INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION
Water has a profound influence on human health & wellbeing.
At a very basic level, a minimum amount of water is required
for consumption on a daily basis for survival.
However, access may be restricted by low coverage, poor
reliability, insufficient quantity, poor quality and excessive cost
relative to the ability and willingness to pay
Particularly the microbiological & chemical quality of water are
important in preventing ill-health
2
INTRODUCTION
Some Motivating Facts
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF's Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply,
Sanitation and Hygiene, as of the most recent data (2023),
approximately 2 billion people globally do not have access to
safely managed drinking water services.
As of July 2024, Ethiopia’s Ministry of Water and Energy
reported that approximately 69.52% of the population had
access to clean drinking water, equating to about 74.6 million
people. Given Ethiopia’s estimated population of around 107.3
million at that time, this suggests that approximately 32.7
3
million people lacked access to safe drinking water.
INTRODUCTION
43% of water related deaths are due to diarrhea.
1.4 million children die as a result of diarrhea each year
90 % of all deaths caused by diarrheal diseases are
children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing
countries.
To combat the above challenge, the world has pledged to
reduce by half the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation. 4
INTRODUCTION
Water supply is the process of provision of water of
various qualities to different users. e.g., to a home,
factory, or business.
Water Supply Engineering includes: Planning, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of water supply
systems.
Water has to be adequately supplied to everyone but the
amount and availability of water varies both temporally
and spatially along with the demand.
5
INTRODUCTION
Water is
• Scarce
• Variable
ü Temporal
ü Spatial
• Deteriorating
ü quantity
ü quality
6
INTRODUCTION
97.2% of the water on earth is in the oceans
Only 2.8% of the water on earth is freshwater
About 2.15% of the 2.8% freshwater on earth
is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the
polar ice caps
About 0.62% of the 2.8% fresh water on earth
is groundwater
Less than 0.1% of the water on earth is in the
rivers and lakes 7
INTRODUCTION
Water Demand and Use:
Most important world water users:
Municipal and industrial
Agriculture
Hydropower
Recreational and environmental
8
INTRODUCTION
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the
available amount during a certain period or when poor quality
restricts its use.
9
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources
to meet the demands of water usage within a region.
INTRODUCTION
Use of water supply scheme:
Satisfy physical needs,
Preserve bodily cleanliness,
Ensure cleanliness of all personal and municipal
environment,
Furnish a means of fire protection
Meets the needs of water for commercial, public
centers, industries, etc.
10
INTRODUCTION
Historical background of WS Development in Ethiopia
The first water supply system in Ethiopia was constructed in
1894E.C for Menilek’s palace, from spring source around Entoto
area.
Whereas, rural water supply activities such as borehole drilling
for road side towns and rural governmental enterprises, and
construction of ponds for semi-nomads were started in early 1950
E.C.
Modern water development schemes are relatively new
phenomenon in the country.
Geffersa and Legadadi dams were built in the 1950’s to distribute 11
potable water to Addis Ababa city.
INTRODUCTION
By considering water as a key transformer for
development, the government is trying to improve access
to water supply.
As per the definition of the Ministry of Water & Energy
of Ethiopia,
Access to water is defined as 15 liters of clean water to the
rural people per head within 1.5 kilometer distance and 20
liters of clean water to the urban people per head within 0.5
kilometer distance.
12
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopian Water Supply Sector Policy:
Policy objective: Enhance the well-being and productivity of
the Ethiopian people through provision of adequate, reliable
and clean water supply and to foster its tangible
contribution to the economy by providing water supply
services that meet the livestock, industry and other water
users' demands.
Highest priority is for human and livestock consumption,
which amounts to less than 1 percent of total water usage.
Promote the development of water supply on participation
driven and responsive approaches without compromising
social-equity norms. 13
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopian Water Supply Sector Policy:
Create and promote a sense of awareness in communities of
the ownership and their responsibilities for operation and
maintenance of water supply systems and develop
participatory management practices.
Enhance the development of different indigenous water
sources being used by communities to improve rural water
supply.
Ensure that rural drinking water and livestock water supply
undertakings shall be integral part of the overall socio-
economic development, centered on self-reliance, community
participation and management.
14
INTRODUCTION
Main Elements of the Water Supply System Strategies
are:
Technical and Engineering Aspects
Financial and Economic Aspects
Institutional Aspects
Capacity Building Aspects
Environmental Aspects
Social Aspects
15
INTRODUCTION
16
INTRODUCTION
Most of the domestic water supply in rural areas comes from
groundwater sources.
Hand-dug wells with hand pumps. They may be up to 20 to 25
m deep and covered with concrete lids.
Springs can be developed at source or channelled to point of
use by gravity flow.
Shallow-drilled wells are not more than 60m deep and are
operated with hand pumps.
Deep-drilled wells are about 100 to 120m deep and operated
with submersible pumps and small piped systems. 17
WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT TREND ANALYSIS
Types of water supply systems:
18 different types of water supply systems currently in
practice. The most common are:
Modern hand dug well, up to 15m depth(26.92%),
Shallow well(18.52%),
Community hand dug well up to 10m depth(13.52%),
spring on the spot(12.59%),
Shallow well(11.24%),
Medium stream(5.66%),
Gravity system(4.2%),
Treated surface water(2.69%),
18
Shallow well with hand pump(1.73%)
CHALLENGES OF WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS
Lack of reliable, up to date information
Planning difficulty
Funding Gap
Lack of sustainability
Lack of Expertise
Failure of wells due to RF variability
Siltation Problems , Increase treatment cost
19
Lack of Awareness in water saving and utilization
THE WAY FORWARD
Establish a reliable data collection system
Strengthening institutional structures at woreda and community levels
Prioritizing maintenance and upgrading of existing facility (budget
management)
Imposing reasonable price to create awareness about water wastage
Segregating water fees for better incomes to maintain facilities
E.g. charging higher on industries and organization
20
Proper land management on source catchments or basins