1
Example
A voltage of 20 V is required to cause a current of 2 A
to flow in a resistor of resistance 10 Ω.
What voltage would be required to make the same
current flow if the resistance were 40 Ω?
Solution:
V=I.R
V=2*40=80V.
2
Example
Calculate the current flow for the Figure.
3
Solution
Total Resistance= 330+120+1500+47+390+180
=2567 or 2.567k Ω
I=V/R
=9/2567
=0.003506 A
Or
3.506 mA.
4
Example
Calculate for each of the circuits shown in Fig. the
current flowing in the circuit given that R = 3 kΩ.
5
6
Example.
Two filament lamps A and B take 0.8 A and 0.9 A
respectively when connected across 110 V supply. Calculate
the value of current when they are connected in series
across a 220- V supply, assuming the filament resistances to
remain unaltered. Also find the voltage across each lamp.
7
Solution. For lamp A, R1 = 110/0.8 = 137.5 Ω
For lamp B, R2 = 110/0.9 = 122.2 Ω
When the lamps are connected in series, total
resistance is
R_S = 137.5 + 122.2 = 259.7 Ω
Circuit current, I = V/R_S = 220/259.7 = 0.847 A
Voltage across lamp A = IR1 = 0.847 × 137.5 = 116.5 V
Voltage across lamp B = IR2 = 0.847 × 122.2 = 103.5 V
8
Series Parallel Circuit.
Series Parallel
9
Examples
Example No.1
Three capacitors have capacitances of 2, 4 and 8 micro F respectively.
Find the total capacitance when they are connected
i. in parallel
ii. in series
Solution:
i. As we know that in parallel,
C= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
Total capacitance =2+4+8= 14 micro F.
ii.
In case of series connection,
1/Ceq=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3
1/C=1/2+1/4+1/8
=0.5+0.25+0.125=0.875
C=1.143 micro F.
10
Distribution of voltage across
capacitors in series.
V2/V1=C1/C2 …….(i) (V=Q/C) In series Q will remain same
And
V=V1+V2 …….(ii)
V2=V-V1
Substituting for V2 in equation (i)
V-V1/V1=C1/C2
V1=V(C2/C1+C2) …….(iii)
Similarly,
V2=V(C1/C1+C2) …….(iv)
11
Example
Example.
If two capacitors having capacitances of 6 micro F and 10 micro F respectively are connected
in series across a 200V supply, find
a. the p.d across each capacitor,
b. the charge on each capacitor.
a. Solution,
Let V1 and V2 be the [Link] across the 6 micro F and 10 micro F capacitors respectively, then
V1=V(C2/C1+C2)
V1=200(10/6+10)=125V
And
V=V1+V2
V2=200-125=75V OR V2=V(C1/C1+C2)
b. Charge on each capacitor
Q=C.V (Q1=C1.V1)
.000006X125= 750 micro C.
Or
10 microFx75= 750 micro C.
Can be calculated in three different ways.
12
13
Example 1. What is the charge on a 4-F
capacitor charged by 12-V for a time t = RC?
q Capacitor a R = 1400
Qmax
0.63 Q Rise in b
+
+
V i 4 F
Charge - -
Time, t
The time = RC is known
as the time constant.
e = 2.718; e-1 = 0.63
0.37
q CV 1 e t / RC
q CV 1 0.37
q CV 1 e 1
q 0.63CV
Example 1 (Cont.) What is the time constant ?
q Capacitor a R = 1400
Qmax
0.63 Q Rise in b
+
+
V i 4 F
Charge - -
Time, t
The time = RC is known In one time constant
as the time constant. (5.60 ms in this
= (1400 )(4 F) example), the charge
rises to 63% of its
=
= 5.60
5.60 ms
ms maximum value (CV).
RC Circuit: Decay of Current
a R q
As charge q rises, the
b C current i will decay.
+
+
V i
q CV 1 e
C t / RC
- -
CV CVe
dq d t / RC CV t / RC
i e
dt dt RC
Current decay as a V t / RC
capacitor is charged: i e
R
Current Decay
a R i Capacitor
q I
C
b Current
+
+
V i C 0.37 I Decay
- -
Time, t
Consider i when The current is a maximum
t = 0 and t = . of I = V/R when t = 0.
V t / RC The current is zero when
i e t = (because the back
R emf from C is equal to V).
Example 2. What is the current i after one time
constant (RC)? Given R and C as before.
i Capacitor a R = 1400
I
Current b
+
+
0.37 I Decay V i 4 F
- -
Time, t
The time = RC is known
as the time constant.
e = 2.718; e-1 = 0.37
V t / RC V 1 V
i e e i 0.37 0.37imax
R C R
Charge and Current During the
Charging of a Capacitor.
q Capacitor i Capacitor
Qmax I
0.63 I Rise in Current
Charge 0.37 I Decay
Time, t Time, t
In a time of one time constant, the charge q
rises to 63% of its maximum, while the current i
decays to 37% of its maximum value.