End Module 2025
1- One of the following is CORRECT about the pituitary gland:
a. It is covered by falx cerebri
b. It is located within the cavernous sinus
c. Structurally, adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis are different
d. The thalamus regulates its function
2- Inferior border of the isthmus of the thyroid gland relates to:
a. Ansa cervicalis c. Common carotid artery
b. Inferior thyroid artery d. Inferior thyroid vein
3- Inferior parathyroid gland is derived from:
a. Endoderm of 3rd pharyngeal pouch c. Ectoderm of 3rd pharyngeal cleft
b. Mesoderm of 3rd pharyngeal arch d. Neural crest
4- Regarding the development of endocrine glands, one statement is CORRECT:
a. Infundibular process is the primordium of anterior pituitary
b. Rathke pouch is the primordium of posterior pituitary
c. Suprarenal cortex is endodermal in origin
d. Thyroid rudiment is the primordium of thyroid gland
5- The melatonin is secreted by:
a. Astrocytes b) Pinealocytes
b. Pituicytes d) Chief cells
6- The spongiocytes are present in
a. a) Zona glomerulosa b) Zona fasciculata
b. c) Zona reticularis d) Adrenal medulla
7- As regard the ADH which is wrong?
a. It is synthesized by neuro-secretory cells of supra-optic nucleus
b. It is synthesized by endocrine cells of pars nervosa
c. It is stored in Herring bodies
d. It is a protein in nature
8- Regarding the histological appearance of thyroid follicles, which is correct?
a. They are solid clusters of cells
b. They are hollow spheres lined with simple epithelium
c. They are irregularly shaped glands with no lumen
d. They are tubular structures lined with simple epithelium
9- Which of the following is a major difference between the endocrine and nervous
systems?
a. The endocrine system uses electrical impulses, while nervous system uses hormones.
b. The nervous system has longer-lasting effects compared to the endocrine system.
c. The endocrine system uses chemical messengers that act for a longer duration.
d. The nervous system and endocrine system act independently without interaction.
1
10- Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pineal gland and plays a role in
regulating circadian rhythms?
a) Cortisol b) Melatonin
c) Insulin d) Thyroxine
11- What effect does growth hormone (GH) have on metabolism?
a. Increases fat storage
b. Decreases glucose uptake and increases blood sugar levels
c. Decreases protein synthesis
d. Reduces muscle growth
12- Endothelial cells synthesize which of the following vasodilators?
a. Endothelin-1 b. Thromboxane A2
c. Nitric oxide (NO) d. Angiotensin II
13- Which of the following best describes the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on
the kidneys?
a. Increases calcium excretion and phosphate reabsorption.
b. Has no significant effect on calcium or phosphate handling in the kidneys.
c. Decreases calcium reabsorption and increases phosphate reabsorption.
d. Increases calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption.
14- Which of the following is the primary stimulus for aldosterone secretion?
a. Increased blood glucose.
b. Low serum potassium levels.
c. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
d. Increased cortisol levels.
15- Which of the following describes the effect of growth hormone on metabolism?
a. Stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) release from the liver.
b. Promotes protein catabolism and lipogenesis.
c. Increases glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue.
d. Suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis.
16- In a patient with a suspected syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
secretion (SIADH); which of the following would be expected?
a. Hypernatremia and high serum osmolality.
b. Hyponatremia and low serum osmolality.
c. Hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis.
d. Hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis.
17- The primary site of conversion of inactive vitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) to
active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is:
a. Liver b-Skin
c- Kidney d. small intestine
18- Which hormone is co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells?
a) Glucagon b) Amylin
c) Somatostatin d) Ghrelin
2
19- A patient with pancreatic beta-cell destruction is most likely to have which of the
following laboratory findings?
a. Low fasting glucose and high insulin
b. High C-peptide and low insulin
c. Low C-peptide and low insulin
d. High glucagon and low free fatty acids
20- Cyclic GMP acts as the second messenger for
a. Nerve growth factor b. Atrial natriuretic factor
c) Epinephrine d. Norepinephrine
21- the following is an example of a peptide or protein hormone
a. Thyroid hormone b) Serotonin
c) TRH d) Testosterone
22- the following hormones activates phospholipase C (PLC)
a. TSH b. Insulin
c. Vasopressin (ADH) d. Atrial natriuretic factor
23- Binding of thyroxine to its receptors
a. Activates Adenylate cyclase b. Activates guanylate cyclase
c. Activates a stimulatory G-protein d. Increases transcription
24- The second messenger for PTH is
a. Cyclic AMP b. Cyclic GMP
c. Diacylglycerol d. Inositol triphosphate
25- The second messenger for glucocorticoids is
a. Cyclic AMP b. Cyclic GMP
c. Inositol triphosphate d. No second messenger is required
26- All the following statements about FSH are true except
a. It is a tropic hormone secreted by anterior pituitary
b. Its secretion is increased by gonadotropin releasing hormone
c. It acts on Sertoli cells
d. It increases the synthesis of testosterone
27- Adenylate cyclase is activated by
a. GDP-bearing α-Subunit of G-protein
b. GTP-bearing α-Subunit of G-protein
c. GDP-bearing γ-Subunit of G-protein
d. GTP-bearing γ-Subunit of G-protein
28- All of the followings are true as regard Conn’s syndrome EXCEPT:
a. Hypokalemia b. Hypernatremia
c- Muscle wasting d. Hypotension
3
29- Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
a. Absolute insulin deficiency
b. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
c. Insulin resistance
d. Requires insulin from onset
30- A male patient; 45 - year- old presented with well circumscribed solitary thyroid
nodule. Biopsy was taken and pathological examination revealed presence of micro and
macro- follicles filled with colloid. No vascular or capsular invasion. Which one of the
following is the probable diagnosis?
a. Follicular adenoma b. Medullary carcinoma
c- Follicular carcinoma d. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
31- An increase of growth hormone before epiphyseal closure leads to:
a. Acromegaly b. Gigantism
c- Cushing’s disease d. Hyperthyroidism
32- Gigantism should be treated by the following:
a. GH b- Prolactin inhibitors
c- thyroxine d- octreotide
33- Oxytocin is contraindicated in the following:
a. induction of labor b-incomplete abortion.
c. post-partum hemorrhage d- contracted pelvis
34- Insulin is not given orally because:
a. it is gastric irritant. b- it is destroyed by pepsin.
c- it is destroyed by first pass effect. d- it is acid sensitive
35- Hyperthyroidism is treated by the following drug to prevent sympathomimetic
manifestations:
a. antithyroid drugs b- propranolol
c-adrenaline d- verapamil
36- The following condition is associated with ketoacidosis.
a- hypoglycemic coma b- hyperglycemic coma
c- diabetes insipidus d- hepatic coma
37- The following is/are antihyperglycemic drug:
a. sulfonylureas b-biguanides.
c-thiazolidinedione derivatives. d-glucagon
A female patient fourty Years old, complaining of chronic constipating, Wight gain,
and bradycardia; her primary physician ordered thyroid profile and ECG showing
electrical alter nanas;
38- which of the following is correct regards underlying diagnosis
a. cause of death in this patient is AF
b. Electrical alternans due to pericardial effusion
c. constipation may be related to ischemic bowel
d. thyroid hormone therapy not indicated in this patient
4
39- Next best investigation needed for this patient is:
a. TSH, FT3
b. Echocardiography
c. Abdominal ultrasound
d. 24 hours ambulatory ECG
40- the appropriate treatment for this patient is:
a. pericardiocentesis
b. Laxative drugs
c. Thyroxin
d. Atropine for Bradycardia