Department of Education

Science 11/12
Physcial Science
Quarter1
Intermolecular Forces
Module 3

G7
Dina N. Mabute
Writer

Armida S. Oblinada
Louie M. Valdez
Validators

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master how the uses of different materials are related to their properties and structure.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module focuses in:

• Lesson 1- How the Uses of Different Materials are Related to their

Properties and Structure
After going through this module, you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

[Link] the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17

2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substance
(S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answers.
1. What causes atoms to form chemical bonds with other atoms?

A. Atoms are more stable when they give away electrons

B. When two atoms get close together, they merge into one
C. The interaction of valence electrons forms a more stable configuration
D. The attraction of the nuclei for one another causes atoms to share electrons
2. Which of the following is not an effect of intermolecular force?

A. viscosity B. high surface area C. pressure D. none of these

3. Which of the following compounds would be expected to have the highest melting
point?
A. BaF2 B. BaCl2 C. BaBr2 D. BaI2
4. Which of the following changes would increase the vapor pressure of a liquid?
1. an increase in temperature
2. an increase in the intermolecular forces in the liquid
3. an increase in the size of the open vessel containing the liquid
A. 1 and 2 only C. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only D. 2 only.

1
5. What type of interparticle forces holds liquid N 2 together?
A. ionic bonding C. hydrogen bonding
B. London forces D. dipole-dipole interaction
6. A solute is most likely to be highly soluble in a solvent if the solute is _____ and the
solvent is ______.
A. ionic or polar, polar C. non-polar, polar
B. ionic or polar, non-polar D. non-polar, ionic

7. The boiling point of CH4 is much lower than that of HF. This is because of
__________.
A. dipole-dipole interactions in CH4. C. ion-dipole interactions in CH4.
B. hydrogen bonding in HF. D. CH4 is polar.

8 Which one of the following molecules would be most polar?

A. H2 B. HF C. HI D. HCl

9. For a given substance, which of the following phase transitions should RELEASE
the most energy.
A. Liquid to gas B. Gas to liquid C. Gas to solid D. Solid to liquid

10. Based on the following information:

CF4, Molecular Weight 87.99, Normal Boiling Point -182°C
CCl4, Molecular Weight 153.8, Normal Boiling Point -123°C
Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction in the above
substances can be described?
A. ion-dipole forces C. repulsive forces
B. dipole-dipole forces (permanent dipoles) D. dispersion (or London) forces

Lesson How the Uses of Different Materials

are Related to their Properties and
Structure
Imagine that you just broke your favorite vase, and you want to make it
whole again. You have different types of glues. If you used a weaker glue it
won’t take much force for the lamp to fall apart again. While using a stronger
glue would require a lot more force to break that bond. Just like a broken vase
that bond together, molecules also hold together. But what holds molecules
together?
There are forces that exist between molecules, and these forces acts as
glue that holds the molecules together.

Activity 1:

2
A. Directions: Use the electronegativity table to decide if the following bonds are
ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent:
Electronegativity Type of bond
Difference
1. Cl - As

2. O – K

3. N – N

4. O – H

5. Si – S

6. N – P

7. Si – N

8. O – P

9. Mg – O

10.H-C

Activity 2.

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct False if it is incorrect.

_______1. Intermolecular forces determine, metallic properties such as the

boiling point of a substance.

_______2. Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction between atoms.

_______3. Chemical bonds are the forces between molecules.

_______4. Covalent bonds result from electrons being shared between atoms
in a molecule.

_______5. Intermolecular forces result from the electron interactions between

neighboring molecules.

4
_______6. When the electron cloud around a molecule is not distributed

symmetrically, a molecule is polar.

_______7. Chemical bonds include ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds.

_______8. Intermolecular forces include dispersion forces, dipole interactions

and helium-bond forces.

B. Answers the following:

1. Circle all of the compound/s below that can form a hydrogen bond in its pure form.
Explain why the other species couldn't hydrogen bond.
C2H6 CH3NH2 KCl CH3CH2CH2OH CH3OCH3

_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Rank the following compounds from weakest intermolecular forces to strongest. Justify
your answers.

