Python Lab Assignment - Google Docs 1
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fedago7767Python Lab Assignment - Google Docs 1
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fedago7767PY THON FOR DATA SCIENCE (3150713)
VVP
EN
GINEERING
COLLEGE
SUBMITTED BY: HARSH GAJRA
230470107061
Course Outcome
CO1 : Describe basics of python and its data structure.
CO2 : Describe common Python functionality and features used for data science.
CO3 : Use python libraries to handle & visualize data.
CO4 : Perform data wrangling & analysis using python libraries.
A.Y. 2025-2026 (ODD)
Assignment 1To Perform Basic Operation of Python for Data Science.
1. Print the following pattern using python basics.
1
12
123
1234
12345
Code:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print(j,end="")
print()
Output:
1
12
123
1234
12345
2. Print the following pattern using python basics.
1
2 1
4 2 1
8 4 2 1
16 8 4 2 1
32 16 8 4 2 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Code:
n = 8
for i in range(n):
num = 2 ** i
while num >= 1:
print(num,end=" ")
230470107061 Python for Data Science 1
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num = num / 2
print()
Output:
1
2 1.0
4 2.0 1.0
8 4.0 2.0 1.0
16 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0
32 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0
64 32.0 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0
128 64.0 32.0 16.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0
. Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous two
3
terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
y considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed four
B
million, find the sum of the even-valued terms.
Code:
a, b = 1, 2
total = 0
while a <= 4000000:
if a % 2 == 0:
total += a
a, b = b, a + b
print("Sum of even Fibonacci numbers under 4 million is:", total)
Output:
Sum of even Fibonacci numbers under 4 million is: 4613732
230470107061 Python for Data Science 2
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4. To perform string operations with sample data.
Code:
# Sample string
text = "Python Programming"
# 1. Length of string
print("Length:", len(text))
# 2. Convert to uppercase
print("Uppercase:", [Link]())
# 3. Convert to lowercase
print("Lowercase:", [Link]())
# 4. Replace a word
print("Replace 'Python' with 'Java':", [Link]("Python", "Java"))
# 5. Check if string starts with a word
print("Starts with 'Python'?", [Link]("Python"))
# 6. Check if string ends with a word
print("Ends with 'ing'?", [Link]("ing"))
# 7. Split the string
print("Split words:", [Link]())
# 8. Reverse the string
print("Reversed:", text[::-1])
Output:
Length: 18
Uppercase: PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Lowercase: python programming
Replace 'Python' with 'Java': Java Programming
Starts with 'Python'? True
Ends with 'ing'? True
Split words: ['Python', 'Programming']
Reversed: gnimmargorP nohtyP
230470107061 Python for Data Science 3
A.Y. 2025-2026 (ODD)
Quiz-1
1. What type of language is python? Programming orscripting?
Python is a general-purpose programming language that can be used for both scripting
and larger application development. It is often used as a scripting language for
automating tasks, but it is also powerful enough to build full-scale applications.
2. What are functions in Python?
Functions in Python are blocks of reusable code that perform a specific task. They are
defined using the def keyword. Example:
def greet(name):
print("Hello", name)
3. What is __init__?
__ init __ is a constructor method in Python classes. It is automatically called when an
object is created and is used to initialize instance variables.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name
4. How does break work?
break is used to exit a loop prematurely when a certain condition is met.
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
Output:
0
1
2
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5. How does continue work?
continue skips the current iteration of a loop and jumps to the next one.
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
Output:
0
1
2
4
6. How does pass work?
pass is a placeholder statement that does nothing. It’s used when a statement is
syntactically required but no action is needed.
for i in range(5):
pass # Will not raise an error even if body is empty
7. What is pickling and unpickling?
• Pickling: Converting a Python object into a byte stream for storage or transmission.
• Unpickling: Reversing the byte stream back into a Python object.
Used for saving data using the pickle module.
8. What are the differences between Python 2.x and Python 3.x?
1. What is pickling and unpickling?
• Pickling: Converting a Python object into a byte stream for storage or
transmission.
• Unpickling: Reversing the byte stream back into a Python object.
