Computers

MODULE 2
Computers
•A machine or device that performs processes, calculations
and operations based on instructions provided by a software
or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data
(input), process it, and then produce outputs.
•Can also store data for later uses in appropriate storage
devices and retrieve whenever it is necessary. (Techopedia,
2020)
History of Computers
•The history of computers goes back over 200 years. Theorized
by mathematicians and entrepreneurs during the 19th century,
mechanical calculating machines were designed and built to
solve the increasingly complex number-crunching challenges.
The advancement of technology enabled ever more-complex
computers by the early 20th century, and computers became
larger and more powerful.
19 Century
th

•1801: Joseph Marie

Jacquard, a French
merchant and inventor
invents a loom that uses
punched wooden cards
to automatically weave
fabric designs. Early
computers would use
similar punch cards.
19 Century
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•1821: English mathematician

Charles Babbage conceives of a
steam-driven calculating
machine that would be able to
compute tables of numbers.
Funded by the British
government, the project was
called the "Difference Engine“.
19 Century
th

"Difference Engine“.
Early 20 Century
th

•1936: Alan Turing, a British

scientist and mathematician,
presents the principle of a
universal machine, later called
the Turing machine. Turing
machines are capable of
computing anything that is
computable. The central
concept of the modern
computer is based on his ideas.
Early 20 Century
th

•1941: German inventor and

engineer Konrad Zuse
completes his Z3 machine,
the world's earliest digital
computer. The machine was
destroyed during a bombing
raid on Berlin during World
War II.
Early 20 Century
th

