Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Present in this chapter are the results and discussion of the taxonomic survey of Bryophytes
and Lichens present in Dole Philippines School campus. This chapter is divided into 2
sections: (1) Lichens and Bryophytes survey, consists of the table showing the findings about
the species. (2) Abundant and rarely seen species of Lichens and Bryophytes in Dole
Philippine School campus.
Table 1
List of Lichens found at the Dole Philippines School Campus
Quadrat Species Family Common name
1 Lower Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
Grounds caperata greenshield
lichen
2 Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
3 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
4 Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
Verrucaria Verrucariacea Black Pit
nigrescens Lichens
1 Middle Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
Grounds caperata greenshield
lichen
2 Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
Quadrat Species Family Common name
1 Lower Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
Grounds caperata greenshield
lichen
2 Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
3 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
4 Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
3 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
4 Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
1 Higher Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
Grounds caperata greenshield
lichen
Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
2 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
3 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
Quadrat Species Family Common name
1 Lower Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
Grounds caperata greenshield
lichen
2 Usnea Parmeliaceae Beard Lichens
filipendula
Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
3 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
4 Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Ruffle Lichens
4 Flavoparmelia Parmeliaceae Common
caperata greenshield
lichen
Table 2
List of Bryophytes found at the Dole Philippines School campus
Quadrat Species Family Common
Name
1 Lower Fabronia Fabroniaceae Unknown
Grounds cilliaris
2 Entodon Entodontaceae Seductive
Seductrix entodon moss
Leucobryum Leucobryaceae Pincushion
gglaucum moss
3 Trentepohlia Trentepohliaceae Orange rock
aurea moss
4 Leucobryum Leucobryaceae Pincushion
glaucum moss
Trentepohlia Trentepohliaceae Orange rock
aurea hair
1 Middle Fabronian Fabroniaceae Unknown
grounds cillans
2 Middle Bryum Bryaceae Silvergreen
Groups argenteum Bryums
3 Middle Fabronian Fabroniaceae Unknown
Grounds cillans
Leucobryum Leucobryaceae Pincushion
glaucum moss
4 Middle Bryum Bryaceae Silvergreen
Grounds argenteum Bryums
1 Upper Leucobryum Entodontaceae Pincushion
grounds glaucum moss
Entodon Entodontaceae Seductive
seductix entodon moss
2 Leucobryum Leucobryceae Pincushion
glaucum moss
3 Fabronian Fabroniaceae Unknown
cillans
4 Bryum Bryaceae Silvergreen
argenteum Bryums
Conocephalum Conocephalaceae Great scented
conicum liverwort
The researcher identified four different types of lichens using on-site identification
and a descriptive survey. Three kinds of Lichens, which are the Usnea filipendula,
Flavoparmelia caperata, Parmotrema perlatum are from the same family which is
Parmeliaceae, while the Verrucaria nigrescens is from the family of Verrucariaceae. For
bryophytes, the researchers identified six different species from different areas. Fabronian
cillans from the family of Fabroniaceae. Leucobryum glaucum from the family of
Leucobryaceae. Entodon Seductrix from the family of Entodontaceae. Trentepohlia aurea
from the Trentepohliaceae. Bryum argenteum from the family of Bryaceae. Conocephalum
conicum from the family of Conocephalaceae.
Flavoparmelia caperata (Common greenshield lichen), the abundant species of
Lichen that exist in Dole Philippine School campus. The Species can be seen in every ground
of the campus, quadrat one and three in lower ground, quadrat one and three in middle
ground, and quadrat one, two, and three in upper ground.
Leucobryum glaucum(pincushion moss) is the common species of Bryophyte that is
seen around the whole campus. Five quadrats have this species; quadrat two and four in lower
ground, quadrat three in middle ground, and quadrat one and two in upper ground.
After the researchers gathered the data needed, the researchers found out that there are
two species of lichens that are rare in the Dole Philippines School Campus. The name of the
species is Verrucaria nigrescens (Black Pit Lichens). This species can only be found in the
4th quadrat of the lower grounds in the Dole Philippines Campus.
