OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

PHARMACEUTICAL
INORGANIC MEDICINALS
MODULE ON PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

By: Charlene M. Sta Ana, RPh

• also known as the periodic table of
elements, is a tabular display of the
chemical elements, which ARE
ARRANGED by atomic number, electron
configuration, and recurring chemical
properties. The structure of the table
shows periodic trends.
• Antoine Lavoiser
• Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
• Leopold Gmelin
• Jean-Baptiste Dumas
• Auguste Kekule
• John Newlands
• Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev & Julius Lothar Meyer
• Henry Mostly
Periodic Table

4
 Group Number Group Name
Group 1A
Group IB
Group IIA
Periodic Group IIB
Table Group IIIA
Group IIIB
Group IV-A
Group IV-B

5
 Group Number Group Name
Group V-A
Group V-B
Periodic Group VIA
Table Group VIB
Group VIIA
Group VIIB
Group VIII
Group VIIIA

6
1. Ionization Energy
-Energy required to REMOVE ELECTRON to make it
POSITIVE
2. Electron Affinity
-Energy released when ELECTRON IS ADDED to make it
NEGATIVE.
3. Electronegativity
-Ability of an atom to ATTRACT AN ELECTRON to itself.
4. Atomic Radius
-HALF THE DISTANCE between nucleus of 2 atoms.
8
GROUP I-A
ALKALI METALS
GROUP I-A
(ALKALI METALS)
▪ Valence (+1)

▪ Most reactive element

▪ Do not occur free in

nature

▪ Salts are soluble

lithium, (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium
(Rb), cesium (Cs), and more recently, francium (Fr).

• Soft, shiny, low melting point

• Most reactive elements
• Valence (+1), very good reducing agents
• Do not occur free in nature
• Salts are soluble except lithium salts (insoluble)
• Hydroxides formed are strongly basic except
LiOH
1. HYDROGEN
-AKA Inflammable Air
-Lightest element
-Essential constituents of all acids
-Powerful reducing agent
1. HYDROGEN
ISOTOPES:
- Protium – most abundant
- Deuterium – Heavy hydrogen,
manufactured in batteries
- Tritium – radioactive isotope
H+ -monovalent cation
-hydronium ion

H- -hydrides anion

Uses:
▪ production of margarine
▪ balloons

14
2. LITHIUM
- AKA Earth Stone
- Flame test: Crimson Red/Carmine Red
- Lightest METAL
USE: heat exchanger in aircon, antidepressant
diuretic
LiOH – remove O2 from air; submarine and space craft
LiBr – antidepressant
Li2CO3 – DOC for mania
LiD – hydrogen bombs
2. LITHIUM
Sources of Li in Nature:
-Ores Spodomere – Lithium aluminum inosilicate

-Petalite – Lithium aluminum pectosilicate

-Lepidolite – Lithium potassium aluminum decasilicate
-Amblygonite – Lithium sodium aluminum phosphate
 COMPOUND IMPORTANT NOTES
Lithium Oxide Flux in ceramic glazes
Lithium Fluoride Manufacture of ceramics
Lithium stearate Cosmetics, in plastics, and as a
lubricant in powder metallurgy
Lithium Chloride Manufacture of mineral water, esp.
Lithiawater
Lithium Aluminum Reducing agent, esp. In
Hydroxide pharmaceutical and perfume
manufacturing
Lithium Hydroxide Absorb carbon dioxide, esp. In
spacesuits
Lithium Citrate Bicarbonated drinks
3. SODIUM
- ‘From Nature’/Natrium
- Flame test: Golden yellow
- Predominant cation in extracellular fluid
- Produce osmotic effect in the body

Use: fluid retention, respiratory edema formation

Sources:
Halite – Rock salt or NaCl (most abundant)
Trona – Na2CO3
Metallic Na – stored under mineral oil to prevent chem rxn.
1. NaCH3COO
- Sodium Acetate
Use: diuretic, urinary and systemic alkalanizer, antacid,
alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s solution
2. NaHCO3
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Systemic/Absorbable Antacid
A/E: Rebound Hyperacidity, Systemic Alkalosis,
Edema Formation
-Carbonating Agent/Effervescent
3. NaH2PO4
-Monobasic Sodium Phosphate
-Rectal Administration
USE: cathartic / laxative, treatment of cystitis, urinary
acidifier
A/E: bloating, cramping, increased peristaltic movement

