(e) {(1, 0, 0)T , (0, 1, 1)T , (1, 0, 1)T , (1, 2, 3)T }.
(Ans: Linearly Dependent)
(f) {(1, −1, 2, 3)T , (3, 2, −2, 0)T , (2, 3, 1, 2)T , (1, 0, 6, 6)T }.
(Ans: Linearly Independent)
6. Determine the basis and dimension of the following subspaces.
(a) W = {(x, y, z)T ∈ R3 | x − 2y + z = 0} of R3 .
(Ans: Dim = 2, Basis = {(2, 1, 0)T , (−1, 0, 1)T })
(b) The subspace W = {(x, y, z)T ∈ R3 | 2x − y + z = 0} of R3 .
(Ans: Dimension = 2, Basis = {(1, 2, 0)T , (0, 1, 1)T })
(c) W = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )T ∈ R4 | x1 = x2 and x3 = −x4 } of R4 .
(Ans: Dim = 2, Basis = {(1, 1, 0, 0)T , (0, 0, 1, −1)T })
(d) W = {p(x) ∈ P2 (R) | p(0) = 0} of P2 (R) (the space of polynomials of degree
≤ 2).
(Ans: Dim = 2, Basis = {x, x2 })
(e) The space of all real polynomials of degree less than or equal to 3, denoted as
P3 (R).
(Ans: Dimension = 4, Basis = {1, x, x2 , x3 })
(f) W = span{(1, 1, 1)T , (1, 2, 3)T , (2, 3, 4)T } of R3 .
(Ans: Dim = 2, Basis = {(1, 1, 1)T , (1, 2, 3)T })
(g) W = {p(x) ∈ P2 (R) | p(1) = 0} where P2 (R) is the space of polynomials of degree
less than or equal to 2.
(Ans: Dimension = 2, Basis = {x − 1, x2 − 1})
(h) Set of all 2 × 2 matrices in M2×2 (R) that are: (i) real matrices (ii) symmetric
matrices (iii) skew-symmetric matrices (iv) real matrices with zero trace (a11 +
a22 = 0).
(Ans: Dim - (i) 4, (ii) 3, (iii) 1, (iv) 3.
Basis-       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(i) , , ,
0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
(ii) , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1
(iii)
 −1 0    
1 0 0 1 0 0
(iv) , , )
0 −1 0 0 1 0

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 (i) Set of all 3 × 3 matrices in M3×3 (R) that are: (i) diagonal matrices (ii) upper
triangular matrices (iii) lower triangular matrices (iv) real matrices with a12 = 0.
(Ans: Dim - (i) 3, (ii) 6, (iii) 6, (iv) 8)
(j) All vectors in R4 whose components are equal.
(Ans: Dimension = 1, Basis = {(1, 1, 1, 1)T })
(k) All vectors in R4 whose components add to zero.
(Ans: Dimension = 3, Basis = {(1, −1, 0, 0)T , (1, 0, −1, 0)T , (1, 0, 0, −1)T })
(l) All vectors in R4 that are perpendicular to v1 = (1, 0, 0, 0)T and v2 = (0, 1, 0, 0)T .
(Ans: Dimension = 2, Basis = {(0, 0, 1, 0)T , (0, 0, 0, 1)T })

7. Determine the row and column space of the following matrices:

 
2 −4
(a) A =
−1 2  
2
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, −2)}, Col Basis = )
−1
 
3 1
(b) B =
1 2    
1 0
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0), (0, 1)}, Col Basis = , )
0 1
 
1 1 1
(c) C = 2 2 2
3 4 5     
 1 1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 2)}, Col Basis = 2 , 2 )
3 4
 
 
1 −1 2
(d) D = 3 1 4
5 −1 8     
 1 −1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, −1, 2), (0, 2, −1)}, Col Basis =  3 , 1 )
 
5 −1
 
 
1 0 2
(e) E = 0 1 −1
2 1 4       
 1 0 0 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}, Col Basis =  0 , 1 , 0 )
   
0 0 1
 
 
1 2 0
(f) F =
0 0 1    
1 0
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 2, 0), (0, 0, 1)}, Col Basis = , )
0 1

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8. Determine the null space N (A) (and its basis) of the following matrices:
 
2 1
(a) A =
4 5  
0
(Ans: N (A) is the trivial subspace. Basis = ∅ or )
0
 
1 0 2 −1
(b) B =
0 1 −1 3     

 −2 1 
    
1  −3

(Ans: Basis for N (B) =   ,   )