The researchers also found out that there are two species of bryophytes that are also
rare in the Dole Philippines School Campus. The name of the specConocephalum
conicumerwortsConocephalum conicum(Great Scented Liverworts) can only be seen in the
4th quadrat of the Upper Grounds in the Dole Philippines School Campus.
Section below shows the discussion related to the results of the taxonomic survey of Lichens
and Bryophytes in Dole Philippine School campus, presents the (1)identification and
description of Lichen and Bryophytes in Dole Philippine School campus, (2) Abundance of
Flavoparmelia caperata and Leucobryum glaucum in Dole Philippine School campus, and
(3) Rarely seen species in Dole Philippine School campus.
Ident
Identification and Description of Lichens in Dole Philippine School Campus
Lichen taxonomic classification is provided below,
along with morphological descriptions and other
information.
Taxonomic classification
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Usnea
Species: Usnea filipendula
Figure 1.1 Plant habit of Usnea filipendula
Other names:
Herringbone Beard Lichen (English), Usnée filipendule (French)
Description:
According to Woodland trust (n.d), Beard lichens are known as fruticose lichens, which grow
like mini shrubs or tassels anchored onto the bark of tree trunks and branches. They are all
pale grey-green in color, with some having striking disc-like fruit bodies. The majority of
beard lichens contain usnic acid, an effective antibacterial and antifungal substance. Usnea
filipendula, often known as beard lichens, has traditionally been used to cure wounds.
Taxonomic classification
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Flavoparmelia
Species: Flavoparmelia caperata
Figure 1.2 Flavoparmelia caperata
Other names:
flavoparmelia lichen (EN)
Description:
According to Nature Spot (n.d.) Flavoparmelia caperata is a large, noticeable leafy lichen that
is light when dry and green when wet, it has circular lobes and these species are often
wrinkled. These species are mostly found on tree trunks and other metal items.
Taxonomic classificatio
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Parmeliaceae
Species: Parmotrema perlatum
Figure 1.3 Parmotrema perlatum
Other names: Black stone flower
Description:
According to Nature spot (n.d), Parmotrema perlatum is a large, leafy lichen with convoluted
lobes that have soredia on their edges. When dry, it is pearly grey, but when damp, it becomes
greener. A drop of K on the white medulla will turn yellow-orange if the cortex is scraped.
Usually on tree trunks, but occasionally on rocks. This lichen is also often used as a spice in
India. (Mishra 2022)
Taxonomic classification
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Family: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Verrucaria
Species: Verrucaria nigrescens
Species 1.4 Verrucaria nigrescens
Other names:
Description:
According to Myspecies (n.d), Thallus is superficial, dark brown to almost black, and is
regularly cracked into areoles 200-800 m wide, spreading with a well-defined edge. Areoles
are usually smooth, flat to slightly convex, with darker mottling or slightly raised irregular
flattened radiating segments, brown sides, and a jet black basal layer that extends to about
half the areole's height. The cortex is poorly defined. Due to strong melanization in the lower
part of the thallus, the prothallus is absent or inconspicuous.
Identification and Description of Bryophytes in Dole Philippine School Campus
Lichen taxonomic classification is provided below, along with morphological descriptions
and other information.
Taxonomic classification
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Family: Fabroniaceae
Genus: Fabronia
Species: Fabronia ciliaris
Figure 1.5 Fabronia ciliaris
Other names:
Description:
According to World flora (n.d), Plants are small and bright green when alive, turning golden
in the herbarium, and grow in silky, dense mats or tufts. Fabronia ciliaris is a tiny
leurocarpous moss with leaves that are less than 0.5mm long. Leaf margins are typically
coarsely sharpened. Fabronia ciliaris is most commonly found in rocks and on tree trunks.