• METHENAMINE
Prodrug, acidify by NaH2PO4
4. NaHSO3
- Sodium Metabisulfate
- Antioxidant (Reducing Agent), Most powerful
preservative
5. Na2CO3
- Sodium Carbonate
- Na2CO3 – anhydrous = Soda Ash
Na2CO3 ● H20 =
Na2CO3 ● 2H2O = trona
Na2CO3 ● 7H2O =
Na2CO3 ● 10H2O = soda crystals, washing soda, sal soda,
6. NaCl
- Sodium Chloride
USE: Electrolyte replenisher (NSS Ringer’s), adjust
tonicity, preservative, condiment
7. NaC6H5O3
- Sodium Citrate
- Alkalinizer, buffer, diuretic, expectorant, anticoagulant,
use in Denige’s test
8. NaF
- Sodium Fluoride
USE: Anti-Cariogenic
9. NaOH
- Sodium Hydroxide
USE: Saponifying Agent (Hard Soap)
[Link] Phosphite
- Reducing Agent
11. NaOCl
- Sodium Hypochlorite
USE: Bleaching agent, disinfectant, oxidizing agent
12. NaI
- Sodium Iodide
USE: Expectorant, Solubilizer in Iodine Tincture
-Carbonating Agent/Effervescent
13. Na Lactate
- Converted to HCO3
USE: Antacid, alkalinizer in nature, treatment to overdose
of Class 1 antiarrhythmics
14. NaNO2
- Sodium Nitrite
USE: Antidote for CN- poisoning, vasodilator
15. Na2S2O3
- Sodium Thiosulfate
USE: Immediate Antidote for CN Poisoning
-Standard Volumetric Solution for Iodometry
16. NaNO3
- Sodium Nitrate
USE: Preservative
17. Na2SO4
- Sodium Sulfate
USE: Cathartic
18. Na2C4H4O6
- Sodium Tartrate
USE: Prime standard of Karl Fischer titration
19. Na2S2O3
- Sodium Thiosulfate USE: Cathartic
4. POTASSIUM
- Kalium
- Flame test: Violet
- Predominant intracellular cation
USE: Diuretic, muscle contraction
Hypokalemia
Can cause muscle paralysis which leads to death
Sources:
Sylvite – K Chloride
Carnalite – K Mg Chloride
Alunite – K Aluminum Sulfate
1. KCH3COO-
- Potassium Acetate
2. KHC4H4O6
- Potassium bitartrate
USE: Laxative
3. KBr
- Potassium Bromide
USE: Antidepressant
4. K2CO3
- Potassium Carbonate
USE: Manufacturing of Glass
5. KClO3
- Potassium Chlorate
- Component of toothpaste, gargles mouth washes due
to its oxidizing cleaning, deodorant action
6. KCl
- Potassium chloride
- Causes hyperkalemia
7. KO2
- Potassium Superoxide
-Used in submarine / space craft
8. KC6H5O3
- Potassium Citrate
USE: Expectorant / Diaphoretic
9. KOH
- Potassium Hydroxide
- Saponifying agent
10. KI
- Potassium Iodide
USE: Expectorant, Solubilizer in I2
11. KNO3
- Potassium Nitrate
- Salt prunelle, preservative
12. KMnO4
- Potassium Permanganate
- Oxidizing agent, volumetric sol’n in permanganometry
13. K2HPO4
USE:Cathartic
14. KNaC4H4O6
- Potassium Sodium Tartrate
USE: Sequestering agent, cathartic
15. KSCN
USE: Hypotensive agent
16. Sulfurated Potash / Liver of Sulfur
- Mixture of K polysulfides and K2S2O3
- Use in preparation of white lotion
AMMONIUM
- NH4
- hypothetical alkali metal
USE: Diuretics, buffer, expectorant, anticariogenic
Haber’s Process – method of preparation

1. NH4CH3OO
- Ammonium Acetate
- Styptic
2. (NH4)2CO3
- Ammonium Carbonate
- Used in the preparation of aromatic NH3 spirit,
respiratory stimulant
3. NH4Cl
- Ammonium Chloride
USE: Urinary acidifier
4. Ammoniated Mercury
- White precipitate
- Topical anti-infective
5. RUBIDIUM
- Rubidius
- In vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes and atomic clocks
- 22nd most abundant
- Flame test: Reddish violet
6. CESIUM
- Caesius
- Most reactive metal of Group1A
- Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming materials
Source:
Pollucite – Cs Al Silicate (atomic clocks)
Cs137 – radioactive isotope (in nuclear weapons)
7. FRANCIUM
- AKA Eka-caesium or Actinium K
- Extremely rare
- No commercial application
GROUP I-B
COINAGE METALS
Copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and gold (Au)

• Employed for ornamental and coinage purposes

• Free metal state
• Readily act as central unit of complexes /
chelates
1. COPPER
- Only reddish colored metal
- 3rd malleable and 3rd best electrical conductor
- Used in H2O purification, CHON precipitant,
enhance utilization of iron in blood
Alloys
Brass = Cu+Zn
Bronze = Cu+Sn
Occurs in Respiratory pigmentation
Hemocyanin
Cytochrome oxidase
1. CuSO4
- Use in preparation of Benedict’s, Fehling’s and
Barford’s reagent
- Local emetic
- Combined with iron for hematinic property
- Antidote for Phosphorus poisoning
- Algicide and fungicide in swimming pool
- Cu+2 – CuSO (+) brick red precipitate
2. CuSO4 + Calcium Oxide
- BORDEAUX MIXTURE
- fungicide
3. Copper Aceto Arsenate
- Paris Green
- Insecticide
4. Cuprous Citrate
- astringent
2. SILVER
- Argentum, shining or bright
- Only metal with Oligodynamic property
- CHON precipitant (astringent)
- 2nd most malleable and 2nd best electrical
conductor
Toxicity:
Argyria – darkening of skin (treatment: NaCl)
1. AgNO3
- Silver Nitrate
- Lapiz Infernularis
- LUNAR CAUSTIC
- Indelible Ink
- Caustic Pencil
USE: Treatment of warts, antiseptic for eye of baby with
gonorrheal mother
2. Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate
- Howe’s Solution
- Dental protective and desensitizing agent, Tollen’s Rgt
3. Silver Iodide
- Germicide

Silver Proteinates
A. Mild Ag protein – ARGYROL (19-25% antiseptic)
B. Strong Ag protein – PROTARGOL (7.5-8.5%
germicide for ears and throat)
C. Colloidal Ag protein – COLLARGOL (18-22% general
germicide)
2. GOLD
- Shining Dawn, King of all metals
- Most malleable and ductile
- Best conductor of electricity