Used for saving data using the pickle module.
2. What are the differences between Python 2.x and Python 3.x?
3. Print – In Python 2, print is a statement (print "Hello"), while in Python 3, it is a
function (print("Hello")).
2)Division – Python 2 performs integer division by default when dividing integers
(5/2 gives 2), while Python 3 performs true division (5/2 gives 2.5).
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4. Unicode – In Python 2, strings are ASCII by default and need a u prefix for
Unicode (u"Hello"), while in Python 3, all strings are Unicode by default.
5. range/xrange – Python 2 has range() (returns a list) and xrange() (returns an
iterator). Python 3 removes xrange() and makes range() return an iterator.
6. Input – Python 2 has raw_input() (string) and input() (evaluates expression). Python
3 only has input() which always returns a string.
7. Exceptions – In Python 2, exception syntax is except Exception, e:. In Python 3, it is
except Exception as e:.
8. Dictionary methods – In Python 2, .keys(), .values(), .items() return lists. In Python 3,
they return iterable views for better memory efficiency.
9. Libraries – Many standard libraries have been reorganized or renamed in Python 3
(e.g., ConfigParser is now configparser).
230470107061 Python for Data Science 6
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Assignment 2To Perform python data structure operations.
1. Perform python data structure operations with sample data.
. List
1
Code:
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40]
my_list.append(50)
my_list.remove(20)
my_list[1] = 35
print("List:", my_list)
utput:
O
List: [10, 35, 40, 50]
. Tuple
2
Code:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print("Tuple Element at index 2:", my_tuple[2])
utput:
O
Tuple Element at index 2: 3
. Set
3
Code:
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)
my_set.discard(2)
print("Set:", my_set)
Output:
Set: {1, 3, 4}
. Dictionary
4
Code:
my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25}
my_dict['age'] = 26
my_dict['city'] = 'New York'
del my_dict['name']
print("Dictionary:", my_dict)
utput:
O
Dictionary: {'age': 26, 'city': 'New York'}
230470107061 Python for Data Science 7
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2. L ittle Robert likes mathematics. Today his teacher has given him two integers and asked
to find out how many integers can divide both the numbers. Would you like to help him
in completing his school assignment?
Input value must be between 1 to 10^12.
Code:
import math
def count_common_divisors(a, b):
gcd = [Link](a, b)
count = 0
for i in range(1, int([Link](gcd)) + 1):
if gcd % i == 0:
count += 1
if i != gcd // i:
count += 1
return count
a = 12
b = 18
print("Common divisors:", count_common_divisors(a, b))
Output:
Common divisors : 4
. Given a string which contains lower alphabetic characters, we need to remove at most
3
one character from this string in such a way that frequency of each distinct character
becomes same in the string.
Input : abbccdd
Output : Yes , We can remove 'a' from above string to make the frequency of each
character same.
Input : abcdd
Output : Yes , We can remove 'd' from above string to make the frequency of each
character same.
Input : aabbbcccdddd
Output : No , We can't remove any character from above string to make the frequency
of each character same.
Code:
from collections import Counter
def can_equalize_frequency(s):
freq = Counter(s)
freq_values = list([Link]())
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freq_counter = Counter(freq_values)
if len(freq_counter) == 1:
return "Yes"
elif len(freq_counter) == 2:
keys = list(freq_counter.keys())
if freq_counter[min(keys)] == 1 and min(keys) == 1:
return "Yes"
elif freq_counter[max(keys)] == 1 and max(keys) - min(keys) == 1:
return "Yes"
return "No"
print(can_equalize_frequency("abbccdd"))
print(can_equalize_frequency("abcdd"))
print(can_equalize_frequency("aabbbcccdddd"))
Output:
Yes
Yes
No
. Lapindrome is defined as a string which when split in the middle, gives two halves having
4
the same characters and same frequency of each character. If there are odd number of
characters in the string, we ignore the middle character and check for lapindrome.
For example , abccab, rotor and xyzxy are a few examples of lapindromes.
ote that abbaab is NOT a lapindrome. The two halves contain the same characters
N
but their frequencies do not match.
