SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

(SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS &

SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS)
Presentation by- Dr. Vivek Pandya

[Link]@[Link]
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Phone: (079)23275424
 Principle Source’s for PPT:

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – REVIEW OF BASICS

TRANSFORMERS

GENERATORS &
MOTORS

PRIMARY WINDING SECONDARY WINDING

3 (SOURCE SIDE) (LOAD SIDE)
ELECTRICAL MACHINES – CLASSIFICATION
FARADAY’s LAW OF
EMI

FARADAY’s LAW
OF STATICALLY FARADAY’s LAW OF DYNAMICALLY
INDUCED EMF INDUCED EMF
4 (E = -N (dø / dt ) (E = - BlVsinø )
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – CLASSIFICATION-
Transformers (Application)

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – CLASSIFICATION-
Transformers (Type of Construction)

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – CLASSIFICATION-
Transformers

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – CLASSIFICATION

8 WHY A STATIC MACHINE THAT OPERATES ON DC DOES NOT EXIST?

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

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WILL STUDY THIS SEMESTER
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
CLASSIFICATION OF AC ROTATING MACHINES
AC ROTATING MACHINES

GENERATORS MOTORS

SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION

WILL STUDY THIS SEMESTER

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS

YOU HAVE STUDIED

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS-
TRANSFORMERS

INPUT
OUTPUT
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
AC (V,I)
AC (V,I)

% EFFICIENCY ( IDEAL 100%)

% VOLTAGE REGULATION (IDEAL 0 %)
DOMAINS TO DEAL WITH : 02 (ELECTRICAL & MAGNETIC)
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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS-
GENERATORS

OUTPUT
INPUT
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL
AC / DC
(SPEED , TORQUE)
(V,I)

% EFFICIENCY ( IDEAL 100%)

% VOLTAGE REGULATION (IDEAL 0 %)

15 DOMAINS TO DEAL WITH : 03 (ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC & MECHANICAL)

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS-
MOTORS

INPUT
ELECTRICAL OUTPUT
AC / DC MECHANICAL
(V,I) (SPEED , TORQUE)

% EFFICIENCY ( IDEAL 100%)

% SPEED REGULATION (IDEAL 0 %)
16 DOMAINS TO DEAL WITH : 03 (ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC & MECHANICAL)
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS / ALTERNATORS SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

WE WILL START WITH

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-SIGNIFICANCE

GENERATORS ARE SOURCE OF ENERGY

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-SIGNIFICANCE

GENERATORS ARE SOURCE OF ENERGY

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-SIGNIFICANCE

SUN – SOURCE OF LIFE FOR US

20 GENERATORS – SOURCE OF LIFE FOR POWER SYSTEM
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-SIGNIFICANCE

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION
Synchronous Generator
is a
rotating machine
which converts
mechanical power (Energy) from a
PRIME MOVER (Turbine -while operating at
Constants Speed)
to
AC Electric Power (Energy)
at a
Specific Voltage (V) & Frequency (f)
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION
• Synchronous Generators are generally 3-ø Units Machine

• Produces Power in Bulk

• Thermal or Hydro Power Stations

• Size / Capacity range 10 MVA to 750 MVA

• Indian Power Plant typical Unit Size – 210 MW, 330MW,

500 MW, 660 MW
• Power plants are rated in MW while Generators are
rated in MVA
• Most Common Voltages of Generation are : 3.3 KV , 6.6
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KV, 11KV, 13.2KV, 15KV, 21.2 KV, 33 KV
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

90%
STATOR
10% 100%

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

LETS WATCH A SMALL VIDEO IN ORDER

TO UNDERSTAND HOW A
SYNCHRONOUS GENRATOR WORKS ?
(Video 0)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION
AC POWER GENERATION

STATIONARY FIELD + ROTATING ARMATURE

(SMALL GENERATORS)

ROTATING FIELD +
STATIONARY ARMATURE
(LARGE GENERATORS)
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

ROTATING FIELD

EXCITER WINDING / FIELD WDG / FIELD POLES

(Where DC Supply is Given to Produce Field)

ROTOR
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS-INTRODUCTION

STATIONARY ARMATRE

ARMATURE WINDING (Where AC Power (3-ø) is

Produced)

