Najran University

Faculty of Engineering Dep. of Electrical Engineering

- ELECTRONICS – 1
- BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
231EE-3 + 333EE-3

TUTORIAL - 2
DIODE RECTIFIERS
LECTURER Dr. Salim N. Mursal

Semester: Second Date: 2022 Time: 13:00 – 15:00

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 RECTIFIER DIODES

TUTORIAL OUTLINE:
2–4 Half-Wave Rectifiers
2–5 Full-Wave Rectifiers
2–6 Power Supply Filters and Regulators

KEY TERMS:
◆ Diode ◆ Bias ◆ Forward bias ◆ Reverse bias
◆ V-I characteristic
◆ DC power supply
◆ Rectifier ◆ Filter ◆ Regulator
◆ Half-wave rectifier
◆ Peak inverse voltage (PIV)
◆ Full-wave rectifier
◆ Ripple voltage
◆ Line regulation
◆ Load regulation

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 DIODES & APPLICATIONS
DIODE RECTIFIERS:
Because of their ability to conduct current in one direction and block current in the other direction,
diodes are used in circuits called rectifiers that convert ac voltage into dc voltage. Rectifiers are
found in all dc power supplies that operate from an ac voltage source. A power supply is an
essential part of each electronic system from the simplest to the most complex.

The Basic DC Power Supply:

FIGURE 2–19: Block diagram of a dc power supply with a load and a rectifier.

All active electronic devices require a source of constant dc that can be supplied by a battery or a
dc power supply.
- The dc power supply converts the standard 120 or 220 V, 50 - 60 Hz ac voltage into a
constant dc voltage. The dc power supply is one of the most common circuits you will find,
so it is important to understand how it works.
A basic block diagram of the complete power supply is shown in Figure 2–19.

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 - Generally, the ac input line voltage is stepped down to a lower ac voltage with a
transformer (it may be stepped up when higher voltages are needed or there may be no
transformer at all in rare instances).
- The rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage, called a half-wave
rectified voltage, as shown in Figure 2–19(b).
- The filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively
smooth dc voltage.
- The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage for variations in the input
line voltage or in the load.
- Regulators vary from a single semiconductor device to more complex integrated circuits.
- The load is a circuit or device connected to the output of the power supply and operates
from the power supply voltage and current.

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

CENTER-TAPPED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

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 BRIDGE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

EXAMPLE 2.1:

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EXAMPLE 2.2:
Determine the peak value of the output voltage for Figure 2–28 if the turns ratio is 0.5.

FIGURE 2–28

SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE 2.3:

VAVG is approximately 63.7% of VP for a full-wave rectified voltage.

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Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier Operation:

EXAMPLE 2.4:
(a) Show the voltage waveforms across each half of the secondary winding and across RL when a 100 V
peak sine wave is applied to the primary winding in Figure 2–36.
(b) What minimum PIV rating must the diodes have?

FIGURE 2–36

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SOLUTION:

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier Operation:

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EXAMPLE 2.5:

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SOLUTION:

POWER SUPPLY FILTERS AND REGULATORS:

FIGURE 2–46: Comparison of ripple voltages for half-wave and full-wave rectified voltages with the
same filter capacitor and load and derived from the same sinusoidal input voltage.

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EXAMPLE 2.6:

SOLUTION:

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Voltage Regulators:

Percent Regulation
• Line Regulation: specifies how much change occurs in the output voltage for a given change
in the input voltage. It is typically defined as a ratio of a change in output voltage for a
corresponding change in the input voltage expressed as a percentage.

• Load Regulation:

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EXAMPLE 2.7:

SOLUTION:

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PROBLEMS:

2.3 Draw the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 2–93 and include the voltage values.
- What is the PIV across each diode in Figure 2–93?
- Calculate the VAVG of a half-wave rectified voltage with a peak value of 200 V.
- What is the peak forward current through each diode in Figure 2–93?
- A power-supply transformer has a turns ratio of 5:1. What is the secondary voltage if the primary
is connected to a 120 V rms source?
- Determine the peak and average power delivered to RL in Figure 2–94.

(a) (b)

2.2 Determine the peak and average

2.3 Sketch the voltage waveform across

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2.4 Draw the output voltage
waveform for the bridge rectifier in
Figure 2–97. Notice that all the
diodes are reversed from circuits
shown earlier in the chapter.

2.5 If the transformer has a 36 V rms secondary voltage rating, and the line voltage frequency of
60 Hz.
- Determine the peak-to-peak ripple, Vr(P-P), and dc output, voltage VDC and the Ripple
Factor Vr in Figure 2–98.
- Draw the following voltage waveforms in relationship to the input waveforms: VAB, VAD,
and VCD.
- 29. If the no-load output voltage of a regulator is 15.5 V and the full-load output is 14.9 V,
what is the percent load regulation?
- If one of the diodes in a bridge rectifier opens, what happens to the output?

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2.6 Consider the meter indications in each circuit of Figure 2–106, and determine whether the diode
is: functioning properly, or whether it is open or shorted. Assume the ideal model.

(a) (b)
1) functioning properly, 1) functioning properly,

2) open or, 2) open or,

3) shorted. 3) shorted.

(c) (d)
1) functioning properly, 1) functioning properly,

2) open or, 2) open or,

3) shorted. 3) shorted.

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2.7 Determine the voltage with respect to ground at each point in Figure 2–107. Assume the
practical model.

2.8 Each part of Figure 2–109 shows oscilloscope displays of various rectifier output voltages. In
each case, determine whether or not the rectifier is functioning properly and if it is not, determine
the most likely failure(s).

2.9 From the meter readings in Figure 2–108, determine if the rectifier is functioning properly. If
it is not, determine the most likely failure(s).

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