Your task is simple. Given a string, you need to tell if it is a lapindrome.
Code:
from collections import Counter
def is_lapindrome(s):
n = len(s)
mid = n // 2
if n % 2 == 0:
left = s[:mid]
right = s[mid:]
else:
left = s[:mid]
right = s[mid+1:]
return "YES" if Counter(left) == Counter(right) else "NO"
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print(is_lapindrome("abccab"))
print(is_lapindrome("rotor"))
print(is_lapindrome("xyzxy"))
print(is_lapindrome("abbaab"))
Output:
YES
YES
YES
NO
Quiz-2
. To shuffle the list(say list1) what function do we use ?
1
a) [Link]()
b) shuffle(list1)
c) [Link](list1)
d) [Link](list1)
Ans: c) [Link](list1)
2. What will be the output?
>>>t=(1,2,4,3)
>>>t[1:-1]
) (1, 2)
a
b) (1, 2, 4)
c) (2, 4)
d) (2, 4, 3)
Ans: c) (2, 4)
. What will be the output of the following Python code? a=[13,56,17] [Link]([87])
3
[Link]([45,67]) print(a)
a. 13, 56, 17, [87], 45, 67]
b. [13, 56, 17, 87, 45, 67]
c. [13, 56, 17, 87,[ 45, 67]]
d. [13, 56, 17, [87], [45, 67]]
Ans: a. 13, 56, 17, [87], 45, 67]
230470107061 Python for Data Science 10
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. Find the output of the following program: nameList = ['abc', 'xyz', 'pqr', 'def'] pos =
4
[Link]("Dip") print (pos * 3)
a. Dip Dip Dip
b. abc abc abc
c. xyz xyz xyz
d. ValueError: 'Dipesh' is not in list
Ans: d. ValueError: 'Dipesh' is not in list
5. Find the output of the following program: a = {i: i * i for i in range(6)} print (a)
a. Dictionary comprehension doesn’t exist
b. {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6:36}
c. {0: 0, 1: 1, 4: 4, 9: 9, 16: 16, 25: 25}
d. {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}
Ans: d. {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}
6.Which of the following statements would createa tuple in python?
a. mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
b. mytuple[123] = ("apple", "banana","cherry")
c. mytuple = ("2" * ("apple", "banana","cherry"))
d. None of the these
Ans:a. mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
230470107061 Python for Data Science 11
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Assignment 3To Perform fundamental scientific computing using Numpy.
1. T o perform numpy operation by using sample data.
Code:
import numpy as np
data = [Link]([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print("Original Array:", data)
print("Array + 5:", data + 5)
print("Array * 2:", data * 2)
print("Mean:", [Link](data))
print("Max:", [Link](data))
print("Min:", [Link](data))
print("First 3 elements:", data[:3])
Output:
Original Array: [10 20 30 40 50]
Array + 5: [15 25 35 45 55]
Array * 2: [ 20 40 60 80 100]
Mean: 30.0
Max: 50
Min: 10
First 3 elements: [10 20 30]
2. Y
ou are given two integer arrays of size N X P and M X P ( N & M are rows, and P is the
column). Your task is to concatenate the arrays along axis .
Input Format:
The first line contains space separated integers N,M and P.
The next N lines contains the space separated elements of the P columns.
After that, the next M lines contains the space separated elements of the P columns.
rint the concatenated array of size (N+M) X P.
P
Sample Input
3 2
4
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
3 4
3 4
3 4
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Sample Output
[ [1 2]
[1 2]
[1 2]
[1 2]
[3 4]
[3 4]
[3 4]]
Code:
import numpy as np
N, M, P = map(int, input().split())
arr1 = [Link]([list(map(int, input().split())) for _ in range(N)])
arr2 = [Link]([list(map(int, input().split())) for _ in range(M)])
result = [Link]((arr1, arr2), axis=0)
print(result)
Output:
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
[[1 1]
[2 2]
[1 1]
[2 2]]
Quiz-3
1. Why NumPy is used in Python?
NumPy is used in Python for efficient numerical and scientific computing. It provides support for
large multidimensional arrays and matrices, along with mathematical functions to operate on
these arrays faster than standard Python lists.