Chrysotherapy and Aurotherapy – Gold in medicine for

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Aurothioglucose – inj (Solganal®)
Gold Sodium Thiomaleate – (Myorisin®)
Auranofin – oral (Ridaura®)
 COINAGE METALS ALKALI METALS
OCCURRENCE Free in nature NOT free in nature
CHEM. ACTIVITY NOT very active Very active

GROUP I-B
HYDROXIDES Feebly basic except AgO2 Strongly basic except Li
WATER SOLUBILITY Insoluble in water Soluble in water
Readily hydrolyzed NOT readily hydrolyzed
SERIES OF CPDS FORMED COINAGE
One series eachMETALS
of cpd Only one series of cpd
CATIONS Complex simple
OXIDATION Slowly oxidized in air Rapidly oxidized in air
GROUP II-A
ALKALI EARTH METALS
1. BERYLLIUM
- Most toxic metal
- Use in fluorescent lightning industry, can cause lung
carcinoma, chronic granuloma
2. MAGNESIUM
- 2nd most abundant intracellular cation
- Metal present in chlorophyll, Grignard’s Rgt
- Lightest of all structurally important metals
Use: laxative, depressant, natural Ca channel blocker
Detection: Titan yellow (red lake) and p-nitrobenzene
azoresorcinol (blue lake)
Sources:
Silicates – talc, asbestos
Carbonates – magnesite, dolomite
Sulfates - Keiserite
1. MgSO4
- Magnesium Sulfate
USE: Laxative, Antiphlogistic, Anti-convulsant for
eclampsia
- Antidote for Ba+2 and barbiturate poisoning

2. MgCO3
- Magnesium Carbonate
USE: Antacid, carbonating agent, laxative
3. Mg(OH)2
- Magnesium Hydroxide
USE: Antacid, Laxative
4. MgO
- Magnesium Oxide
- Component of Universal antidote
5. Mg Trisilicate
- Protective coating
6. Hydrated Mg Silicate
- Talc (PIEDRA GRASCA)
- Soap Stone
- French chalk
- Filtering aid, clarifying agent, dusting powder to gloves

7. Mg Citrate
- Cathartic
3. CALCIUM
- 2nd most abundant extracellular cation
- Flame test: BRICK RED
- Major component of teeth and bones
- Muscle contraction, blood coagulation,
neurotransmission

Sources:
Silicates – talc, asbestos
Carbonates – magnesite, dolomite
Sulfates - Keiserite
1. CaCO3
- Calcium Carbonate
-TUMS, precipitated chalk, prepared chalk
- Ingredient for dentrifices and toothpaste

2. CaCl2
- Calcium Chloride
- Muriate of Lime
3. Ca(OH)2
- Calcium Hydroxide
- Slaked lime, milk of lime
4. Calcium Gluconate
- Antidote in Mg Poisoning
- Ca++ supplement
5. Ca(C3H5O3)2
- Calcium Lactate
- Ca++ supplement
6. CaO
- Quick Lime, Calx
- Preparations of various insecticides
7. CaHPO4
- Ca++ supplement
8. Ca3(PO4)
- Bone Ash
- Antacid
9. CaOCl
- Calcium Hypochlorite
- Chlorinated lime, chloride of lime
USE: Bleaching agent, disinfectant
10. CaSO4
- Calcium Sulfate
- ½ H2O, PLASTER OF PARIS
- Gypsum / Terra alba (CaSO4 ● 2H2O)
- Used in preparations of dental impressions and surgical
cast
4. STRONTIUM
- Flame test: Crimson Red
- Used in production of red pyrotechnics

• SrCl2
- Temperature desensitizing agent
- Active ingredient in Sensodyne
- A/E: darkens the teeth
5. BARIUM
- Heavy
- Flame test: yellow green
- Toxicity: Baritosis (Antidote: MgSO4)

• BaSO4
- Radiopaque medium for GIT imaging

• Ba(OH)2
- CO2 absorber
6. RADIUM
- Discovered by Marie Curie
- For Cancer Chemotherapy, Diagnostic purposes
Becquerel (SI Unit)
GROUP II-B
VOLATILE METALS/
ZINC FAMILY
1. ZINC
- Rinman’s Green Test
- Container for batteries and dry cell & coating for
galvanized iron.
- METAL IN INSULIN
- Constituent of carbonic anhydrase enzyme
USE: astringent, antiseptic, protectant, antiperspirant

Deficiency: Anemia and hypogonadism in male, stunted

growth, parakeratosis
Toxicity: Metal Fume fever
1.ZnCl2
- Zinc Chloride
- Burnet’s disinfecting fluid, Butter of zinc
- Escharotic
- Antiseptic in mouthwashes
- Dentin desensitizer
- Corrosive
2. ZnO
- Zinc white, Flowers of Zinc, Lassar’s Paste
- Component of Calamine Lotion, antiseptic, protective,
astringent
3. ZnSO4
- WHITE VITRIOL
- Emetic, astringent, pharmaceutical necessity for white
lotion
4. ZnO
- White Sulfide
5. Hydrated Zn Silicate
- Natural Calamine, ZnSiO4 ● H2O
- Protectant
6. Zinc Eugenol Cement
- Dental protectant

Lithopone
- Alloy of Zn (30% ZnS and 70% BaS)
2. CADMIUM
- Manufacture of Stink bomb
- Astringent
- induces the synthesis of metallothionein, a protein
with a high binding affinity for cadmium.

