Parenting

Presenter Moderator
Ms Ishita Srivastava Gursabeen Kaur
Mphil 2nd Year Assistant Professor
 Introduction

Parenting is the comprehensive process of raising, nurturing, and supporting a child's

physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development from infancy to independent
adulthood. It involves assuming responsibility for a child’s needs, providing a safe
environment, and guiding their development through various life stages. It is not strictly
biological, as it is performed by parents, guardians, or caregivers.

Nurturing & Developmental Guidance &

Adaptibility
Care Support Discipline

The Art of Parenting Training Guide. (n.d.-b).

[Link]
 Diverse Caregivers Not One Size Fits All Ongoing Process

While often done by

Parenting styles vary It is a long-term
biological parents,
based on culture, social commitment that
parenting is also carried
class, and personal focuses on fostering
out by adoptive parents,
beliefs, with no single independence and well-
foster parents,
"correct" approach. being.
grandparents, or other
legal guardians.

The Art of Parenting Training Guide. (n.d.-b). [Link]

Theories
About
Parenting
 Types of Parenting Styles

Diana Baumrind proposed that parenting styles can be understood along two key dimensions:

Demandingness
Responsiveness
(Control)
(Warmth)
the degree to which
the degree of emotional
parents set rules,
support, affection, and
expectations, and enforce
acceptance shown to the
discipline.
child.

Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence

and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence
and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95
 Stages of Parenting

Ellen Galinsky

proposed that
Image Making Stage Nurturing Stage Authority Stage
Before Birth - Birth - 18 Months 18 Months - 5 years
parenting develops in
Pregnancy

qualitatively different

stages, each marked

by psychological tasks,
Interpretive Stage Interdependent Stage Departure Stage
parental goals, and 6 years - 12 years Adolescence Late Adolescence/
Young Adulthood
changing parent–child
Diener, M. L., & Lang, D. (2020b, May 18). 1980s: Galinsky. Parenting and
relationships. Family Diversity Issues.
[Link]
 Helicopter Parenting

Helicopter parenting refers to a pattern where parents:

Closely monitor every aspect of the child’s life

Intervene quickly to solve problems for the child

Make decisions on the child’s behalf

Try to prevent failure, disappointment, or discomfort

Stay overly involved even into adolescence or adulthood

This style often comes from love and concern, but it can unintentionally

affect the child’s emotional and psychological development.

Bradley-Geist JC, Olson-Buchanan JB. Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education+Training- 2014;56:314–28.
 Positive Parenting

Positive parenting is an approach where parents:

Build a strong emotional bond with the child
Social Learning Theory
Use encouragement instead of criticism
Albert Bandura
Teach rather than punish
Children learn by observing
Focus on long-term character development
parents.
Maintain clear but respectful boundaries
If parents model:
It emphasizes raising emotionally secure, responsible, and resilient
Respect
children.
Calm problem-solving
The approach has roots in the work of Alfred Adler and has been
Emotional regulation
popularized in practical parenting programs by Jane Nelsen.
Children imitate those behaviors.

Individual Psychology
(Adlerian Theory) Self-Determination Theory
Core belief: Attachment Theory – John Bowlby Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
Children misbehave Secure attachment promotes:
when they feel
Children thrive when three
Emotional regulation
disconnected or psychological needs are met:
Confidence
insignificant
Trust Autonomy
Positive parenting strengthens Competence Arslan, G. Positive Parenting, Prosocial Behavior, Meaning in
Life, and Subjective Well-being in Adolescents: a Parallel and

secure attachment Relatedness Serial Mediation Analysis. Child Ind Res 17, 1547–1561 (2024).
[Link]
 Digital-Age Parenting Models

Core Concepts:

Tech co-regulation (not total restriction)

Media literacy education

Balanced screen exposure

Digital emotional safety

Psychological Challenges:

Dopamine-driven apps

Social comparison anxiety

Cyberbullying

Parenting for the digital age: The truth behind media’s effect on children and what
to do about it: Ratner, Bill: 9781939629050: [Link]: Books. (n.d.-b).
[Link]
Reasons for
Parenting
Problems
 Technology & Screen Exposure
This is one of the biggest modern challenges.
Information Overload
Parents struggle with:
Today’s parents are exposed to:
Mobile addiction
Social media advice
Gaming
Parenting blogs
Social media influence
Influencers
Online safety
Contradictory expert opinions
Reduced attention span
This leads to:
Children today grow up in a digital world
Confusion
parents never experienced themselves.
Overthinking
This creates:
Anxiety about making mistakes
Control battles
Guilt
Confusion about limits

Christian, B. J. (2023). Translational Research – Universal Parenting Challenges and coping with change. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 69, 123–126. [Link]
 Breakdown of Joint Family Support
Traditionally (especially in India):
Working Parents & Time Guilt
Grandparents guided parenting
Modern families often have:
Shared responsibility
Dual-income households
Cultural knowledge transfer
Long work hours
Now:
Limited quality time
Nuclear families
Parents feel:
Parents raising children alone
Guilty for not being available
Less emotional and practical support
Compensate with over-permissiveness
Result:
Use screens as a “babysitter”
Increased parental stress
This creates inconsistency in discipline.
Lack of guidance
Isolation in decision-making

Christian, B. J. (2023). Translational Research – Universal Parenting Challenges and coping with change. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 69, 123–126. [Link]
Common
Mistakes
in
Parenting
 Overuse of Screens in Children

Cognitive Effects Emotional Effects Behavioural Effects

Reduced attention Irritability and mood Aggression (violent
span swings content exposure)
Poor Anxiety and depression Tantrums when
concentration Low frustration devices removed
Delayed language tolerance Addictive patterns
development Emotional dependence (loss of control)
Academic decline on devices

Social Effects Physical Effects

Reduced face-to- Sleep
face communication disturbances
Poor empathy Eye strain
development Reduced physical
Social withdrawal activity
Risk of obesity
Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Hale L, Guan S. [Link]
Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50–58. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.007.
 Overuse of Screens in Children

Screen overuse may be a coping

Permissive parenting (no limits)
mechanism for:
Using screens as a “babysitter”
Anxiety
Parental overuse of phones (modeling)
Loneliness
Lack of outdoor play opportunities
Academic stress
Poor parent–child interaction
ADHD

Depression

Lack of parental attention

Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature
review. Hale L, Guan S. [Link] Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50–58.
doi: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.007.
 Role of In-Laws in Parenting

Common Areas of
Positive Role
Conflict
Emotional and practical support Discipline methods
(strict vs permissive)
Sharing childcare
Feeding practices
Challenging Role
responsibilities Screen use
Over-involvement in decision- Sleep routines
Transmission of cultural values
Education and academic
making
Support during parental illness pressure
Undermining parental authority Gender role
or work stress
expectations
Conflicting parenting beliefs
Comparison with other
Gendered expectations (especially children

for mothers) Xu, X., Xiao, B., Zhu, L., & Li, Y. (2022). The influence of parent-grandparent co-
parenting on children’s problem behaviors and its potential mechanisms. Early
Education and Development, 34(4), 791–805.
[Link]
 Impact

Psychological Impact on Children

Impact on Parents Confusion about rules and
boundaries
Parenting stress
Behavioral issues
Reduced parental Family Systems Perspective
Loyalty conflicts
confidence
Emotional insecurity In-laws become part of the
Anxiety and guilt
parenting subsystem
Postpartum emotional
Poor boundaries lead to:
difficulties
Enmeshment
Marital Impact Power struggles
Co-parenting conflicts Healthy systems require:
Triangulation (child Clear generational
caught between adults) boundaries
Reduced spousal Unified parental authority
support

Xu, X., Xiao, B., Zhu, L., & Li, Y. (2022). The influence of parent-grandparent co-
parenting on children’s problem behaviors and its potential mechanisms.
Early Education and Development, 34(4), 791–805.
[Link]
 Excessive Academic Pressure

Excessive Academic Pressure

Equating success with marks, ranks, and careers
Limited value given to emotional well-being or interests

Psychological impact on child

Intervention
Anxiety and stress
Fear of failure Psychoeducation about
Low self-esteem
holistic development
Perfectionism
CBT for academic anxiety
Helping parents shift focus
from outcome → effort
Career guidance and realistic
goal setting
Deng, Y., Cherian, J., Khan, N. U., Kumari, K., Sial, M. S., Comite, U.,
Gavurova, B., & Popp, J. (2022). Family and academic stress and their
impact on students’ depression level and academic performance.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13.
[Link]
 Comparison with Other Children

