Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language created by
Guido van Rossum in 1991.
Main Features
Easy to learn – Simple and readable syntax
Interpreted language – Code runs line by line
Platform independent – Runs on Windows, Linux, Mac
Large standard library – Many built-in modules available
Free and open source – Anyone can use and modify it
Used in many fields – AI, Data Science, Web Development, Automation
Syntax simplicity of three programming languages to print “Hello world!”
Python Character Set
A character set is a set of valid characters that can be used in a programming language.
Letters A–Z a–z Example name, total, sum
Digits 0–9 Example10, 25, 100
Special Symbols + - * / = % ( ) { } [ ] # @ !
Whitespace Characters Space Tab New line
Python Tokens the smallest individual units of a Python program.
Eg: a = 10 + 5
Keywords: reserved words in Python that have a special meaning. They cannot be used as variable names.
if else for print
Identifiers: the names given to variables, functions, or objects.
Rules for Identifiers
Must start with letter or underscore (_)
Can contain letters, digits, underscore
Cannot start with a number
Cannot be a keyword
Literals: Values used Numerical literal a=10 String literal a=‘Hi’ Boolean Literal True
Operators: used to perform operations. + - * / //
Punctuators: symbols used to organize the program structure. () [] {} \ ; :
Variables: A variable is a name given to a memory location used to store data. A=apple
Identifier Valid / Invalid Reason
total_marks Valid Uses letters and underscore
1value Invalid Cannot start with a number
_count Valid Identifier can start with underscore
class Invalid Keyword in Python
student1 Valid Letters and numbers allowed
total marks Invalid Space not allowed
marks$ Invalid $ not allowed
True Invalid Boolean keyword
Letters, numbers and underscore
data_2024 Valid
allowed
for Invalid Keyword
Try this yourself
_sum __name__
sum_ name_1
2sum global
sum2 avg-score
sum-total studentName
Sum
sumTotal
sum total
Answers
_sum Valid __name__ Valid
sum_ Valid name_1 Valid
2sum Invalid global Invalid
sum2 Valid avg-score Invalid
sum-total Invalid studentName Valid
Sum Valid
sumTotal Valid
sum total Invalid
Data Type: A data type tells what kind of value a variable stores.
Number: Stores numeric values. None: Represents no value or empty value.
•Integer: Whole numbers (e.g., 10, -5) Example: None
•Float: Decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, 5.0)
•Complex: Numbers with real and imaginary parts (e.g., 3+4j)
Set: A set is a collection of unique elements
Boolean: Stores only True or False values. written inside { }.
Example: Example:A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
True
False
Sequence: Stores multiple values in order. Mapping
•String: Collection of characters (e.g., "Hello") Dictionary: Stores data in key–value pairs.
•List: Ordered collection of items (e.g., [1,2,3]) Example:
•Tuple: Ordered collection that cannot be changed (e.g., (1,2,3)) {"name":"John", "age":18}
MUTABLE: VALUES CAN BE CHANGED LATER list set dictionary
IMMUTABLE: VALUES CANNOT BE CHANGED AFTER CREATED
int float bool complex string tuple
Refer XI Computer Science Book Page number from 100 - 104
Operator Definition Operators Example
Used to perform
Arithmetic Operators + - * / % // ** a+b
mathematical calculations.
Relational (Comparison) Used to compare two
== != > < >= <= a>b
Operators values.
Used to assign values to
Assignment Operators = += -= *= /= %= a = 10
variables.
Used to combine
Logical Operators and or not a>5 and b<10
conditions.
Used to check if a value
Membership Operators in not in "a" in "apple"
exists in a sequence.
a=1
Used to check whether two
b=a
Identity Operators variables refer to the same is is not
object.
a is b
Type Conversion: The process of changing one data type into another data type.
Type Definition Example
Python automatically converts one
Implicit Conversion 5 + 3.2 → result 8.2
data type to another.
The programmer manually
Explicit Conversion (Type
converts the data type using int(), float(), str()
Casting)
functions.
Try this yourself find the output
print(int(5.8))
print(int("20") + 5)
print(float(5))
print(int("5") + int("6"))
print(str(5) + str(6))
print(int("5") + float("2.5"))
print(int("5.5"))
print(str(10) + str(5) + str(2*2))
Answers
print(int(5.8)) 5
print(int("20") + 5) 25
print(float(5)) 5.0
print(int("5") + int("6")) 11
print(str(5) + str(6)) 56
print(int("5") + float("2.5")) 7.5
print(int("5.5")) ValueError
print(str(10) + str(5) + str(2*2)) 1054
Try this yourself find the output
print(type([1,2,3])) Print(type({}))
print(type((1,2,3))) print(type([1,2]+[3,4]))
print(type({1,2,3})) print(type((1,2)+(3,4)))
print(type({"a":1,"b":2})) print(type([1,2,3][0]))
print(type((5))) print(type((1,2,3)[1]))
print(type((5,)))
Print(type(3>1))
Conditional Statements in Python
Statement Definition Example
Executes a block of code only if the condition is if x>10:
if
true. print(“Hi”)
if x>10:
Executes one block if the condition is true, otherwise print(“Hi”)
if–else
another block. else:
print(“Bye”)
if x==0:
print(“No”)
elif x==1:
if–elif–
Used to check multiple conditions one by one. print(“Yes”)
else
else:
print(“Close”)
if x==0:
print(“No”)
if x==0:
Nested if An if statement inside another if statement.
print(“Yes”)
else:
print(“Close”)
Try this yourself find the output
x = 10 x = 5
if x > 5: if x > 10:
print("A") print("A")
if x > 8: else:
print("B") print("B")
Try this yourself find the output
x = 7 x = 8
if x > 10: if x > 5:
print("A") if x > 7:
elif x > 5: print("A")
print("B") else:
else: print("B")
print("C")
Try this yourself find the output
x = 5
x = 3
y = 7
y = 6
z = 2
if x > 10:
print("A")
if x > 5 or y > 4 and z > 3:
elif y > 5:
print("A")
print("B")
else:
elif x > 2:
print("B")
print("C")
for Loop: used to repeat a block of code for each item in a sequence (like list, string, or range).
Syntax
for variable in sequence:
statement
Output
0
for i in range(5): 1
print(i) 2
3
4
name = "PYTHON" P
for i in name: Y
print(i) T
H
O
N