Toxicity: Itai-itai poisoning (Antidote: BAL)

1. CdCl2
- Anti-infective
- Emetic
- Treatment of Tinea Infection
2. CdS
- Yellow Sulfide
- Component of Capsebon, Antiseborrheic
3. CdSO4
- Opthalmic antiseptic
2. MERCURY
- Quick Silver, Liquid Silver, Liquid Metal, Noble Metal
Use: Manufacture of thermometer, diuretic, antiseptic,
antisyphilitic, cathartic, parasitacidal and fungicidal,
dental permanent cement
Source:
Cinnabar/Aethrop’s Mineral (HgS)
Alloys:
Amalgam (obsolete)
Poisoning:
Minamata Disease (Antidote: EDTA)
1. Hg2Cl2
- Calomel
- Cathartic, local antiseptic
2. HgCl2
- Corrosive sublimate
- Disinfectant
3. HgI
- Anti-syphilis
4. HgI2
- Stimulant for indolent ulcers
5. K2HgI4
- Potassium mercuric iodide
- Mayer’s Reagent
- Test for Alkaloids
6. Ammoniated Mercury
- White precipitate
- Topical anti-infective
7. HgO
- Yellow precipitate
- Ophthalmic antibacterial
GROUP III-A
BORON FAMILY
1. BORON
- Non-metal
- Component of glass (type 1)
Flame Test: green-bordered flame (use methanol)
Sources:
Tincal – Na3BO3
H3BO3
Hardness of Crystalline Boron
Valuable substitute for diamond in glass cutting and gem
polishing
1. BORON
• BORATE BUFFER SYSTEM
Feldman’s – acid soln of boric acid, NaCl and Na borate
(pH = 7-8.2)
Atkin’s and Pantin’s – alkaline soln of Na2CO3, boric acid
and NaCl (pH = 7.6-11)
Gifford – similar with feldman’s but KCl is used instead of
NaCl (pH = 6-7.8)
1. BORATES
- Turmeric paper
Acidic – Brownish Red
Alkali – Greenish black
- Use in Vulcanizing rubber
2. H3BO3
- Boric acid, Boracic acid, Sal Sedativum
- Toxic by ingestion, absorbed in broken skin, buffer in
opthalmic preparation, tonicity adjusting agent
3. Na2B4O7
- Sodium Borate, Borax, Sodium Tetraborate,
Dobell’s Solution
- Eye wash, component of cold cream and in the prep of
sodium borate prep.
2. ALUMINUM
- Most abundant metal
- Abrasive in industries
- Positive result to Thenard’s blue test
USE: Deodorant, protectant, antiseptic, antiperspirant

Sources:
Cryolite (Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate)
Bauxite ore (chief source)
2. ALUMINUM
Identification Test:
• NH3:white gelatinous ppt. of Al(OH)3
*Al(OH)3 adsorbs the color of the dye, aluminon producing a
red lake.
• Thenard’s Blue Test -Co(NO3)2 + NH3 🡪 Co(AlO2)2
Blue ash -- cobalt meta-aluminate
1. AlCl3
- Aluminum Chloride
- Astringent, antiseptic, component of deodorant

2. Al(OH)3
- Aluminum Hydroxide
- Amphojel, cremalin gel
A/E: Constipation, PO4 deficiency
3. AlPO4
- Phosphagel
- Antacid, astringent
4. Al2(CO3)3
- Treatment of Phosphatic Calculi
5. Alum
- Al K(SO4)2 ● 12H2O
- “Pearl alum”
- Deodorant
6. Al2O3
- Alumina, aluminum oxide
- Treatment of silicosis
4. Al(CH3COO-)3
- Burrow’s solution, Domeboro’s soln
- Astringent
5. Dihydroxyaluminum amino acetate
- Aluminum glycinate
- Gastric acid and antidiarrheal
Aluminum Silicates
Kaolin
Native hydrated aluminum silicate, china clay
Adsorbent and demulcent in diarrhea
Bentonite
Native colloidal hydrated Al silicate, mineral soap, soap clay,
wilkinite
Suspending agent
Pumice
Na, K, Al silicate / Piedra Pomez
Volcanic origin. Use as dental abrasive, dentrifice
Talc
Native Hydrated Mg Silicate
3. GALLIUM
- AKA Eka-Aluminum
- Substitute for Hg in manufacture of arc lamps
- Lowest melting point
- Treatmenr of cancer-related hypercalcemia
4. THALLIUM
- Thalos, Green twig or green shot
- 2nd most toxic metal
GROUP III-B
SCANDIUM SUBGROUP
1. Scandium
- Eka-boron
2. Yttrium
3. Lanthanum
- Lanthanides (atomic # 58-71)
- hard to separate due to similarity in chemical prop
4. Actinium
- Actinides (atomic # 90-103)
- prepared syntheticallly, exist as radioactive isotopes,
not very stable
GROUP IV-A
CARBON FAMILY
1. CARBON
- Non-metal, basic building unit of organic compounds
- Fundamental constituent of all animals and vegetable
tissues
- Can form bonds with itself (Catenation)
- Occurs free in nature
Allotropes of Carbon:
Crystalline – diamond, graphite
Amorphous – Coal, anthracite
C60 (buckminsterfullerene) – soccer ball like
Allotropes of Carbon:
1. Activated Charcoal
- Component of universal antidote
- Used as adsorbent and in diarrhea and poisoning
2. CO2
- Carbonic acid gas
- Respiratory stimulant (CO poisoning), tx of persistent
hiccups, used in the manufacturing of soda, carbonated
water
- Dry Ice (solid CO2)
Refrigerants, acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts and
eczema
3. CO
- Cherry red color of blood
- 210x affinity to hemoglobin, Automobile exhaust
Antidote: 100% oxygen, artificial air (20% O2, 80% He),
hyperbaric O2, O2-CO2 mixture
2. SILICON
- Silicon dioxide, Silica
- Abundant in nature, used as stationary phase at
chromatography
Toxicity: Silicosis (hemoptysis) tx: alumina (Al2O3)
2. SILICON
Glass
- Formed by fusion of silicon with base agents used to
modify glass. (Na2CO3 with pure silica)

