Canadian Design Codes and Standards for Concrete Structures
Design of Concrete Structures
CSA A23.3:19
Ontario Building Code (OBC)
Online :[Link]
Word Document: [Link]
National Building Code of Canada (NBCC)
National Building Code of Canada 2020 , Volume 1
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Type of Loads:
Dead Load (D): self-weight, superimposed, partition
Live Load (L): use and occupancy
Snow Load(S): climate data
Wind Load(W): climate data
Earthquake Load (E): seismic data
Temperature Load(T): effect of temperature change
Earth Load(H): lateral earth pressure
Prestress Load(P): Pre-tensioned, Post Tensioned
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Type of Loads:
Dead Load : Self-weight load, Partition, Superimposed
Self-weight load: Reinforced Concrete Unit Weight: 24.5 kN/m3
Partition: NBCC [Link].3 : min 1 kPa for partition
Superimposed (Approximately):
M&E: 0.2 kPa
Ceiling: 0.2 kPa
Roofing: 0.15 kPa
Insulation: 0.1 kPa
Misc: 0.1 kPa
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Example:
Guess approximate dead load of floor in a reinforced concrete
building, assume 6”thick slab
Guess approximate dead load of roof in a reinforced concrete
building, assume 6”thick slab
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Solution:
Floor in a reinforced concrete building
Self weight dead load: 24.5 x 150/1000 = 3.6 kPa
Partition: 1 kPa
Superimposed: M&E, insulation, ceiling : 0.60 kPa
Total: 5.2 kPa
Roof in a reinforced concrete building
Total: 5.2+0.15-1 = 4.35 kPa (add roofing, remove partition)
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Live Load:
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Live Load Cont.:
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Example:
What is the design live load of:
Bedroom in a two-story reinforced concrete building?
Roof of a two-story reinforced concrete building?
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Solution:
What is the design live load of:
Bedroom in a two-story reinforced concrete building? 1.9 kPa
Roof of a two-story reinforced concrete building? 1 kPa
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Loads due to snow and rain:
The specified load, S, due to snow and associated rain accumulation on a roof
or any other building surface subject to snow accumulation is :
Is: importance factor for snow load
Ss : 1-in-50-year ground snow load, in kPa (climate data)
Cb : basic roof snow load factor
Cw: wind exposure factor
Cs : slope factor
Ca: accumulation factor
Sr: 1-in-50-year associated rain load, in kPa (climate data)
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Is factor
Specific weight of snow:
The specific weight of snow shall be taken as 4.0 kN/m3 or 0.43SS + 2.2
kN/m3, whichever is lesser.
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Cw :wind exposure factor
The wind exposure factor Cw is taken equal to 1.0 except under certain case:
where a roof or a part of it is fully exposed to wind, some of the snow is blown
off or prevented from accumulating and the average snow load is reduced.
For buildings in the Low and Normal Importance categories, with roofs fully
exposed to the wind, the wind exposure factor, Cw, may be reduced to 0.75
rather than 1.0 (or 0.5 rather than 1.0 for exposed sites north of the tree line).
“The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C “
Building located in an open location containing only scattered buildings, trees or other obstructions,
open water and shorelines thereof, so that the roof is exposed to the winds on all sides and is
expected to remain so during its lifetime, not shielded within a distance from the building equal to 10
times the height of the obstruction above the roof level (such as parapet wall) .
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Cb : basic roof snow load factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Example:
Determine the basic roof snow load factor for a building with the length of 60 m
and width of 40 m, located in a farm near Kingston (Cw=0.75):
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Cb values
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Cs : roof slope factor
Under most conditions, less snow accumulates on steep than on flat and moderately
sloped roofs, because of sliding, better drainage, and saltation. The roof slope factor,
Cs, accounts for these effects by reducing the snow load linearly from full snow load at a
30° slope to zero at a 70° slope. To be able to use the full slope reduction, the snow
should be able to slide completely off the roof surface under consideration.
A lesser value of Cs is permitted for unobstructed, smooth, slippery roofs such as metal
or glass where snow and ice can slide completely off the roof. In this case, the load may
be reduced linearly from full load at 15° to zero at 60°.
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
Case I, II, III
hp , h , x
ws
ls,
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain cont. :
Ca : accumulation factor
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Loads due to snow and rain.
Snow drift at corners
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Loads due to snow and rain.
Snow load due to sliding Snow load at valleys
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Example:
A hospital with the roof pitch of 3:12 in Iqaluit, Nunavut.
Calculate the snow load applied on the roof.
Is = 1.15 ; Ss = 2.9 ; Sr = 0.2
Roof Pitch is defined as (x/12)
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Solution:
Slope = 14 degree , less than 30 degree, so Cs = 1.0
degree = arctangent (pitch)
Cb = 0.8 , other factors = 1.0 ; Is = 1.15
S (ULS) = 2.9 kPa
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