Comparison With Other Children

Comparing siblings, cousins, or classmates
Public criticism and shaming
Psychological impact
Inferiority feelings Intervention
Sibling rivalry
Parent counseling on self-
Resentment toward parents
Reduced motivation esteem development

Teaching positive

reinforcement

Family sessions to reduce

comparison patterns

Liu, H., Kvintova, J., & Vachova, L. (2025). Parents’ social comparisons and adolescent self-esteem: The mediating effect of upward social
comparison and the moderating influence of optimism. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. [Link]
 Emotional Invalidation

Emotional Invalidation
“Stop crying,” “It’s nothing,” “Be strong”
Minimizing emotional experiences
Psychological impact
Emotional suppression Intervention
Poor emotion regulation
Emotion-coaching training for
Difficulty expressing feelings later in life
parents

Attachment-based interventions

Modeling validation and

empathy

Adams-Clark, A. A., Lee, A. H., Everett, Y., Zarosinski, A., Martin, C. G., & Zalewski, M. (2022). Direct and indirect associations among mothers’ invalidating childhood environment,
emotion regulation difficulties, and parental apology. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 9(1). [Link]
 Overprotection and Dependency

Overprotection and Dependency

Doing everything for the child
Discouraging independence

Psychological impact
Low confidence Intervention
Anxiety
Gradual autonomy-building
Poor problem-solving skills
plans

Parent guidance on age-

appropriate independence

CBT for parental anxiety

Arslan, İ. B., Lucassen, N., Keijsers, L., & Stevens, G. W. (2023). When too much help is of no help: Mothers’ and fathers’ perceived overprotective behavior and (mal)adaptive functioning in
adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 52(5), 1010–1023. [Link]
 Gender Bias in Parenting

Gender Bias in Parenting

Different expectations for boys and girls

Restricting autonomy for girls
Psychological Impact

Low self-worth Intervention

Identity conflicts
Gender-sensitive
Learned helplessness
psychoeducation

Family counseling

Promoting equality and

autonomy

Sindhura, B. K. S., & J, G. K. (2025). Parenting and gender socialization in children: A scoping review. Asian Research Journal o
Arts & Social Sciences, 23(4), 199–217. [Link]
 Authoritarian and Harsh Discipline

Authoritarian and Harsh Discipline

Excessive control, scolding, threats
Obedience valued over emotional understanding
Psychological Impact
Fear-based compliance Intervention
Poor emotional expression
Parent Management
Aggression or withdrawal
Training (PMT)
Promoting authoritative
parenting
Teaching consistent, non-
violent discipline
strategies

Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, L. (2024). The impact of harsh parental discipline and emotional
warmth on adolescent problem behaviors. Psychology Research and Behavior Management,
Volume 17, 2309–2319. [Link]
Single Parents
 What is Single Parenting?

Single parenting refers to a family system where one parent takes primary
responsibility for raising a child. This may occur due to divorce, separation, death
of a partner, adoption by a single individual, or a conscious choice to parent
alone.

Divorce or
Widowhood
Separation

Unmarried Migration of one Adoption by a

Parenthood parent for work single adult

Jackson, A. P., Preston, K. S., & Franke, T. M. (2010). Single parenting and child behavior problems in kindergarten. Race and Social Problems, 2(1), 50–58. [Link]
 Role Overload Emotional Strain
A single parent often has to manage multiple roles Single parents may experience:
simultaneously: Loneliness
Financial provider Guilt about not providing a “complete family”
Emotional caregiver Anxiety about the child’s future
Decision maker Social pressure or judgment
Disciplinarian When emotional stress is high, it can affect parenting
This can lead to chronic stress, fatigue, and burnout. patience and responsiveness.

Economic Pressure Time Constraints

Single-parent families often have: Balancing work, home, and childcare can reduce:
Reduced income Parent–child interaction time
Increased work hours Monitoring of school and peer activities
Limited time for supervision Emotional availability
Financial stress is one of the strongest predictors of This may affect consistency in discipline and bonding.
parenting strain and child adjustment issues.