Modified by:
Boron – dec coefficient of expansion
Pb – dec refractive index
K – amber color, light resistant prop
MnO2 – mask color of Fe2O3
1. SiO2
- Purified Silicaceous Earth, KIESELGUHR SILICA
- Adsorbent, filtering aid, clarifying agent

2. Attapulgite (Polymagma, Quintess)

- Magnesium Aluminum Phyllosilicate, black tablet
- Anti-diarrheal agent

3. Simethicone
- Polydimethyl siloxane + hydrated silica gel
- Anti-flatulent, anti-foaming
3. TIN
Uses: Manufacture of cans, Household utensils
Alloy: 10% Tin and 90% Copper (GUN METAL)

• SnF2
- Anti-cariogenic, 8% is for 1 application

• SnO2
- Germicidal against Staphylococcus aureus
4. LEAD
Uses: Astringent, CHON precipitant
Toxicity: Plumbism
AKA saturnism, Devon’s Colic
Lead Encephalopathy, characterized by memory
loss, irritability, projectile vomiting
Antidote: EDTA, Calcium Sodium Versenate
Source:
Lead pipe, cocktail glass, canned food, automobile
exhaust, paints, earthen utensils
4. LEAD
Alloys
Pewter Metal = 80% Sn 20% Pb
Rose Metal = 25% Sn 25% Pb 50% Bi
Solder Metal = 50% Sn 50% lead
1. Pb(CH3COO-)2
- Lead acetate, sugar of lead, salt of saturn
- Astringent, component of Lead Subacetate soln

2. PbO
- Litharge
- Use in prep for Lead Subacetate

3. Pb2O(CH3COO-)2
- Lead Subacetate, Goulard’s Extract
- Anti-flatulent, anti-foaming
Lead
Identification Test:
1) K2CrO4: yellow ppt of PbCrO4 soluble in
NaOH
2) HCl: white ppt of PbCl2 soluble in
boiling or hot water
Tin
Identification Test:
Sn2+ Sn4+

1) H2S Brown ppt of SnS Yellow ppt of

SnS2
2) HgCl2 White ppt of Hg2Cl2 No reaction
turning gray
Carbon
Identification Test:
CO32- and HCO3-
1) Acids will evolve CO2 manifested by
effervescence (bubbling of gas through the
liquid)
2) Phenolphthalein: dark pink or red for
CO32-; colorless or light pink for HCO3-
Carbon
Identification Test:
C2O4- C4H4O6- (tartrates) C6H5O7- (citrates)
(oxalates)

1) CaCl2 CaC2O4 Ca C4H4O6 Ca3C6H5O7

white ppt white ppt On boiling

a) HAc insoluble soluble Soluble

2) AgNO3 (-) Ag mirror on Ag mirror on
(ammoniacal) warming boiling

3) pyridine & (-) Emerald green Carmine red

acetic anhydride solution solution
GROUP IV-B
TITANIUM FAMILY
1. TITANIUM
- Titans –sons of Earth
- Powerful reducing agent
- IDENTIFICATION TEST:
H2O2 (acidic sol’n): red color

• TiO2
- solar ray protectant, lotions and sunblocking creams,
- opacifying agent
MOA: reflects and absorbs UV rays
3. Hafnium
- Used in tungsten filaments and electrodes and as a
neutron absorber.
- Occurs in zirconium ores
GROUP V-A
NITROGEN FAMILY
1. NITROGEN
- Azote, Mephitic Air
- 3 bonds form
- Occurs free in atmosphere
- Component of plant and animal tissues
- Use by plants-nitrogen fixation
- BLACK CYLINDER
1. Nitrogen Gas
- Replace air in container for parenteral solution
- Triple bond-responsible for inertness

2. Liquid Nitrogen
- Refrigerant, cryotheraphy

3. N2O
- Nitrogen Oxide
- Laughing Gas
- General Anesthetic, BLUE CYLINDER
4. N2O3
- Gas (brown color or pale blue liquid)

5. Nitrite
- Vasodilator
- Antidote for CN Poisoning

6. Nitrate
- Preservative
- From Nitroso derivative
- Preservative but carcinogenic
2. PHOSPHORUS
- St. Elmo’s Fire
- Light Carrier (match)
Allotropes:
White P – tetrahedron (P4), present in liq and
gaseous P at 800°C, most toxic
Scarlet P – Non-poisonous, used in prep of
matches, made by heating PBr3 w/ Hg at 240°C
Violet P – heating P with small qty of Na at 200°C
Black P - least reactive allotrope, structure like graphite,
Heating P with Pb at 530°C
2. PHOSPHORUS
• PHOSPHATE
-Ca, Mg, Al – used as antacid
- Monohydrogen, Dihydrogen – Used as cathartic