 1 0 
0 1
 
 
1 2 −1
(c) C = 2 −1 3 
4 3 1  
 −1 
(Ans: Basis for N (C) =  1  )
1
 
 
1 −2 3
(d) D =  2 −4 6 
−1 2 −3     
 2 −3 
(Ans: Basis for N (D) = 1 ,  0  )
0 1
 

9. For each of the following matrices, construct a basis for the row space, a basis for the
column space and a basis for the null space:
 
1 1 2
(a) A = 2 3 5
3 4 7     
 1 1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)}, Col Basis =  2 , 3 , Null Basis
 
3 4
 
  
 −1 
= −1 )
1
 
 
1 0 −1
(b) B = 0 2 1 
1 1 1       
 1 0 −1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}, Col Basis = 0 , 2 ,  1  ,
1 1 1
 
Null Basis = ∅ (Trivial))

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  
2 −1 3
(c) C = −1 2 0
0 1 1     
 2 −1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0, 2), (0, 1, 1)}, Col Basis =  −1 , 2  , Null
 
0 1
 
  
 −2 
Basis = −1 )
1
 
 
1 −1 2 0
(d) D = 0 1 −1 2
1 0 1 2     
 1 −1 
(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 0, 1, 2), (0, 1, −1, 2)}, Col Basis = 0 ,  1  , Null
1 0
 
   

 −1 −2 
   
1  , −2 )

Basis =   1   0 

 
0 1
 
 
1 −1 2 3
10. Let A = 2 −2 5 4. Construct a basis for the row space of A and a basis for the
3 −3 7 7
null space of A. Verify the rank-nullity theorem.     

 1 −7 
    
1, 0  .

(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, −1, 0, 7), (0, 0, 1, −2)}, Null Basis =  0  2 

 
0 1
 
Verification: Rank(A) = 2, Nullity(A) = 2. Rank + Nullity = 2 + 2 = 4, which equals
the number of columns n = 4.)
 
1 2 −1 3
11. Let B = 2 4 1 0. Compute a basis for the row space of B and a basis for the
3 6 0 3
null space of B. Verify the rank-nullity theorem.    

 −2 −1 
   
1 0

(Ans: Row Basis = {(1, 2, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, −2)}, Null Basis =   0   2  .
,

 
0 1
 
Verification: Rank(B) = 2, Nullity(B) = 2. Rank + Nullity = 2 + 2 = 4, which equals
the number of columns n = 4.)

12. Verify whether each of the following mappings is a linear transformation. Justify your
answers:

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 (a) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 , x1 + x2 ).
(Ans: Linear)
(b) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x, y) = (2x − y, 3y).
(Ans: Linear)
(c) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 − x2 , 0, 2x1 ).
(Ans: Linear)
(d) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 , x2 , −2).
(Ans: Not linear, since T (0, 0) 6= (0, 0, 0))
(e) T : R3 → R2 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + 2, x3 ).
(Ans: Not linear, since T (0, 0, 0) 6= (0, 0))
(f) T : R3 → R2 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 − x3 , 2x2 ).
(Ans: Linear)
(g) T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (x2 , y, z).
(Ans: Not linear, fails additivity and scalar multiplication)
(h) T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (0, y, z).
(Ans: Linear)

13. For each of the following linear transformations T , construct the standard matrix A
such that T (X) = AX:

(a) T : R3 → R
2
definedby T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (0, x2 + x3 ).
0 0 0
(Ans: A = )
0 1 1
(b) T : R3 → R
2
 T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (x1 − x3 , x1 + x2 ).
defined by
1 0 −1
(Ans: A = )
1 1 0
(c) T : R3 → R
2
definedby T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (x1 , x3 ).
1 0 0
(Ans: A = )
0 0 1
(d) T : R2 → R
2
 by T (x1 , x2 ) = (x2 , −x1 ).
defined
0 1
(Ans: A = )
−1 0
(e) T : R3 → R
3
defined 
by T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (x2 , x3 , x1 ).
0 1 0
(Ans: A = 0 0 1)
1 0 0
(f) T : R3 → R
3
defined T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (x1 − 2x2 , 3x3 , 4x1 + x2 − x3 ).
by 
1 −2 0
(Ans: A = 0 0 3 )
4 1 −1