Kleinman et al. (n.d)
Taxonomic classification
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Family: Leucobryaceae
Genus: Leucobryum
Species: Leucobryum glaucum
Figure 1.6 Leucobryum glaucum
Other names: leocobryum moss
Description:
Hilty (2020) mentions that perennial evergreen moss has an acrocarpous growth habit and is a
light green cushion. Leucobryum glaucum moss is resistant to such disturbances because it
can produce rhizoids from its leaves, allowing it to re-anchor itself to the ground or form new
clonal plants.
Taxonomic classification
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Family: Entodontaceae
Genus: Entodon
Species: Entodon Seductrix
Figure 1.7 Entodon Seductrix
Other names: shiny sexy moss
Description:
According to Buck (2020), Entodon seductrix Strongly terete-foliate branches, broad,
abruptly acute to apiculate leaves, red setae, a persistent annulus, and essentially smooth
exostome teeth. Entodon seductrix grows in shaded, wet places such as forests and forest
borders. Also, Terrarium Creations(n.d.) believe that this moss is a vital food source for many
small creatures, including insects and rodents. Furthermore, the plant provides shelter and
habitat for a range of other species.
Taxonomic Classification
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Ulvophyceae
Family: Trentepohliaceae
Genus: Trentepohlia
Species: Trentepohlia aurea
Figure 1.8 Trentepohlia aurea
Other names: Orange rock hair
Description:
Nature Spot (n.d.) claims that Orange rock hair is a kind of filamentous terrestrial green alga
with a global distribution that grows on rocks and tree trunks and gets its orange color from
carotenoid pigment
Taxonomic classification
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Family: Bryaceae
Genus: Bryum
Species: Bryum argenteum
Figure 1.9 Bryum argenteum
Other names: silvery thread moss
Description:
According to University of Auckland, New-Zealand (n.d.), Bryum argenteum is a small moss
that grows in dense patches of silvery-green plants no taller than 1 cm. The leaves are broadly
ovate, closely appressed to the stem, and have a short, sharp tip.
Taxonomic classification
Division: Marchantiophyta
Class: Marchantiopsida
Family: Conocephalaceae
Genus: Conocephalum
Species: Conocephalum conicum
Figure 1.10 Conocephalum conicum
Other names: snakeskin liverwort
Description:
Stotler et al. (2017) state that Snakeskin liverwort is a large and noticeable thalli up to 17 mm
wide, frequently in extensive mats. The thalli are flat, leathery, dark green in colour, strongly
aromatic, and dichotomously branching, with purplish margins. A visible but ungrooved
network of lines runs across the smooth and shiny surface. Its air pores are more visible than
its lines. Male plants have sessile terminal cushions, w
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cum
Abundance of Flavoparmelia caperata and Leucobryum glaucum in Dole Philippines
School campus
Flavoparmelia caperata
Based on what Allen et al.(2020) said, Flavoparmelia caperata is commonly found in
disturbed forests and urban areas. Due to the rise of climate change and urbanisation
world-wide, it is thought that the caperata species growth increases. The rising temperature in
Dole Philippines is the reason for the widespread growth of Flavoparmelia caperata in Dole
Philippine School campus.
Leucobryum glaucum
Adirondack(n.d.) Pincushion Moss can be found in a variety of environments, including
boreal, mixed wood, deciduous forests, and wooded swamps. Also, Minnesota Season(2020)
discusses that it prefers acidic soil, decaying logs and stumps, tree bases, and rock ledges and
it is not easily disturbed. In Dole Philippine School campus, all Leucobryum glaucum that is
found grows only at the base of a tree, Acacia trees beside the lower ground soccer field, Pine
tree beside the library, and the Norfolk trees of upper grounds.
Rarely seen species in Dole Philippine School campus
Conocephalum conicum
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[Link]
%20in%20a,and%20collapsed%20stumps%20and%20logs.
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obe.
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Shield THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED
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S
Buck,W.,(2020).Entodon
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[Link]://[Link]/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.127717/Cono
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University of Auckland, New-Zealand.( n.d)
[Link]://[Link]/en/about/mosses/native-species/bryacea
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