Component of Physiologic Buffers

HCO3, H2CO3 – plasma and kidneys
HPO4, H3PO4 – cells and kidneys
Hgb and CHON – most effective single system for
buffering H2CO3 during metabolic process
3. ARSENIC
- Toxic, protoplasmic poison
- Lewisite metal
- Component of Salvarsan, Arsphenamine, Compound
606

Allotrope:
Y-arsenic AKA gray arsenic – ordinary, still gray metallic
B-arsenic – form when Y-arsenic heated with hydrogen
A-arsenic – heated with hydrogen and B-arsenic
3. ARSENIC
Sources:
Arsenopyrite (Iron Arsenic Sulfide - FeAsS)

Toxicity:
Cause pale nail bonds on finger nails (Aldrich-Mees Lines)

• Arsenic Trioxide
- White Arsenic
-Tonic, Anti-leukemia, ingredient in Paris green, fowler’s
and donovan’s solution; prime std for CeSO4
3. ANTIMONY
Sources:
Senarmontite (antimony trioxide)
Valentinite (antimony oxide)
Cervantite (Antimony teroxide)
Stibnite (antimony sulfide)

Pharmaceutical Uses:
Expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic (tx of shistosomiasis)
Alloy:
Babbit Metal (80% Sn 20% Sb)
3. ANTIMONY
Sources:
Senarmontite (antimony trioxide)
Valentinite (antimony oxide)
Cervantite (Antimony teroxide)
Stibnite (antimony sulfide)

Pharmaceutical Uses:
Expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic (tx of shistosomiasis)
Alloy:
Babbit Metal (80% Sn 20% Sb)
3. ANTIMONY
ALLOTROPES:
a) Crystalline Sb, B-antimony, rhombohedral Sb
- Ordinary form, occurs as silvery white, metallic subs

b) A-antimony, yellow Sb
- Form when antimony hydride is treated with air in 90°C

c) Explosive Sb
- Formed on the cathode as a powder when it is rubbed
or scratched
3. ANTIMONY
• Antimony Potassium Tartrate
- Tartar Emetic
- Component of brown mixture
- As emetic and expectorant, tx of schistosomiasis

• Na Stibo Gluconate
- Used in schistosomiasis
4. BISMUTH
- Beautiful meadow
- Use in silvering mirror
USE: Astringent, antiseptic, internal protective,
protoplasmic poison
A/E: Blue black lining of gums and black stools
Antidote:
BAL
1. Bismuth Subcarbonate
- Antacid, antiseptic, astringent
- 60g render alimentary canal opaque to x-ray

2. Bismuth Subgallate
- Active ingredient in Devrom®, an over-the-counter
FDA-approved medicine commonly used to treat
malodol by deodorizing flatulence and stool
3. Bismuth Subnitrate
- White Bismuth
- Incompatible with tragacanth (remedy: add NaHPO4)
- Used in the tx of ulcer and inflam of GIT

4. Milk of Bismuth
- Bismuth Cream
- Bi(OH)3 + Bismuth subcarbonate
- Internal protective for gastric ulcer / for [Link]
Identification Tests:
NH4+
◼ Nessler’s reagent (alkaline K2HgI4):
orange ppt of HgO.HgNH2I (iodide of
Millon’s base)
◼ Heated with strong alkali: evolution of
NH3 detected by its characteristic odor
and change red litmus paper to blue.
Identification Tests:
CN-
◼ AgNO3: white ppt of AgCN
insoluble in HNO3
◼ Hg2(NO3)2: black ppt of metallic Hg
SCN-
◼ FeCl3: blood red solution of Fe(SCN)2+
Identification Tests:
◼ If HAc or dilute H2SO4 is used instead of conc
H2SO4, the brown ring will appear only for
nitrite.
Sb3+
H2S: orange ppt of Sb2S3 soluble in Na2S
Al metal: black ppt of metallic Sb insoluble in
NaOBr reagent
(Sodium hypobromide reagent)
Identification Tests:
Bi3+
H2S: brownish black ppt of Bi2S3 insoluble
in Na2S reagent
Na2SnO2: black ppt of metallic Bi
GROUP V-B
TANTALUM FAMILY
1. TANTALUM
- Unaffected by bloody fluid
- Use in sheet form for surgical repair of bones, nerves,
tissues
- Corrosion resistant

2. VANADIUM
- hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable
3. NIOBIUM
- Soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found
in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for
niobium and columbite
GROUP VI-A
CHALCOGENS/
OXYGEN FAMILY
1. OXYGEN
- Dephogisticated Air (by Priestly)
- Empyreal Air (by Scheele)
- Most abundant element,
-Non metallic element, 2nd most electronegative
- Responsible for the oxidative changes in paints, fats,
and fixed oils
- GREEN CYLINDER
1. OXYGEN
ALLOTROPES:
• Nascent (O)
• Atmosphere or gaseous (O2)
• Ozone (O3)

Oxygen Requirement:
a) Anoxic – inadequate O2 tension in air
b) Anemic – decrease hemoglobin
c) Histotoxic – tissue or cell oxidation
d) Stagnant – blood circulation is retarded
1. Oxygen Gas
- Administration - tubes, masks, tents
- Treatment of Hypoxia
- Diluent for anesthetic agent
2. SULFUR
- Brimstone, Burning Stone, Shulbari, enemy of Copper
Sources:
FeS – Iron Pyrite
PbS – Galena
HgS – Cinnabar
ZnS – Zinc Blend
CaSO4●2H2O - Gypsum
2. SULFUR
Forms of Sulfur:
a) Precipitated Sulfur – “milk of sulfur”, fine, as
component of cream and ointment
b) Sublimed Sulfur – “flower of sulfur, azufre” , coarse,as
cathartic
Allotropes of Sulfur

