Rangamati Science And Technology University
Computer Science & Engineering
Bachelor of Science in CSE
Course Code: CSE 5209
Assignment Missing Mid
Digital Image Processing
Submitted by
Md. Mahir Faisal Rahman
Reg-2016-13-25
Submitted to
Md. Mynuddin
Chairman
Assistant Professor, Department Of CSE
Rangamati Science and Technology University
Date of Submission:
Introduction to image processing-
Image processing is transforming an image into a digital form and performing
certain operations to get useful information from it. When applying certain
predetermined signal processing methods, the image processing system
usually treats all images as 2D signals.
Types of Image Processing-
There are five main types of image processing:
Visualization - Find objects that are not visible in the image
Recognition - Distinguish or detect objects in the image
Sharpening and restoration - Create an enhanced image from the original image
Pattern recognition - Measure the various patterns around the objects in the image
Retrieval - Browse and search images from a large database of digital images that
are similar to the original image
Characteristics of Digital Image Processing-
o It uses software, and some are free of cost.
o It provides clear images.
o Digital Image Processing enhances image to recollect the data
o through images.
o It is used widely everywhere in many fields.
o It reduces the complexity of digital image processing.
o It is used to support a better experience of life.
Differences between image processing and computer Vision
Image Processing-
1) Image processing is mainly focused on processing the raw input images to enhance
them or prepare them to do other tasks.
2) Image processing uses methods like Anisotropic diffusion, Hidden Markov models,
Independent component analysis, Different Filtering, etc.
3) Image Processing is a subset of Computer Vision.
Computer Vision-
1)Computer vision is focused on extracting information from the input images or videos
to have a proper understanding of them to predict the visual input like the human brain.
2)Image processing is one of the methods that is used for computer vision along with
other Machine learning techniques, CNN etc.
3) Computer Vision is a superset of Image Processing.
Image Representation-
Image representation in computer vision refers to the process of converting an image
into a numerical or symbolic form that can be easily understood and processed by a
computer. Images are typically represented as a collection of pixels, where each pixel
corresponds to a specific color or intensity value. The goal of image representation is to
extract relevant features and information from the image, enabling the computer to
perform various tasks, such as object recognition, image classification, and image
segmentation.
Color Space-
A color space is a mathematical model that defines a specific range of colors that can
be displayed or printed. Each color space has a specific set of primary colors, which are
used to create all other colors in the space. The most common color spaces in image
processing are RGB, CMYK, and HSL.
image sampling and quantization-
Quantization refers to digitizing the amplitudes, while sampling refers to digitizing the
coordinate values. The sensors placed in the image acquisition device capture the
projected continuous image. Later, this digitizes to form a digital image suitable for real-
time applications.
Image Quality Measurement-
Image quality can be assessed using two methods: subjective and objective. Subjective methods
are based on the perceptual assessment of a human viewer about the attributes of an image or
set of images, while objective methods are based on computational models that can predict
perceptual image quality.
Image Quality Enhancement
Intensity transformations-
Intensity transformations are applied to images for contrast manipulation or image
thresholding. These are in the spatial domain, i.e. they are performed directly on the pixels of
the image at hand, as opposed to being performed on the Fourier transform of the image.
Contrast stretching-
Contrast stretching is an Image Enhancement method that attempts to improve an image by
stretching the range of intensity values. Here, we stretch the minimum and maximum intensity
values present to the possible minimum and maximum intensity values.
Histogram equalization-
Histogram Equalization is an image processing technique that adjusts the contrast of an image
by using its histogram. To enhance the image's contrast, it spreads out the most frequent pixel
intensity values or stretches out the intensity range of the image.
Spatial domain filtering - mean and median filters-
Like the mean filter, the median filter considers each pixel in the image in turn and looks at its
nearby neighbors to decide whether or not it is representative of its surroundings. Instead of
simply replacing the pixel value with the mean of neighboring pixel values, it replaces it with
the median of those values.
Discrete Fourier Transform-
In image processing, the samples can be the values of pixels along a row or column of a raster
image. The DFT is also used to efficiently solve partial differential equations and to perform
other operations such as convolutions or multiplying large integers.
Frequency-Domain Filtering-
Filtering in the frequency domain consists of modifying the Fourier transform of an image and
then computing the inverse transform to obtain the processed result. A high-pass filter (which
attenuates low frequencies) enhances sharp detail but causes a reduction in contrast in the
image.
Gaussian and Butterworth low-pass and High pass filters-
A high pass filter emphasizes the high frequencies in the image. The difference
between Butterworth and Gaussian filters is that the former is much sharper than the
latter. The resultant images by BHPF are much sharper than GHPF, while in the
analysis of the FFT of CT and MRI images, one sharp spike is concentrated in the
middle.
Image Transform - Discrete Cosine Transform-
The discrete cosine transform (DCT) helps separate the image into parts (or spectral
sub-bands) of differing importance (concerning the image's visual quality). The DCT is
similar to the discrete Fourier transform: it transforms a signal or image from the spatial
domain to the frequency domain.
Wavelet transform-
Wavelet transforms are mathematical tools for analyzing data where features vary over
different scales. For signals, features can be frequencies varying over time, transients,
or slowly varying trends. For images, features include edges and textures.
Multiresolution Analysis and Discrete Wavelet Transform-
Wavelet transform is used to analyze a signal (image) into different frequency
components at different resolution scales (i.e. multiresolution). This allows revealing the
image's spatial and frequency attributes simultaneously. In addition, features that might
go undetected at one resolution may be easy to spot at another.
Introduction to Image Restoration - Noise models-
Gaussian Noise: Because of its mathematical simplicity, the Gaussian noise
model is often used in practice and even in situations where they are marginally
applicable at best. Here, m is the mean and σ2 is the variance. Gaussian noise arises in
an image due to factors such as electronic circuit noise and sensor noise due to poor
illumination or high temperature.
spatial and frequency filters-
In general, spatial filters are more commonly used for edge detection while frequency
filters are more often used for high frequency emphasis. Here, the filter doesn't block
low frequencies but magnifies high frequencies relative to low frequencies.
Weiner filter-
The Wiener filter is the MSE-optimal stationary linear filter for images degraded by
additive noise and blurring. Calculation of the Wiener filter requires the assumption that
the signal and noise processes are second-order stationary (in the random process
sense)