•1941: Atanasoff and his graduate

student, Clifford Berry, design the
first digital electronic computer in
the U.S., called the Atanasoff-
Berry Computer (ABC). This marks
the first time a computer is able
to store information on its main
memory, and is capable of
performing one operation every
15 seconds.
First Generation Computer (1945-1959)
•Vacuum Tubes - An electronic
device that controls the flow of
electrons in a vacuum. It is
used as a switch, amplifier or
display screen (CRT). Used as
on/off switches, vacuum tubes
allowed the first computers to
perform digital computations.
First Generation Computer (1945-1959)
•1945: Two professors at the
University of Pennsylvania, John
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,
design and build the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC). The
machine is the first "automatic,
general-purpose, electronic,
decimal, digital computer”.
First Generation Computer (1945-1959)
•1945: ENIAC can do arithmetic
operations such as addition and
subtraction of up to 10 digits.
The computer was roughly 167
square meters in size and
weighed 27 tons.
First Generation Computer (1945-1959)
•1951: The Univac 1 is the first
commercial computer to attract
widespread public attention. Created
by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
-- designers of the earlier ENIAC
computer -- the Univac 1 used
5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed
29,000 pounds. Remington Rand
eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more
than $1 million each.
First Generation Computer (1945-1959)
Merits of First Generation Computers
•This generation of computers was the fastest in computing work.
•Due to the vacuum tube the concept of electronic digital computer of the
present era was realized.
•Counts were done in millisecond.
Demerits of First Generation Computers
•Were big and clumsy.
•Require large air conditioning.
•Shows lot of electricity failure.
•Punch card was used for input and output.
Second Generation Computer (1959-1965)
•Transistor - a device that regulates current or
voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals.
•A transistorized
computer prototype
demonstrates the
small size and low-
power advantages of
semiconductors
compared to vacuum
tubes.
Second Generation Computer (1959-1965)
•1959: The 501 is built on a
'building block' concept which
allows it to be highly flexible for
many different uses and could
simultaneously control up to 63
tape drives—very useful for
large databases of information.
Second Generation Computer (1959-1965)
•1964: The IBM System/360 is
a family of mainframe computer
systems. It was the first family
of computers designed to cover
both commercial and scientific
applications and to cover a
complete range of applications
from small to large.
Second Generation Computer (1959-1965)
Merits of Second Generation Computers
•Were faster than the First Generation computer.
•Developed the first operating system.
•Smaller in size than the First Generation computers.
•Consume less heat &electricity.
Demerits of Second Generation Computers
•Business manufacturing of computer was expensive.
•Air conditioning was still needed.
Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
•Integrated Circuit (Small Scale to
Medium Scale Integration – SSI to
MSI)
•Before, components like
transistors and resistors were
wired together on a circuit board.
But, with the introduction of the
IC, these components are now
formed on a smaller, singular chip.
Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
•1965: Designed by engineer
Gardner Hendrie for Computer
Control Corporation (CCC), the
DDP-116 is announced at the
1965 Spring Joint Computer
Conference. It was the world's
first commercial 16-bit
minicomputer and 172 systems
were sold. The basic computer
cost $28,500.
Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
•1968: Douglas Engelbart reveals a
prototype of the modern computer
at the Fall Joint Computer
Conference, San Francisco. His
presentation, called "A Research
Center for Augmenting Human
Intellect" includes a live
demonstration of his computer,
including a mouse and a graphical
user interface (GUI).
Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
•1970: One of the earliest personal
computers, the Kenbak-1 is advertised
for $750 in Scientific American
magazine. Designed by John V.
Blankenbaker using standard medium--
and small-scale integrated circuits, the
Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input
and lights for output from its 256-
byte memory. In 1973, Kenbak sold
40 machines and then closed.
Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
Merits Of Third Generation Computers
•It is smaller in size than the first and second generation computers.
•Uses less power consumption.
•Uses SSI & MSI technology.
•The calculation speed was extremely fast. This computer could also
calculate in nano seconds.
Demerits Of Third Generation Computers
•Air condition still needed.
•The technic of making ICs was extremely complex.
•Highly sophisticated technic require.
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
•Integrated Circuit (Large to
Very Large Scale Integration)
•Led to the development of a
microprocessor
•A microprocessor incorporates
the functions of a central
processing unit (CPU) on a
single integrated circuit, or a
single chip
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
•1971: The first advertisement for
a microprocessor, the Intel 4004,
appears in Electronic News.
Developed for Busicom, a Japanese
calculator maker, the 4004 had
2250 transistors and could
perform up to 90,000 operations
per second in four-bit chunks.
Federico Faggin led the design and
Ted Hoff led the architecture.
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
•1975: Magazine Popular
Electronics runs a cover story
of a new computer kit – the
Altair 8800. MITS co-founder
Ed Roberts invented the Altair
8800 — which sold for $297,
or $395 with a case — and
coined the term “personal
computer”. The machine came
with 256 bytes of memory
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
•1976: Designed by Sunnyvale,
California native Steve Wozniak, and
marketed by his friend Steve Jobs,
the Apple-1 is a single-board
computer for hobbyists. With an
order for 50 assembled systems from
computer store The Byte Shop in
hand, the pair started a new
company, naming it Apple Computer,
Inc. In all, about 200 of the boards
were sold before Apple announced
Apple II.
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
•1979: Shortly after delivery of the
Atari VCS game console, Atari
designs two microcomputers with
game capabilities: the Model 400
and Model 800. The 400 served
primarily as a game console, while
the 800 was more of a home
computer. Both faced strong
competition from the Apple II,
Commodore PET, and TRS-80
computers.
Fourth Generation Computer (1971-1980)
Merits of Fourth Generation Computers
•These computers are much smaller than the older generation computers.
•No air conditioning is require & reachable by all due to low cost price.
•Maintenance costs are very low.
•Uses different types of memories with very high accessing speed &
storage capacity.
•Were portable and comes in use for data communication.
Demerits of Fourth Generation Computers
•Manufacturing of microprocessor latest technology was required.
•Due to Ics, in many cases, air conditioning was required.
•High-quality and reliable system or technology can only make ICs.
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
•Integrated
Circuit (Ultra
Large Scale
Integration
ULSI)
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
•1981: IBM's brand recognition, ignites
the fast growth of the personal computer
market with the announcement of its
own personal computer (PC). The first
IBM PC, formally known as the IBM
Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz
Intel 8088 microprocessor and used
Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system.
The IBM PC revolutionized business
computing by becoming the first PC to
gain widespread adoption by industry.
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
•1983 : Apple introduces the Lisa Computer.
Lisa is the first commercial personal
computer with a graphical user interface
(GUI). It was thus an important milestone
in computing as soon Microsoft Windows
and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt
the GUI as their user interface, making it
the new paradigm for personal computing.
The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000
microprocessor and came equipped with 1
MB of RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white
monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drives
and a 5 MB “Profile” hard drive.
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
Fifth Generation Computer (1980 onwards)
Merits of Fifth Generation Computers
•Are used in parallel processing and superconductors.
•Used artificial Intelligence where they will use their own IQ to solve a problem
•Used for scientific, commercial interactive online application, multimedia and
network application.
•Are used in intelligent robot.
Demerits Of Fifth Generation Computers
•In the future, humans will face unemployment due to robots because robots will
assist in the workplace.
•They tend to be sophisticated and complex tools.
•The manufacturing of robots is very expensive