134
2. SULFUR
ALLOTROPES:
• Rhombic – ex. Rock sulfur, roll sulfur, Flower of S
• Monoclinic – NEEDLE LIKE crystal
• Mobile – STRAW-COLORED liquid
• Viscous – THICK and STICKY like molasses
• Plastic or Amorphous – RUBBERY, plastic mass
• Sulfur Vapor – form when sulfur is heated above 1000°C
2. SULFUR
USES:
• Preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic ointments and
lotions
• Stimulant cathartic
• Stimulant in alopecia
• Fumigant (SO2)
• Depilatory (S),
• Keratolytic (SrS)
• Antiseborrheic (CdS)
1. H2SO4
- Sulfuric Acid
- Sulfonating agent, dehydrating agent

2. SODIUM THIOSULFATE
- Use in photography, for ringworm, antidote for CN and
Iodine poisoning
3. H2S
- Hydrogen Sulfide
- Aitch-tu-es gas
- Reducing agent, precipitating agent of metal ions

4. SULFUR OINTMENT
- Precipitated Sulfur, liquid petrolatum
- Scabicide and parasiticide
2. SELENIUM
- Moon
- Trace element
- Anti-oxidant, synergistic with Vitamin E
- Too toxic when taken internally
- Use in the manufacture of photocopying machine,
catalyst in Nitrogen determination
• Selenium Sulfide
Active constituent of Selsun Blue
Antiseborrheic
140
S2-
 1 Dilute H2SO4 evolves H2S characterized by its odor of rotten
egg.
 Pb(C2H3O2)2: black ppt of PbS

SO32-
 Dilute H2SO4 evolves SO2 characterized by its odor of burnt
sulfur.
 KMnO4 or I2 solutions: the solutions are decolorized
SO42-
 Dilute H2SO4: no reaction
 BaCl2: white ppt of BaSO4, which is insoluble in all acids.

S2O32-
 1Dilute H2SO4 evolves SO2 with the precipitation of yellow S.
 2 KMnO4 or I2 solutions: the solutions are decolorized.
GROUP VI-B
CHROMIUM SUBGROUP
1. CHROMIUM
- Trace element
- Glucose tolerance factor, increases insulin sensitivity,
found in brown sugar and butter, salts are destructive to
tissues
Source:
Chrome Iron Ore

• K2Cr2O7
Powerful oxidizing agent
2. MOLYBDENUM
- Essential trace elements (H2O soluble vitamin)
- Cofactor of enzyme that are flavin (vit B12) dependent
- Use in nitrogen fixation involve in bacterial fixing of
atmospheric nitrogen
• MoO + FeSO4 (Mol-Iron®) – use in anemia

3. URANIUM
- Radioactive element, discovered by Becquerel,
manufacture of atomic bombs
146
Cr3+
 NaOH: grayish green ppt of Cr(OH)3 which will dissolve
in excess of the alkali to form a green solution, NaCrO2.
When an oxidizing agent like Na2O2 is added, it turns
yellow due to Na2CrO4.

CrO42-
 BaCl2: yellow ppt of BaCrO4
 AgNO3: brownish red ppt of Ag2CrO4
 Perchromic Acid Test or Vanishing Blue Test
 H2O2 and ether ➔ blue ethereal layer due to
perchromic acid
GROUP VII-A
HALOGENS
 GROUP VII-A

The members of the Halogen Family are:

• Fluorine (F)
• Chlorine (Cl)
• Bromine (Br)
• Iodine (I)
• Astatine (At).
1. FLUORINE
- Most electronegative element
- Strongest oxidizing agent, pale yellow gas

Natural Sources:
Fluorospar, Apatite, Cryolite

Poisoning:
Fluorosis (mottled enamel and abnormal bone growth)
1. NaF
- 2% in 4 application

2. SnF2
8% freshly preparation

3. Dichlorofluoromethane
Freon, refrigerant, propellant
2. CHLORINE
- Greenish yellow gas
- Dephlogisticated muriatic acid
- Most predominant ANION (responsible for
maintenance of osmotic pressure and anion-
cation balance)
- H2O disinfectant
 GROUP VII-A

2. CHLORINE
Identification Test:
- AgNO3: white ppt of AgCl soluble in NH3 but insoluble
in HNO3.
- Hg2(NO3)2: white ppt of Hg2Cl2
3. BROMINE
- Reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor
- Sedative and antidepressant
Toxicity:
Brominism (skin eruption, psychosis, weakness, H/A)
Tx: NaCl or NH4Cl

• Koppeschaar’s Solution
0.1N Bromine Solution
Sedative, use in iodometry
4. IODINE
- Grayish black solid, violet colored vapor
- CCl4 or CHCl3 – violet
- Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Uses: Expectorant, antiseptic, antimicrobial
Antidote:
Starch, Na2S2O3

Iodine Preparations
Strong Iodine Solution / Lugol’s Solution
Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (KISS)
1. Potassium Iodide
- Increase solubility of I2

2. Iodine Tincture
- 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI

3. Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®)
- Polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP)
- Iodophores – liberates free iodine
4. Boulton’s Solution
- Phenolated Iodine Solution
- Disinfectant