2. how to create 1D Array using numpy ?
import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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. To create sequences of numbers, NumPy provides a function __________ analogous to range
3
that returns arrays instead of lists.
a. arange
b. aspace
c. aline
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: a. arange
4. The most important object defined in NumPy is an N-dimensional array type called?
a. ndarray
b. narray
c. nd_array
d. darray
Ans: a. ndarray
5. Which of the following Numpy operation are correct?
a. Mathematical and logical operations on arrays.
b. Fourier transforms and routines for shape manipulation.
c. Operations related to linear algebra.
d. All options are correct
Ans: d. All options are correct
. The ________ function returns its argument with a modified shape, whereas the ________
6
method modifies the array itself.
a. reshape, resize
b. resize, reshape
c. reshape2, resize
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: a. reshape, resize
7. what is the use of the zeros() function in Numpy array in python ?
a. To make a Matrix with all element 0
b. To make a Matrix with all diagonal element 0
c. To make a Matrix with first row 0
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d. None of the above
Ans: a. To make a Matrix with all element 0
8. Is python numpy better than lists?
es, NumPy is better than lists for numerical operations because it is faster, uses less memory,
Y
supports multi-dimensional arrays, and provides many built-in mathematical and statistical
functions.
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Assignment 4To Perform data importing & conditioning using Numpy and
Pandas.
1. Create txt file and perform file operation.
Code:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import shutil
# Step 1: Create text file with structured data (CSV-like format)
with open("[Link]", "w") as f:
[Link]("ID,Name,Age,City\n")
[Link]("1,Pradyumna,21,Rajkot\n")
[Link]("2,Amit,22,Ahmedabad\n")
[Link]("3,Ravi,23,Surat\n")
print("File created successfully!")
# Step 2: Read file with Pandas
df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
print("\n Data read using Pandas:")
print(df)
# Step 3: Append new row to file
with open("[Link]", "a") as f:
[Link]("4,Karan,24,Vadodara\n")
# Read again
df_updated = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
print("\n Updated Data after appending:")
print(df_updated)
# Step 4: Convert DataFrame into NumPy array
np_data = df_updated.to_numpy()
print("\n Data as NumPy Array:")
print(np_data)
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# Step 5: File operations (copy, rename, delete)
[Link]("[Link]", "sample_copy.txt") # Copy
[Link]("sample_copy.txt", "sample_backup.txt") # Rename
[Link]("sample_backup.txt") # Delete
print("\n Copy, Rename and Delete operations completed.")
utput:
O
File created successfully!
Data read using Pandas:
ID Name Age City
0 1 Pradyumna 21 Rajkot
1 2 Amit 22 Ahmedabad
2 3 Ravi 23 Surat
Updated Data after appending:
ID Name Age City
0 1 Pradyumna 21 Rajkot
1 2 Amit 22 Ahmedabad
2 3 Ravi 23 Surat
3 4 Karan 24 Vadodara
Data as NumPy Array:
[[1 'Pradyumna' 21 'Rajkot']
[2 'Amit' 22 'Ahmedabad']
[3 'Ravi' 23 'Surat']
[4 'Karan' 24 'Vadodara']]
Copy, Rename and Delete operations completed.
