F U E L S Y S T E M (GASOLINE ENGINE)

CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION – any chemical action in which light and heat is produce. In internal
combustion engine chemical action takes place between the fuel and portion of air with which it is
mixed. Only heat is utilized in the engine. The type of combustion that takes place in an engine is
commonly called burning. Burning is an example of chemical change. Chemical change is a substance
that losses its characteristics in which a new substance is form.

Hydrocarbon - a compound of hydrogen and carbon .

Vaporization - the process of changing liquid fuel to vapor.

- the process of vaporization is one best example of physical change.

Atomization - the process of breaking up of liquid fuel to smaller particles.

Carburetion – the process of mixing the atomized fuel with air.

PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE

Aside from its combustibility, one of the most important property of gasoline is volatility. Volatility
refers to the ease in which a liquid vaporizes, volatility is a simple compound like water. A liquid that
vaporizes at low temperature has a high volatility. If the boiling point is high its volatility is low, water
has a high volatility. Gasoline splendid from different hydrocarbon has different volatility and boiling
point. The proportion that high volatility and low volatility in gasoline must be correct for engine
operating requirement. These includes the following.

1. Easy starting - for easy starting with cold engine, gasoline must be vaporized readily at
low temperature.
2. Freedom from vapor lock – if gasoline is too volatile, engine heat will cause it to vaporized in
the fuel pump. These can cause vapor lock. Vapor lock prevent normal fuel
delivery to the carburetor and would probably stall the engine.
3. Quick warm up – the speed with which the engine warms up depends on how much gasoline
vaporizes immediately after the engine starts.
4. Smooth acceleration – when throttle valve is open for acceleration, there is sudden increase
in the amount of air passing through the throttle valve at the same time the
accelerator pump deliver extra gasoline.
5. Good fuel economy – for good fuel economy or for maximum miles per gallon, the fuel must
have high heat content, or energy and low volatility.

GASOLINE ADDITIVES

1. Oxidation inhibitors – help prevent the formation of gum whole the engine is in storage.
2. Metal deactivators – protect the gasoline from harmful effect of certain metal. Such metal
can be pick up in the refining process or in the vehicle fuel system.
3. Anti-rust agent – prevent formation of rust in the vehicle fuel system and fuel line freeze.
4. Detergents – to keep the carburetor clean.
5. Phosphorous compound – to combat surface ignition and spark plug fouling.
6. Dye – for identification.

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 82

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
FUEL SYSTEM

Function: Supplies a combustible mixture of air and fuel to the engine. It must also change the
proportion of air and fuel for different operating temperature.

Purpose:

1. Use to store the fuel for the automobile engine.

2. To supply it to the carburetor in the required amount and in proper condition.
3. To provide an indication to the driver on the amount of fuel in the fuel tank.

Types of Fuel System

1. Pressure feed type – a system that is using a fuel pump to deliver the fuel to the engine fuel
system.
2. By gravity – fuel tank is position above the engine.
3. By injection – a system is using an electronic fuel injection. ( EFI )

Component of Fuel Feed System (Pressure Feed)

1. Fuel Tank - Serves as the reservoir of

fuel for the fuel
system.

- Attached at the rear part

of an engine.

- Made of steel or stainless

metal sheet.
Location of Fuel Tank – attached at
the rear portion of the vehicle

2. Fuel Pump - use to deliver or pump the fuel from the fuel
tank going to the carburetor.

Types of Fuel Pump

1. Mechanical Type – operated by the camshaft.

2. Electric Type – operated by current from the

battery.

Cut-away view of the mechanical

fuel pump

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 83

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
 Component Parts of Mechanical Fuel Pump

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 84

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
 3. Fuel Lines - are tubes connecting the tank, fuel pump and
the carburetor, also serves as the passage of fuel from the
tank, the fuel pump and the carburetor.

Four Types of Fuel Fittings:

* Pipe thread
* Inverted Flare
* Hose clamp
* Captured O-ring or gasket

Three Types of Fuel Lines

Fuel Lines * Steel
* Nylon
* Reinforced Rubber

4. Fuel Filter - purifies or filters out the fuel from the tank going to the fuel pump and
carburetor. Filters out dirty contaminants accumulating in the system.

5. Intake Manifold - is part of the engine that provides a series of passages from the carburetor
to the engine cylinders, through which air and fuel mixture can flow.

6. Fuel Gauge - it indicates the driver on the

amount of fuel inside the fuel tank.

Types of Fuel Gauge

1. Balancing Coil Type

2. Thermostatic Coil Type

7. Carburetor - a device use for atomizing and

vaporizing the fuel and mixing it with air on a varying
proportion suitable for the changing condition of motor
vehicle.

