Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation 1 / 16
The Angle of the Carrier
Let θi (t) represent the instantaneous angle of the carrier.
We express an angle modulated signal by:
s(t) = Ac cos (θi (t))
where Ac is the carrier amplitude.
Angle Modulation 2 / 16
Instantaneous Frequency
One cycle occurs when θi (t) changes by 2π radians.
θi (t + ∆t) − θi (t)
f∆t =
2π∆t
Therefore, the instantaneous frequency is found in the limit as
∆t → 0:
1 dθi (t)
fi (t) =
2π dt
Angle Modulation 3 / 16
Phase Modulation (PM)
There are two angle modulation techniques:
Phase Modulation (PM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
In PM, the phase of the carrier is a linear function of the message
signal m(t).
sPM (t) = Ac cos (2πfc t + kp m(t) + ϕc )
where kp is the phase sensitivity.
Assuming ϕc = 0:
θi (t) = 2πfc t + kp m(t)
Angle Modulation 4 / 16
Frequency Modulation (FM)
For FM, the instantaneous frequency is:
fi (t) = fc + kf m(t)
where kf is the frequency sensitivity.
Z t
θi (t) = 2π fi (τ )dτ
−∞
Z t
θi (t) = 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞
Z t
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞
Angle Modulation 5 / 16
Instantaneous Frequency of PM / Instantaneous Phase of
FM
From sPM (t):
kp dm(t)
fi (t)PM = fc +
2π dt
From sFM (t):
Z t
ϕi (t)FM = 2πkf m(τ )dτ
0
Angle Modulation 6 / 16
Angle Modulation 7 / 16
Angle Modulation 8 / 16
Example
Find sFM (t) and sPM (t) if
m(t) = A cos(2πfm t)
Solution
sPM (t) = Ac cos [2πfc t + Akp cos(2πfm t)]
Z
A
A cos(2πfm t)dt = sin(2πfm t)
2πfm
Akf
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + sin(2πfm t)
fm
Angle Modulation 9 / 16
Characteristics of Angle Modulated Signals
PM Signal FM Signal
Z t
Instantaneous phase ϕi (t) kp m(t) 2πkf m(τ )dτ
0
k
Instantaneous frequency fc + 2πp dm(t)
dt fc + kf m(t)
Maximum phase deviation kp |m(t)|max 2πkf |x(t)|max
kp
Maximum frequency deviation 2π |x(t)|max kf |m(t)|max
A2c A2c
Power 2 2
Angle Modulation 10 / 16
Modulation Index
Assume:
m(t) = Am cos(2πfm t)
Then FM signal:
Am kf
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + sin(2πfm t)
fm
kf Am ∆fmax
βF = =
fm fm
Angle Modulation 11 / 16
FM Modulation Index
For any m(t) which has bandwidth Bm , we define the modulation
index as:
kf |m(t)|max ∆fmax
βF = =
Bm Bm
Angle Modulation 12 / 16
Example
The signal m(t) = 5 sinc2 (10t).
Find the modulation index for FM modulation with kf = 20 Hz/V.
Solution
Bm = 10 Hz, therefore
20 × 5
βF = = 10.
10
Angle Modulation 13 / 16
Narrowband FM
Consider an FM signal:
Z t
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ
−∞
where
Z t
2πkf m(τ )dτ ≪ 1
−∞
We say that sFM (t) is a narrowband FM signal.
For example, consider when m(t) = Am cos(2πfm t).
Am kf
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + sin(2πfm t)
fm
sFM (t) = Ac cos (2πfc t + βF sin(2πfm t))
Angle Modulation 14 / 16
Narrowband FM Approximation
When βF ≪ 1, the FM signal is NBFM.
Using cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B, we write
Z t
sFM (t) = Ac cos 2πfc t + 2πkf m(τ )dτ
0
Z t Z t
= Ac cos(2πfc t) cos 2πkf m(τ )dτ −Ac sin(2πfc t) sin 2πkf m(τ )dτ
0 0
Z t
≈ Ac cos(2πfc t) − Ac 2πkf m(τ )dτ sin(2πfc t)
0
(since for small A, cos A ≈ 1, sin A ≈ A)
Angle Modulation 15 / 16
Angle Modulation 16 / 16