. Use pandas library to create series and dataframe from various format(Structured data
2
form)
Code:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# Create Series from Python list
data_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
series_from_list = [Link](data_list, name="Numbers")
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print("Series from List:\n")
print(series_from_list)
# Create NumPy array
np_array = [Link]([5, 15, 25, 35, 45])
series_from_numpy = [Link](np_array, name="ArrayNumbers")
print("\n Series from NumPy Array:\n")
print(series_from_numpy)
# Dictionary to DataFrame
data_dict = {
"ID": [1, 2, 3],
"Name": ["Pradyumna", "Amit", "Ravi"],
"Age": [21, 22, 23],
"City": ["Rajkot", "Ahmedabad", "Surat"]
}
df_from_dict = [Link](data_dict)
print("\n DataFrame from Dictionary:\n")
print(df_from_dict)
# First create a sample CSV file
df_from_dict.to_csv("sample_data.csv", index=False)
# Read CSV into DataFrame
df_from_csv = pd.read_csv("sample_data.csv")
print("\n DataFrame from CSV File:\n")
print(df_from_csv)
# Create JSON data
json_data = '[{"ID": 1, "Product": "Book", "Price": 150}, {"ID": 2, "Product": "Pen", "Price": 20}]'
# Convert JSON → DataFrame
df_from_json = pd.read_json(json_data)
print("\n DataFrame from JSON String:\n")
print(df_from_json)
# NumPy 2D array
np_matrix = [Link]([[1, "Laptop", 50000], [2, "Phone", 30000], [3, "Tablet", 20000]])
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# DataFrame from NumPy array
df_from_numpy = [Link](np_matrix, columns=["ID", "Product", "Price"])
print("\n DataFrame from NumPy 2D Array:\n")
print(df_from_numpy)
Output:
Series from List:
0 10
1 20
2 30
3 40
4 50
Name: Numbers, dtype: int64
Series from NumPy Array:
0 5
1 15
2 25
3 35
4 45
Name: ArrayNumbers, dtype: int64
DataFrame from Dictionary:
ID Name Age City
0 1 Pradyumna 21 Rajkot
1 2 Amit 22 Ahmedabad
2 3 Ravi 23 Surat
DataFrame from CSV File:
ID Name Age City
0 1 Pradyumna 21 Rajkot
1 2 Amit 22 Ahmedabad
2 3 Ravi 23 Surat
DataFrame from JSON String:
ID Product Price
0 1 Book 150
1 2 Pen 20
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DataFrame from NumPy 2D Array:
ID Product Price
0 1 Laptop 50000
1 2 Phone 30000
2 3 Tablet 20000
. Handle unstructured data using skimage and matplotlib
3
Code:
from skimage import io, color, filters, transform
import [Link] as plt
from [Link] import files
# Step 1: Upload image
uploaded = [Link]() # You will choose an image from your computer
# Step 2: Read uploaded image
filename = list([Link]())[0]
image = [Link](filename)
# Step 3: Show Original Image
[Link](figsize=(6,6))
[Link](image)
[Link]("Original Image")
[Link]("off")
[Link]()
# Step 4: Convert to Grayscale
gray_img = color.rgb2gray(image)
[Link](figsize=(6,6))
[Link](gray_img, cmap="gray")
[Link]("Grayscale Image")
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[Link]("off")
[Link]()
# Step 5: Apply Edge Detection
edges = [Link](gray_img)
[Link](figsize=(6,6))
[Link](edges, cmap="gray")
[Link]("Edge Detection (Sobel Filter)")
[Link]("off")
[Link]()
# Step 6: Resize Image
resized_img = [Link](image, (150, 150))
[Link](figsize=(4,4))
[Link](resized_img)
[Link]("Resized Image (150x150)")
[Link]("off")
[Link]()
Output:
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. Find the duplicate and records in sample dataset.
4
[Link]
Code:
import pandas as pd
# Step 1: Create sample dataset with duplicates
data = {
"ID": [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5],
"Name": ["Pradyumna", "Amit", "Amit", "Ravi", "Karan", "Karan", "Mehul"],
" City": ["Rajkot", "Ahmedabad", "Ahmedabad", "Surat", "Vadodara", "Vadodara",
"Bhavnagar"]
}
df = [Link](data)
print("Original Dataset with Duplicates:\n")
print(df)
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# Step 2: Find duplicate records
duplicates = df[[Link]()]
print("\nDuplicate Records:\n")
print(duplicates)
# Step 3: Remove duplicates
df_cleaned = df.drop_duplicates()
print("\nDataset After Removing Duplicates:\n")
print(df_cleaned)
# Step 4: Check if duplicates still exist
print("\nNumber of duplicates left:", df_cleaned.duplicated().sum())
Output:
Original Dataset with Duplicates:
ID Name City
0 1 Pradyumna Rajkot
1 2 Amit Ahmedabad
2 2 Amit Ahmedabad
3 3 Ravi Surat
4 4 Karan Vadodara
5 4 Karan Vadodara
6 5 Mehul Bhavnagar
Duplicate Records:
ID Name City
2 2 Amit Ahmedabad
5 4 Karan Vadodara
Dataset After Removing Duplicates:
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ID Name City
0 1 Pradyumna Rajkot
1 2 Amit Ahmedabad
3 3 Ravi Surat
4 4 Karan Vadodara
6 5 Mehul Bhavnagar
Number of duplicates left: 0
Quiz-4
1. Mention the different types of Data Structures in Pandas
Pandas mainly provides two primary data structures:
● Series → 1D labeled array (like a single column).