Types of Carburetors
Carburetor (TOYOTA 4K Engine)
A. According to the direction of airflow

1. Down Draft – air inters at the top and eaves

at the bottom.
2. Upper Draft – air inters at the bottom or sides and leaves at the top.
3. Side Draft – air inters in one side and leaves at the other side.

B. According to the Number of Barrels

1. Single Barrel Carburetor

2. Dual Barrel Carburetor
3. Quadro Plate or Quadro Jet

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 85

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
 C. According to the Arrangement of Float Chamber

1. Eccentric Carburetor – the float chamber is found at the side of the venturi tube.
2. Concentric Carburetor – the float chamber will surround the venturi tube

D. According to the Type of Venturi Tube

1. Plain Venturi
2. Double Venturi
3. Vane Venturi
4. Nozzle Bar Venturi
5. Triple Venture

E. According to the Type of Power System

1. Manually Operated
2. Vacuum Control

Component Parts of the Carburetor (TOYOTA 4K Engine)

Vacuum Hose

Float Bowl Vent

Air Horn

Solenoid Switch Thermostat Assembly

Float Bowl Choke Advancer

Barrel

Diaphragm Assembly

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 86

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
Power Piston Power Piston Spring Pump Lever Screw Pump Connecting Pump Plunger
Link Spring

Gasket Pump Lever Pump Dumping

Spring

Needle Pump
Assembly Float Bowl Pin Lock Spring

Pump Discharge Steel Ball (inlet)

Weight

Primary Venturi Secondary Venturi

Diaphragm
Assembly

Float Pin Float

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 87

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
 01 Coil Housing 14 Gasket 27 Power Jet
02 Gasket 15 Diaphragm Hosing Cap 28 First Small Venturi
03 Coil Housing Plane 16 Gasket 29 Gasket
04 Thermostat Case 17 Diaphragm 30 Boot
05 Piston connector 18 Diaphragm Housing 31 Pump Plunger
06 Vacuum Piston 19 Spring Support 32 Needle Valve Assembly
07 Pin 20 Air Horn 33 Pump Dumping Spring
08 Second Small Venturi 21 Union 34 Retainer
09 Gasket 22 Union Bolt 35 Steel Ball (inlet)
10 Thermostatic Valve Cover 23 Air Hon Gasket 36 Gasket
11 Gasket 24 Spring 37 Discharge Weight Stopper
12 Thermostatic Valve 25 Power Piston 38 Pump Discharge Weight
13 “O” Ring 26 Power Valve 39 Steel Ball (outer)

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 88

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
 40 Slow Jet 45 Level Gauge Clamp 50 “O” Ring
41 Float 46 Second Main Jet 51 Plug
42 Pin 47 First Main Jet 52 Diaphragm Spring
43 Gasket 48 Plug
44 Level Gauge Glass 49 Carburetor Body

1 Fast Idle Cam Follower 16 Diaphragm Lever 31 Spring

2 Choke Shaft 17 Shim 32 Throttle Adjusting Screw
3 Fast Idle Cam 18 Retainer Ring 33 Idle Adjusting Screw
4 Fasr Idle Cam Spring 19 Gasket 34 Spring
5 Choke Valve 20 Second Throttle Shaft 35 Cap
6 Connecting Link 21 Spring 36 Carburetor Flange
7 Boot 22 Second Kick Lever 37 Screw
8 Spring 23 First Throttle Level 38 First Throttle Shaft
9 Pump Connecting Link 24 First Throttle Shaft Arm 39 First Throttle Shaft
10 PumpLever 25 Fast Idle Adjusting Screw 40 Shim

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 89

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
11 Screw 26 Spacer 41 Spring
12 Dash Pot Support 27 Shim 42 Lever for Dash Pot
13 Dash Pot 28 Second Throttle Valve 43 Spring
14 Boot 29 Spring 44 Throttle Lever
15 Diaphragm Relief Spring 30 Idle Adjusting Lever 45 Throttle Lever

ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

Basic Operation of the Electronic Fuel-Injection System

The fuel-injection system replaces the carburetor in most new vehicles to provide a more
efficient fuel delivery system. Electronic sensors respond to varying engine speeds and driving
conditions by changing the ratio of fuel to air. The sensors send a fine mist of fuel from the fuel supply
through a fuel-injection nozzle into a combustion chamber, where it is mixed with air. The mixture of
fuel and air triggers ignition.

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 90

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
FUEL INJECTOR OPERATION

Operation of the
Fuel Injector

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 91

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte
Actual View of the Fuel Injector
Installed at the Intake Manifold

Electric Fuel Pump

Mother Board of the Computer Box

Throttle Body Injection Unit (General Motors)

Developed by: NEIL A. DIVINAGRACIA, Ph.D. 92

Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal
TESDA – Surigao del Norte