5. Mandel’s Solution
- Carbolised Iodine Solution
- Antiseptic
5. ASTATINE
-AKA Eka-Iodine
- Least electronegative element
- Only Synthetic halogen
- Only Radioactive halogen
- Only Metallic Halogen
GROUP VII-B
MANGANESE SUBGROUP
 GROUP VII-B

The members of the Manganese Subgroup

are:
• Manganese (Mn)
• Technetium (Tc)
• Rhenium (Re)
 GROUP VII-B

1. MANGANESE
- A chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
- Manganese occurs mostly as the oxide, MnO2. It is difficult to
prepare the pure state. Since manganese is used mainly in
alloy steels, it can be used without extensive purification.
1. MANGANESE
TWO SALT FORMS:
A. Hausmannite
Is a complex oxide of manganese containing both di- and
tri- valent manganese
B. Braunite
is a silicate mineral containing both di- and tri- valent
manganese
 GROUP VII-B

1. MANGANESE
Identification Test:
- H2S: salmon or flesh colored ppt of MnS
- NaBiO3: purple solution of HMnO4 (permanganic acid)
1. Manganese Sulfide
- Salmon-colored sulfur
- Trace element
- Cofactor in CHON synthesis for riboflavin
- Phosphorylation, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
Poisoning:
Similar to parkinsonism

2. KMnO4
- Mineral chameleon
- Oxidizing agents, volumetric soln in permanganometry
2. TECHNETIUM
- AKA Eka-manganese
- 1st element produced artificially
- Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
- Diagnostic agent
GROUP VIII-A
NOBLE GASES
1. HELIUM
- 2nd lightest gas
- Inhalation of pure helium -> donald duck like sound
- Carrier diluent for medicine
- Placed in BROWN CYLINDER
- Artificial gas – BROWN GREEN CYLINDER
2. NEON
-Advertising purposes:
- 2nd lightest noble gas
- Bright reddish orange light

3. ARGON
- Most abundant noble gas, substitute to nitrogen gas,
inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals
4. KRYPTON
-Investigated for its use as inhalational anesthetic
5. XENON
- Least abundant noble gas
- Production of flash lamps, arc lamps and anesth act
6. RADON
- “Niton”
- Inert gas given off by radium salts as decomposition
product
- Tx of certain types of cancer
GROUP VIII-B
TRIADS
1st Triad ---- Fe, Co, Ni (Iron Family)

2nd Triad ---- Rh, Ru, Pd (Palladium Family)

3rd Triad ---- Os, Pt, Ir (Platinum Family)

1. IRON
- Essential trace element for blood and enzymes
- Proteins: hemoglobin
- Transferrin (transport part) and Ferritin (storage part)
- Cytochrome oxidase enzyme
- Dec respiratory pigment, mechanism
1. IRON
Sources:
-Iron Pyrite or Fool’s Gold (FeS2) - Ciderite
-Magnetite - Hematite (Fe2O3)
-Limonite - Falling Star
-Shooting Star

Toxicity:
GIT distress and cardiac collapse (antidote: DEFEROXAMINE)
1. FERROUS SULFATE
- Green Vitriol / Copperas
- Most economical, most satisfactory ferrous salt
A/E: black stool and constipation

2. FERROUS FUMARATE
- BN: Toleron
- Most stable, for pregnant
3. FERROUS GLUCONATE
- BN: Fergon
- Less gastric irritation (in px with peptic ulcer)

4. FERROUS CARBONATE
- Chalybeate pills, blaud pills
- Ferruginous taste
3. Iron + NH4CH3COO
- BASHAM’S MIXTURE
- Astringent, styptic (causes coagulation)

4. Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate

- Ammonium iron (II) sulfate, Mohr’s Salt
4. Ferric Chloride
- Astringent, styptic, rgt for detection of tannins
Blue Point Dyes
Ferrous Ferricyanide [Fe3(CN)6]2
TURNBULL’S BLUE (cherry red blood)
Ferric Ferrocyanide [Fe4(CN6)]3
PRUSSIAN BLUE (chocolate brown/brownish red blood)

Alloys
Misch Metal (30% Fe 70% Ce)
2. COBALT
- Metal present in Vitamin B12
- Essential for development of erythrocytes
- Use in manufacture of beer
- Permanent magnet making
- Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia
Forms:
Anhydrous – blue
Hydrated – pink
Pure – pinkish white
2. COBALT

• Cobaltous Chloride
- Lover’s Ink, Sympathetic Ink
- Use as indicator for silica gel beads
3. NICKEL
- Old nicks copper, Raney Nickel
- Found in fossil fuel combustion
- Metal present in fancy jewelry (fake)
- Catalyst and Poison
Toxicity:
Nephritis and Hypotension

Identification of Nickel
Dimethylglyoxime (+ result = green color)
1. Nickelous Ion
Green/bluish green in solution
2. Ni+ Pectinate
Treatment of diarrhea
Tomectin
3. Ni+ Sulfate
Parasiticide, tonic
4. Ni+ Carbonate
Tonic
3. PALLADIUM
- Effective catalyst

4. OSMIUM
- Heaviest and densest metal known
- Osmic acid + Osmium Tetroxide
Staining of microscopic specimen used in electron microscopy
(Gram + bacteria)
4. PLATINUM
- Catalyst
- Use in making crucibles and wires
- Sperrylite – abundant source

Cisplatin
Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum
Antineoplastic
Tx of prostate cancer
Ototoxic agent