● DataFrame → 2D labeled tabular data (like a table with rows & columns).
● (Panel existed earlier for 3D data but is deprecated** in modern Pandas**).
2. List some alternatives of Python Pandas
Some popular alternatives to Pandas are:
● Polars – Fast DataFrame library written in Rust
● Vaex – For lazy, out-of-core dataframes (handles big data)
● Dask – Parallel computing and large dataset support
● Modin – Scales Pandas across multiple CPUs/cores
● Koalas – Pandas-like API on Apache Spark
. Which of the following indexing capabilities is used as a concise means of selecting data
3
from a pandas object?
a. In
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b. ix
c. ipy
d. iy
Ans: b. Ix
4. Which function are used to find missing values in data ?
a. isnull()
b. isna()
c. isnulls()
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: a. isnull() and b. isna()
5. Which of the following function gives information about top level data using Pandas?
a. head
b. tail
c. summary
d. none of the mentioned
Ans: a. head
. What will be output for the following code? import pandas as pd import numpy as np s =
6
[Link]([Link](4)) print([Link])
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
Ans: b. 1
7. In pandas, Index values must be?
a. unique
b. hashable
c. Both A & B
d. None of the above
Ans: c. Both A & B
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8. What is Reindexing in pandas?
eindexing is the process of changing the row/column labels of a DataFrame or Series to match
R
a new set of labels. If a label is missing in the original data, Pandas will insert NaN for that
position.
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Assignment 5To Perform shaping of data using Python
. Data shaping & reshaping using NumPy.
1
Code:
import numpy as np
Create a NumPy array
#
arr = [Link](1, 13) # Array with values 1 to 12
print("Original Array:\n", arr)
Reshape into 3x4 matrix
#
reshaped = [Link](3, 4)
print("\nReshaped Array (3x4):\n", reshaped)
Flatten back into 1D array
#
flattened = [Link]()
print("\nFlattened Back to 1D:\n", flattened)
Reshape into 2x2x3 (3D array)
#
reshaped_3d = [Link](2, 2, 3)
print("\nReshaped into 3D Array (2x2x3):\n", reshaped_3d)
Output:
Original Array:
[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]
Reshaped Array (3x4):
[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]]
Flattened Back to 1D:
[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]
Reshaped into 3D Array (2x2x3):
[[[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6]]
[[ 7 8 9]
[10 11 12]]]
230470107061 Python for Data Science 27
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. Perform the slicing , dicing, sorting and shuffling operation on NumPy array.
2
Code:
# Create a sample 1D array
arr = [Link]([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60])
print("Original Array:", arr)
Slicing
#
print("\nSlicing (arr[1:4]):", arr[1:4]) # elements from index 1 to 3
Dicing (For 2D array)
#
matrix = [Link](1, 17).reshape(4, 4)
print("\nOriginal 4x4 Matrix:\n", matrix)
Extracting sub-matrix (Dicing)
#
sub_matrix = matrix[1:3, 1:3] # rows 1-2, cols 1-2
print("\nDiced Sub-Matrix (2x2):\n", sub_matrix)
Sorting
#
unsorted_arr = [Link]([40, 10, 30, 20])
sorted_arr = [Link](unsorted_arr)
print("\nSorted Array:", sorted_arr)
Shuffling (randomizes order)
#
[Link](unsorted_arr)
print("\nShuffled Array:", unsorted_arr)
Output:
Original Array: [10 20 30 40 50 60]
Slicing (arr[1:4]): [20 30 40]
Original 4x4 Matrix:
[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]
[13 14 15 16]]
Diced Sub-Matrix (2x2):
[[ 6 7]
[10 11]]
Sorted Array: [10 20 30 40]
230470107061 Python for Data Science 28
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Shuffled Array: [30 40 20 10]
. Perform the task for categorical variable and aggregation of the data.
