UNIT 1
1. Define Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that enables machines to perform tasks that
require human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making. It is used in areas like
robotics, healthcare, and automation.
2. What is Intelligent Agent?
An Intelligent Agent is an entity that perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon it using
actuators to achieve goals. It performs actions based on given inputs.
3. Types of Agents
The main types of agents are Simple Reflex Agent, Model-Based Agent, Goal-Based Agent, and
Utility-Based Agent. Each type differs based on how decisions are made.
4. What is Turing Test?
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing, is used to evaluate a machine’s intelligence. A machine is
considered intelligent if it behaves like a human in conversation.
5. List any 2 applications of AI
AI is used in healthcare for disease diagnosis and in robotics for automation. It is also used in natural
language processing and gaming.
6. Define AI Approaches
AI approaches are methods used to design intelligent systems such as acting humanly, thinking
humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. They provide different ways to solve problems.
7. What is Tic-Tac-Toe in AI?
Tic-Tac-Toe is a simple two-player game used in AI to demonstrate search algorithms like minimax. It
helps in understanding decision-making and game playing.
8. Define Rational Agent
A Rational Agent is an agent that selects actions that maximize its performance measure based on
given information. It always tries to achieve the best possible outcome.
UNIT 2
1. Define State Space
State space is the set of all possible states of a problem from the initial state to the goal state. It is used
in search algorithms.
2. What is Problem Solving in AI?
Problem solving in AI is the process of finding a sequence of actions from the initial state to reach the
goal state. It is done using search techniques.
3. Define BFS
Breadth First Search (BFS) explores nodes level by level. It uses a queue and guarantees finding the
shortest path.
4. Define DFS
Depth First Search (DFS) explores nodes deeply before backtracking. It uses a stack and requires less
memory.
5. Difference between BFS and DFS
BFS explores level by level and guarantees shortest path, whereas DFS explores depth-wise and may
not give shortest path.
6. What is Heuristic Function?
A heuristic function estimates the cost from the current node to the goal state. It helps in efficient
searching.
7. Define A* Algorithm
A* is a heuristic search algorithm that finds the optimal path using f(n)=g(n)+h(n). It combines actual
and estimated cost.
8. What is CSP?
Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) involves variables, domains, and constraints. A solution satisfies
all constraints.
9. What is Alpha-Beta Pruning?
Alpha-Beta pruning reduces the number of nodes evaluated in game tree search. It improves efficiency.
10. Define IDA*
Iterative Deepening A* (IDA*) combines depth-first search with heuristic evaluation. It uses less
memory.
UNIT 3
1. Define Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic deals with statements that are either true or false. It uses logical operators like
AND, OR, and NOT.
2. What is Predicate Logic?
Predicate Logic extends propositional logic using variables and quantifiers. It represents more complex
relations.
3. Define Inference Rule
An inference rule is used to derive new statements from given premises. Example: Modus Ponens.
4. What is Natural Deduction?
Natural Deduction is a method of deriving conclusions using inference rules. It is used in logical
reasoning.
5. What is Axiomatic System?
An Axiomatic System uses axioms and rules of inference to derive theorems logically.
6. Define Semantic Tableau
Semantic Tableau is a tree-based method used to check the validity of logical expressions.
7. What is Resolution Refutation?
Resolution Refutation is a method of proving statements by contradiction using resolution rule.
UNIT 4
1. What is Knowledge Representation?
Knowledge Representation is the method of representing information in a form that a computer can
understand and use.
2. Define Semantic Network
A Semantic Network is a graphical representation using nodes and links to show relationships between
concepts.
3. What are Frames?
Frames are data structures that represent knowledge using slots and values for structured information.
4. What is Conceptual Dependency?
Conceptual Dependency represents the meaning of sentences using primitive actions.
5. What is Script?
A Script represents a sequence of events in a specific situation, such as a restaurant scenario.
6. What is Extended Semantic Network?
Extended Semantic Network includes additional relationships and properties for better representation.
7. What is Inheritance?
Inheritance allows properties of parent nodes to be passed to child nodes, reducing redundancy.
UNIT 5
1. What is Expert System?
An Expert System is an AI program that mimics the decision-making ability of a human expert.
2. Define Inference Engine
Inference Engine is a component that applies rules to derive conclusions from the knowledge base.
3. What is Forward Chaining?
Forward Chaining is a data-driven reasoning method that starts from known facts to reach conclusions.
4. What is Backward Chaining?
Backward Chaining is a goal-driven reasoning method that starts from the goal and works backward.
5. What is Bayesian Belief Network?
A Bayesian Belief Network is a probabilistic graphical model representing variables and dependencies.
6. What is Certainty Factor?
Certainty Factor measures the degree of belief in a hypothesis in expert systems.
7. What is Dempster-Shafer Theory?
Dempster-Shafer Theory handles uncertainty using belief functions and evidence combination.
8. What is Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy Logic deals with reasoning using degrees of truth between 0 and 1.