Jackson, A. P., Preston, K. S., & Franke, T. M. (2010). Single parenting and child behavior problems in kindergarten. Race and Social Problems, 2(1), 50–58. [Link]
 Clinical Intervention

Stress
management and Parenting Helping parents
emotional Skills Training manage guilt and
support for the burnout
parent

Supporting
Strengthening
children in
Social Support
processing loss or
Networks
absence of a
parent

Jackson, A. P., Preston, K. S., & Franke, T. M. (2010). Single parenting and child behavior problems in kindergarten. Race and Social Problems, 2(1), 50–58. [Link]
Adoption
 What is Adoption?

Adoption is a legal, social, and psychological process through which a child who is not born to a couple
or individual becomes their permanent and lawful child. Once adopted, the child gains the same rights as
a biological child, including family name, inheritance, care, and emotional belonging.
Psychologically, adoption is not just a legal act, it is the formation of a new parent-child relationship. It
involves adjustment for both the child and the parents, development of attachment, and integration
into a new family identity.
In India, adoption is governed by different laws depending on religion and legal framework, and it is
recognized as a permanent responsibility, not temporary care.

Stability of the new Emotional warmth

Age at Adoption of parents
home

Openness in Support from

Communication extended family Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G.
(2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the
internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-
adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
[Link]
 Types of Adoption

Legal Adoption (Formal Adoption) Relative (Kinship) Adoption

This is the most recognized and The child is adopted by a family
permanent form. member, such as:
Done through proper legal Uncle or aunt
procedures. Grandparents
The child becomes the lawful child Close relatives
of the adoptive parents. Common reasons:
All rights transfer permanently. Death of parents
Biological parents lose legal rights Financial hardship
(except in some special cases). Family responsibility

Open Adoption Closed Adoption

Some information No identifying
about biological Based on Information information is shared.
parents may be Sharing: Child grows up
available. without knowing
In rare cases, limited biological
contact is allowed. background.

Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G. (2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-
adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. [Link]
 Pre-Adoption Interventions (Before the Child Early Placement Interventions (First
Comes Home)
This stage is preventive and preparatory. The Months/Years After Adoption)
aim is to make sure parents are psychologically This is a sensitive bonding period where
ready and realistic about adoption.
attachment is forming.
Motivation for adoption (infertility, loss,
desire to parent, social reasons) Attachment-Based Interventions
Emotional readiness The primary goal is to help the child feel
Marital stability
safe and connected.
Expectations about bonding
Attitudes toward non-biological parenting Psychologists may guide parents in:
This helps identify risks such as:
Increasing physical and emotional
Unresolved grief from infertility
Unrealistic expectations of instant closeness
attachment Responding sensitively to distress
Fear of rejection by the child
Maintaining routines
Psychoeducation
Attachment development Using consistent caregiving
Trauma-informed parenting For children who have experienced
Adjustment difficulties
Developmental needs of adopted children neglect or institutional care, attachment
Importance of openness about adoption formation may be slow. Intervention
supports trust-building.
Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G. (2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.
[Link]
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Used for:
Anxiety
Fear of abandonment
Low self-esteem Play Therapy (For Younger Children)
Negative beliefs like: Children often cannot verbalize
“I was left because I am not complex feelings.
lovable” Through play, psychologists help them
“People will leave me again” express:
Confusion
Anger
Loss
Trauma-Focused Therapy Fear
For children with early trauma This supports emotional processing
histories, therapy may focus on: and attachment.
Emotional regulation
Processing painful memories
Reducing hypervigilance
Building trust in caregivers

Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G. (2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. [Link]
 Narrative Therapy Counseling for Parental Stress
Adolescence is a critical stage in adoption Parents may struggle with:
psychology. Slow bonding
Teenagers often begin to think deeply about: Behavioral challenges
Who they are Social questions from others
Where they came from Feelings of inadequacy
Why they were given up Therapy helps them:
They may experience: Build confidence
Curiosity about biological parents Understand trauma responses
Confusion about belonging Improve parenting strategies
Anger or sadness
Identity struggles
Helps adolescents: Infertility Grief Counseling
Make sense of their life story If adoption followed infertility,
Integrate adoption into identity unresolved grief may affect bonding.
Reduce feelings of rejection Parents may unconsciously compare:
They learn to see adoption as part of their The imagined biological child
story, not their entire identity. The adopted child
Addressing grief helps parents
emotionally accept and connect fully.
Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G. (2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. [Link]
 Divorce /
Separation
 Divorce

Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage by a court or legal authority. After divorce:
The marital relationship officially ends.
Both individuals are free to remarry.
Legal matters like child custody, financial support, and property division are formally settled.
Parenting usually continues through custody or co-parenting arrangements.
Mutual Consent Divorce Contested Divorce
Both husband and wife agree to end the When one partner wants a divorce but the
marriage peacefully. other does not agree, or when there are
disputes.
Both partners jointly file for divorce.
Common legal grounds include:
Agreement on child custody,
Cruelty (emotional or physical)
maintenance, and property division is Adultery
made beforehand. Desertion
Generally faster and less emotionally Domestic violence
Mental illness
stressful.
Conversion of religion
Requires a minimum period of separation
Communicable diseases (in older legal
(usually 1 year under most laws). frameworks)
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (2001). The legacy of parents’ marital discord: Consequences for children’s marital quality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 81, 627–38.
 Separation

Separation means the couple stops living together as partners, but they are still legally married.

Judicial Separation Informal/Trial Separation Desertion

This is a legal arrangement This is when couples decide on This is when one partner
granted by the court. their own to live apart without leaves the other without
Key features: legal involvement. consent and without intention
Husband and wife live apart Key features: to return.
but remain legally married. No court process. Key features:
They are not allowed to Often used to take space Considered a ground for
remarry. and reconsider the divorce if it continues for a
It gives time to reflect or relationship. legally specified period
attempt reconciliation. May result in reconciliation (usually 2 years).
Can later lead to divorce if or divorce. No mutual agreement
issues are not resolved. involved.

Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (2001). The legacy of parents’ marital discord: Consequences for children’s marital quality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 81, 627–38.
 Indian Cultual Context

Questions from Custody may

relatives/neighbors involve extended
Social comparison Schooling
family dynamics
Fear of being Living conditions
Children may be
“different” Emotional climate
influenced by
at home
multiple opinions
Mothers become One parent’s family Staying Together “For the Children”
primary caregivers may alienate the In many Indian families, couples stay in high-
Fathers may other conflict marriages to avoid social stigma.
become less But chronic exposure to conflict can be more
involved (especially harmful than divorce itself.
if remarried or living Children raised in constant conflict may
separately) develop:
Anxiety
Fear of relationships
Emotional insecurity
Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, J. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well- being across three generations. J. Marr. Fam., 67(1), 191–206.
 How Different Age Groups Respond to Divorce

Children do not react to divorce in the same way. Their response depends heavily on their
developmental stage, cognitive maturity, and emotional dependence on parents.

Infants & Toddlers (0–3 years) Preschool Children (3–6 years)

Increased clinginess Self-blame: “It happened
Crying, irritability
Sleep and feeding because I was naughty.”
disturbances
Separation anxiety Fear of abandonment

Changes in primary caregiver Regression (bedwetting,

availability
thumb-sucking)
Tension in the environment
Inconsistent routines Nightmares

Tantrums and clinginess

Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, J. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well- being across three generations. J. Marr. Fam., 67(1), 191–206.
How Different Age Groups Respond to Divorce

School-Age Children Adolescents

(6–12 years) (12–18 years)
Sadness and grief Anger and resentment
Anger toward one or both Emotional withdrawal
parents
Risk-taking behaviors
Academic decline
Social withdrawal Relationship distrust
Loyalty conflicts Cynicism about marriage
Feel pressured to “protect”
Become prematurely
one parent
Try to bring parents back independent
together Take on adult roles
Experience shame in peer
Distance themselves
settings
emotionally

Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, J. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well- being across three generations. J. Marr. Fam., 67(1), 191–206.
Co-Parenting
Models
 What is Co-Parenting?