3
Code:
import pandas as pd
Create sample DataFrame with categorical variable
#
data = [Link]({
"Name": ["Amit", "Amit", "Ravi", "Ravi", "Karan"],
"Department": ["IT", "IT", "HR", "HR", "Finance"],
"Salary": [30000, 35000, 28000, 32000, 40000]
})
print("Original DataFrame:\n", data)
Convert Department into category type
#
data["Department"] = data["Department"].astype("category")
print("\nData Types After Categorical Conversion:\n", [Link])
Aggregation - Calculate mean salary per department
#
agg_data = [Link]("Department")["Salary"].mean()
print("\nAverage Salary by Department:\n", agg_data)
Output:
Original DataFrame:
Name Department Salary
0 Amit IT 30000
1 Amit IT 35000
2 Ravi HR 28000
3 Ravi HR 32000
4 Karan Finance 40000
Data Types After Categorical Conversion:
Name object
Department category
Salary int64
dtype: object
Average Salary by Department:
Department
Finance 40000.0
HR 30000.0
IT 32500.0
230470107061 Python for Data Science 29
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Name: Salary, dtype: float64
. Demonstrate the usage of datetime and timedelta function in data science project.
4
Code:
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
Create sample dates
#
today = [Link]()
print("Today's Date:", today)
Add 10 days using timedelta
#
future_date = today + timedelta(days=10)
print("\nDate After 10 Days:", future_date)
Create Pandas date range
#
date_range = pd.date_range(start="2024-01-01", periods=5, freq="D")
print("\nDate Range (5 Days):\n", date_range)
Example: Calculate difference between dates
#
date_df = [Link]({
"Start": pd.to_datetime(["2024-01-01", "2024-02-01"]),
"End": pd.to_datetime(["2024-01-10", "2024-02-20"])
})
ate_df["Difference"] = date_df["End"] - date_df["Start"]
d
print("\nDate Difference using Timedelta:\n", date_df)
Output:
Today's Date: 2025-09-12 23:40:12.123456
Date After 10 Days: 2025-09-22 23:40:12.123456
Date Range (5 Days):
DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-01', '2024-01-02', '2024-01-03',
'2024-01-04', '2024-01-05'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
Date Difference using Timedelta:
Start End Difference
0 2024-01-01 2024-01-10 9 days
1 2024-02-01 2024-02-20 19 days
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Quiz-5
1. What is Time Series in Pandas?
T ime Series in Pandas is a sequence of data points indexed by timestamps or dates. It allows
easy handling of time-based data, resampling, shifting, and date-range generation.
2. Which library can be used to plot geographical data ?
a. basemap
b. geomap
c. sklearn
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: a. Basemap
3. Which are not correct property for Pie Chart plotting in matplotlib?
a. explode
b. autopct
c. align
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: c. align
4. Which are not correct marker for line appreance in matplotlib?
a. s
b. p
c. A
d. None of the mentioned
Ans: c. A
5. The plot method on Series and DataFrame is just a simple wrapper around ____________.
a. [Link]()
b. [Link]()
c. [Link]()
d. none of the mentioned
Ans: b. [Link]()
230470107061 Python for Data Science 31
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6. Which of the following graph can be used for simple summarization of data?
a. Scatterplot
b. Overlaying
c. Barplot
d. All of the mentioned
Ans: d. All of the mentioned
7. Which library would you prefer for plotting in Python language: Seaborn or Matplotlib?
It depends on use case:
● S
eaborn→ Better for statistical visualization, attractivedefault styles, easier for quick
plots.
● M
atplotlib→ More control and customization, supportscomplex visualizations.
For most data science tasks →Seabornis preferredfor quick and beautiful plots.
230470107061 Python for Data Science 32
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