Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy (PBOT111)
1st Semester (SY 2025 - 2026)
MODULE 8 - Plant Structure And Functions
Leaves - Margin - Side of the leaf
- Thin and flat lateral outgrowths from
stem nodes.
- Main vegetative organ of the plant.
- Photosynthesis, transpiration, and
gas exchange.
- From leaf primordia and are
exogenous in origin.
- Possesses an axillary bud in axil.
- Base - Bottom of the leaf
Parts of a Dicot Leaf ● Saginate - Arrow shaped
● Auriculate - Ear lobe shaped
Petiole ● Peltate - petiole attached at
- Support and hold the leaf upright. undersurface
- Conducts material to and from leaves. ● Rounded - Arch like
- Have stipules. ● Truncate - Flattened
- Leaves without petiole are sessile ● Cordate - Heart shaped
leaves.
Parts of a Monocot Leaf
Lamina
- Expanded part of the leaf. Leaf Sheath
- Overall shape, apex, margin, and base. - Support of leaves that envelope the
- Shape - Over all shape. stem.
● Linear - Long and slender
● Cordate - Heart shaped Leaf Blade
● Ovate - Egg shaped - Thin expanded portion above the
● Deltoid - Triangular sheath.
● Reniform - Kidney shaped
● Orbicular - Disk shape Ligules
● Flabellate - Fan like - Located at the junction of leaf blade
● Cuneate - Wedge like and leaf sheath.
- Apex - Top of the leaf
Auricles
- Extensions of the collar.
- Located at the junction of leaf blade
and leaf sheath.
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 1
College of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy (PBOT111)
1st Semester (SY 2025 - 2026)
Variation in Leaf Structures Phyllotaxy
Leaf Blade Configuration 1. Verticillate - Three or more leaves
located around the node.
1. Simple Leaf - Consist of only one. 2. Fasciculate - two or more leaves
2. Compound Leaf - Divided into located one side of the node.
pinnae and petiolule.
a. Pinnately Compound Leaf - Position in Leaf Orientation
leaflets that are attached to an
extension of petiole called 1. Dorsiventral
rachis. - Leaves are horizontally
b. Palmately Compound Leaf - oriented.
leaflets that radiate from upper - Ad axial surface receiving
end or trip of the leafstalk. direct sunlight.
2. Isobilateral
Venation - Leaves are vertical oriented.
- Two surfaces receiving direct
1. Reticulate Venation - veins branch sunlight.
and form a network over the blade,
found in dicot.
● Pinnately Netted - Spread
out in all directions.
● Palmately Netted - Spread
fan like.
● Radiately Netted - Umbrella
and then breaks up into
smaller veins.
2. Parallel Venation - Veins do not form
a network, found in monocot.
● Parallel venation with veins
parallel to the midrib.
● Parallel with the veins at acute
or right angles to the midrib.
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 2
College of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy (PBOT111)
1st Semester (SY 2025 - 2026)
Function of the Leaves Economical Function
Main Function 1. Food source
2. Fiber source
1. Photosynthesis 3. To make beverages
2. Transpiration 4. Used in cigarette industry
5. Some drugs
Specialized Function 6. Used as flavoring
Spine
- No blade and needle shape, no
mesophyll, no vascular tissue, closely
packed in mesophyll.
Motile leaves
- Display sensitivity to touch for
protection.
Succulent Leaves
- Thick and fleshy, reduced
surface-volume-ratio, with water
storage parenchyma.
Tendrils
- Sensing contact with other objects, no
lamina, support.
- Side facing the object stop growing,
otherside elongate
Supporting Leaf Bases
Adventitious Buds
- Produce plantlets.
Aeration
- For buoyancy and support.
Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy 3
College of Pharmacy