I2 H2S H2O
__________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Which of the following will have the highest melting point
A. naphthalene C8H10 C. quartz SiO2
B. methane CH4 D. ethanol C2H5OH

4. Circle all the compounds which would be expected to form intermolecular

hydrogen bonds in the liquid state:
A. CH3OCH3 D. CH3CO2H
B. CH4 E. Br2
C. HF F. CH3OH

Intermolecular forces hold molecules together.

Intermolecular forces include (listed from weakest to strongest):

Van der Waals dispersion forces: Occurs due to instantaneous dipole.

✓ Boiling point is higher for larger compounds
✓ Melting point is higher for larger compounds
✓ Freezing point is lower for smaller compounds
✓ Vapor pressure is higher for smaller compound

5
Van der Waals dipole-dipole interactions occurs when a partial positive charge and
partial negative charge can be created between two atoms when there is a difference in
electronegativity.

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and
the negative end of another polar molecule. Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that range
from 5 kJ to 20 kJ per mole. They are much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds and have
a significant effect only when
the molecules involved are
close together (touching or
almost touching).

The figures show two

arrangements of polar iodine
monochloride (ICl) molecules
that give rise to dipole-dipole
attractions.

Note:
• Polar molecules have a partial negative end and a partial positive end.
The partially positive end of a polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of
another.
• In a ICl molecule the more electronegative chlorine atom bears the partial negative
charge; the less electronegative iodine atom bears the partial positive charge.
• The partially positive iodine end of one ICl molecule is attracted to the partially
negative chlorine end of another ICl molecule.

Hydrogen bonding - an intermolecular attraction between a partially positively charged

hydrogen in one molecule and a partially negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
in a nearby molecule.
An ion-dipole force is an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction
between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole.
• Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions of ionic
compounds in polar liquids.
• A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule.
• A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule.

6
 • Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as either the charge on the ion increases, or
as the magnitude of the dipole of the polar molecule increases.

Ionic bonds- attraction between point charges

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties:

Stronger intermolecular forces will also result in a higher physical property such as
higher melting or boiling points, which require breaking molecules apart. Higher
intermolecular forces also lead to a higher freezing point, but since we are talking about
lowering the temperature for freezing points, we often say that lower intermolecular forces
require lowering the temperature more. Since a higher vapor pressure means that it is
easier to vaporize a compound, this means that lower intermolecular forces lead to a
higher vapor pressure.

Intermolecular forces influenced the strength of every molecule. The forces have an
effect on some of the observable physical properties of substance such as;
1. Melting and Boiling Points
✓ If molecules stick together more, they'll be tougher to break apart
✓ Stronger intermolecular forces → higher melting and boiling points
✓ Generally, compounds that undergo hydrogen bonding melt and boil at higher
temperatures than compounds that experience dipole-dipole forces or London
dispersion forces.
✓ Boiling point increases with molecular weight, and with surface area.
2. Viscosity

✓ Viscosity is a measure of how well substances flow.

✓ Stronger intermolecular forces → higher viscosity.
3. Surface Tension

✓ Surface tension is a measure of the toughness of the surface of a liquid

✓ Stronger intermolecular forces → higher surface tension.
✓ Liquids with stronger intermolecular forces tend to have higher surface tension than
those with weak intermolecular forces.

4. Vapor Pressure
✓ This is a small amount of gas that is found above all liquids
✓ Stronger intermolecular forces → Lower vapor pressure.

For the table below, specify the dominant intermolecular force involved for each substance in
the space immediately following the substance. Then in the last column, indicate which
member of the pair you would expect to have the higher boiling point.

7
 Substance Dominant Substance Dominant Substance with
#1 Intermolecular #2 Intermolecular Higher Boiling
Force Force Point
a. HCl(g) I2
b. CH3F CH3OH
c. H2 O H2S
d. SiO2 SO2
e. Fe Kr
f. CH3OH CuO

g. NH3 CH4
h. HCl(g) NaCl

i. SiC Cu

Activity 3: Who is the strongest?