Co-parenting refers to how two adults coordinate in raising a child after separation or divorce. It is different
from the romantic relationship. Even if the marital relationship ends, the parenting relationship continues.
From a family systems perspective, co-parenting is a subsystem within the family that directly shapes:

Child Emotional Security Behavioral Regulation Attachment Stability Identity Development

Core Psychological Dimensions:

Cooperation and Support vs

Conflict Level Boundary Clarity
Communication Undermining

Research consistently shows that the quality of co-parenting predicts child adjustment more strongly than
the divorce itself.
Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195. [Link]
Cooperative (Collaborative) Co-Parenting Parallel Parenting

Open and respectful communication Minimal direct communication

Joint decision-making about schooling, discipline, Highly structured parenting plans

health Clear division of responsibilities

Consistent rules across households Independent decision-making for day-to-day

Parents support each other’s authority matters

Child feels free to love both parents Limited emotional interaction between parents

Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195. [Link]
High-Conflict Co-Parenting Disengaged (Detached) Co-Parenting

Frequent arguments One parent handles most responsibilities

Undermining each other’s rules Little communication

Using the child as messenger Limited visitation or engagement

Emotional manipulation Emotional distance

Competition for loyalty

Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195. [Link]
 Clinical Interventions

Reducing Establishing Improving Emotional

Triangulation Structured Plans Regulation
Helping parents Creating predictable Teaching parents to
avoid involving schedules to reduce separate personal
the child in adult uncertainty. anger from parenting
issues. responsibilities.

Communication Psychoeducation
Skills Training Helping parents
Using neutral understand how
language, structured conflict harms the
discussion formats. child neurologically
and emotionally.

Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195. [Link]
References
Diener, M. L., & Lang, D. (2020b, May 18). 1980s: Galinsky. Parenting and Family Diversity Issues.
[Link]

Feinberg, M. E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family
Psychology Review, 5(3), 173–195. [Link]

Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, L. (2024). The impact of harsh parental discipline and emotional warmth on adolescent problem
behaviors. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 17, 2309–2319. [Link]

Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, J. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well- being across three generations. J.
Marr. Fam., 67(1), 191–206.

Pace, C. S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., Santona, A., & Terrone, G. (2015). Adoptive parenting and Attachment: Association of the
internal working models between adoptive mothers and their late-adopted children during adolescence. Frontiers in
Psychology, 6. [Link]

Jackson, A. P., Preston, K. S., & Franke, T. M. (2010). Single parenting and child behavior problems in kindergarten. Race and
Social Problems, 2(1), 50–58. [Link]

The Art of Parenting Training Guide. (n.d.-b). [Link]

Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence

and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95

Bradley-Geist JC, Olson-Buchanan JB. Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students.
Education+Training- 2014;56:314–28.

Parenting for the digital age: The truth behind media’s effect on children and what to do about it: Ratner, Bill: 9781939629050:
[Link]: Books. (n.d.-b). [Link]
Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Hale L, Guan
S. [Link] Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50–58. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.007.

Xu, X., Xiao, B., Zhu, L., & Li, Y. (2022). The influence of parent-grandparent co-parenting on children’s problem behaviors
and its potential mechanisms. Early Education and Development, 34(4), 791–805.
[Link]

Arslan, G. Positive Parenting, Prosocial Behavior, Meaning in Life, and Subjective Well-being in Adolescents: a Parallel and Serial
Mediation Analysis. Child Ind Res 17, 1547–1561 (2024). [Link]

Christian, B. J. (2023). Translational Research – Universal Parenting Challenges and coping with change. Journal of Pediatric Nursing,
69, 123–126. [Link]

Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Hale L, Guan S.
[Link] Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50–58. doi: 10.1016/[Link].2014.07.007.

Deng, Y., Cherian, J., Khan, N. U., Kumari, K., Sial, M. S., Comite, U., Gavurova, B., & Popp, J. (2022). Family and academic stress and
their impact on students’ depression level and academic performance. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13.
[Link]

Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, L. (2024). The impact of harsh parental discipline and emotional warmth on adolescent problem
behaviors. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 17, 2309–2319. [Link]

Sindhura, B. K. S., & J, G. K. (2025). Parenting and gender socialization in children: A scoping review. Asian Research Journal of Arts
& Social Sciences, 23(4), 199–217. [Link]

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Thank You!