Directions: Identify the strongest forces that exist between the molecules
listed below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Hydrogen gas H2 ___________________

2. Methane (CH4) ____________________

3. Water (H2O) ________________________

4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2________________________

[Link] tetrafluoride (SiF4) __________________

6. Nitrogen tribromide (NBr3) __________________

7. Carbon monoxide (CO)__________________

8. Acetone (CH2O) ________________________

9. Benzene (C6H6) ____________________

10. Methanol (CH3OH) ____________________

Activity 4: Be Strong

Directions: Draw the following molecules and identify the strongest

8
 intermolecular forces that present. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
This one is done for you. SO2
1. H2O

2. CH2Cl2

3. SCO
4. PCl3

5. SO3

B. PREDICT ME! Considering the observed IMF and strength of those forces, complete the
following questions with your best predictions.

1) Rank the following molecules from lowest to highest boiling point: H2, Br2, and F2.
Explain your prediction based on IMF.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2) Predict which of the following has the highest boiling point: HF or HBr. Explain your
prediction based on IMF.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3) Consider water, H2O. Predict how water’s boiling point compares to HBr and HF?
Explain your prediction based on IMF.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4) Look up the boiling points of H2, H2O, Br2, F2, HBr, and HF. Were your predictions
correct? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 5: What’s my Strength?

9
A. Directions: Write the letter of the term that matches on each description
below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A. dispersion B. hydrogen bonding C. dipole-dipole

_____1.the force between the SO4 molecules

_____2. The force that account to HF being a liquid, and F2 being a gas.
_____3. The force that arises because of the large difference in electronegativity
between N and H in ammonia (NH3) molecule.

_____4. The attractive force that exist between dipole molecules

_____5. The only intermolecular forces that exist in noble gases.

_____6. The force that result from temporary, induced dipole

B. Identify the most significant intermolecular force in each substance.

A. C3H8 _____________ ________________________________________________________________________

B. CH3OH ____________________________________________________

C. H2S _____________________________________________________

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. A solute is most likely to be highly soluble in a solvent if the solute is _____ and the solvent
is ______.

A. ionic or polar, polar C. non-polar, polar

B. ionic or polar, non-polar D. non-polar, ionic

2. The boiling point of CH4 is much lower than that of HF. This is because:
A. dipole-dipole interactions in CH4. C. of ion-dipole interactions in CH4.
B. of hydrogen bonding in HF. D. D. CH4 is polar.

3. For a given substance, which of the following phase transitions should RELEASE the
most energy.
A. Liquid to gas C. Gas to solid
B. Gas to liquid D. Solid to liquid

4 Which one of the following molecules would be most polar?

A. H2 B. HF C. HI D. HCl

5. Based on the following information:

10
 CF4, Molecular Weight 87.99, Normal Boiling Point -182°C
CCl4, Molecular Weight 153.8, Normal Boiling Point -123°C
Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction in the above
substances can be described ?
A. ion-dipole forces C. repulsive forces
B. dipole-dipole forces (permanent dipoles) D. dispersion (or London) forces

6. Which one of the following substances has London dispersion force as its
only intermolecular force? (No hydrogen bonding, no dipole-dipole forces.)
A. CH3OH B. NH3 C. H2S D. CH4

7. The substance with the largest heat of vaporization is:

A. I2 B. Br2 C. Cl2 D. F2

8. Which one of the following substances would have the highest boiling point?
A. CH3OH B. CO2 C. CH4 D. Kr

9. In aqueous solution, a chloride ion is attracted to which end of the water molecule?
A. the oxygen end which is a negative pole
B. the oxygen end which is the positive pole
C. the hydrogen end which is the positive pole
D. the hydrogen end which is the negative pole

10. Which atom would not participate in hydrogen bonding?

A. N B. F C. C D.O

Activity 6: What’s your Point?

Direction: Use the table below to answer the guide questions. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper

11
Guide Questions:
1. Which intermolecular force appears to be the hardest to overcome with heat?
Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Which intermolecular force appears to be the easiest to overcome with heat?
Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Write a list of intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest:
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

[Link]
[Link]#:~:text=Stronger%20intermolecular%20forces%20will%20also,which%20re
quire%20breaking%20molecules%20apart.&text=Since%20a%20higher%20vapor%20press
ure,to%20a%20higher%20vapor%20pressure.
[Link]
[Link]
studies/support/tutoring-center/chemistry/[Link]
[Link]
/Test1%20More%20Intermolecular%20Force%[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

12