STATOR
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
ADVANTAGES OF STATIONARY ARMATURE & ROTATING FIELD
• Easy Connectivity to load
• Easy placement of Stator Winding in frame
• Ease of Cooling and its related design
• Easy to Insulate Armature winding for GENERATION
VOLTAGE
• Better Stability against Electrodynamic forces during
short circuits
• Two Slip rings to feed DC supply to rotor
• Overall reduced Size
• Easy Access for Maintenance & Repairs of Stator WDG
• Simpler rotor construction allows high speed rotor
design
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
SPEED & FREQUENCY
• Frequency of generated emf depends upon Number of
filed poles (P) & the speed (N) at which the poles are
rotated
• One Complete Cycle of AC Voltage wave is generated in
Armature (Stator) coil when pair of field poles ( N & S)
passes over the coil.

Let P = Total Number of Filed Poles R

p = Pair of Field Poles O
T
N = Speed of Field Poles in R.P.M. O
n = Speed of Field Poles in r.p.s. R

f = Frequency of generated EMF STATOR WDG

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
SPEED & FREQUENCY
• We can write (N/60) =n and (P/2) =p
• In one revolution of the rotor , an armature coil is cut by
(P/2) North poles & (P/2) South Poles. Since One cycle is
generated in armature coil when a pair of field passes over
the coil, the number of cycle generated in one revolution
of the rotor will be equal to the number of pairs of poles ;
number of cycles per revolution = p
Number of revolutions per second = n

Hence Frequency = number of cycles per second

= (number of cyles / revolution) × (revolutions /seconds)
f = p × n = (P/2) × (N/60) = (PN/120 )
33 Frequency of Generated EMF f=(PN/120)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

f=(PN/120)
•Now, Frequency of Generated EMF
• Hence we can write Synchronous speed
Ns = (120f /P)
• Relation between frequency of generation,
Number of Poles , Speed of Rotor (Prime
Mover)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED

•Now, Frequency of Generated EMF f=(PN/120)

• For generating the supply @ 50 HZ the Number of
poles & Ns permutation / combination will be
Number of Poles Synchronous Speed Ns in RPM
(Rotor / Prime Mover Speed )
2 3000
4 1500
6 1000
8 750
10 600
12 500
35 DESIGN NEEDS (LIMITATIONS) OF HIGH SPEEDS OPERATION (TURBINE + GENERATOR)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
CONSTRUCTION
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
(GENERATOR / MOTOR)

STATOR – Carries Armature ROTOR – Carries Field Winding-

Winding - GIVES 3-Ph Creates filed –
36 Generated Power – INPUT (Mech + El) GIVEN
OUTPUT TAKEN
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION

Stator Core

Armature Teeth's

Stator Frame

Armature Winding Coil

/ Conductors
Armature Slots

FRAME – Supports core -Cast Iron (Small Machines)- Welded Steel (Large Machines)
STATOR CORE- Establishing Field- High Grade Silicon Steel Laminations – f depended losses
WINDING - SUPPLIES ACPOWER PRODUCED- High grade Copper - 3 ø Wdg Connected in STAR / DELTA
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLOTS

OPEN TYPE – Used Widely- Winding & Repairing Easy – Disturbs AG Flux - Ripples in EMF

SEMIN ENCLOSED- Distributes Flux Evenly – Ripples Reduced – Winding Difficult

CLOSED TYPE - Distributes Flux Evenly – Ripples Reduced – Difficulty in winding – Increased Labor cost-
seldom used
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION
A three-phase windings is placed in slots cut on the inner surface of the
stationary part. The ends of these windings can be connected in star or
delta to form a three phase connection. These windings are fed from a
three-phase ac supply (Motor) or connected to a three-phase ac load (Gen)

39 [Link]
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- STATOR CONSTRUCTION

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

Cylindrical Rotor / Round Rotor / Salient Pole Rotor / Protruding Pole

Turbo Alternator / High Speed Rotor / Hydro Alternator / Low Speed
43 Generators / Two Pole Generators Generators / Multi –Pole Generators
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

Cylindrical Rotor Salient Pole Rotor

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

Cylindrical Rotor Salient Pole Rotor

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- ROTOR CONSTRUCTION

Cylindrical Rotor Salient Pole Rotor

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR
Used with rotor of four or more poles – Hydro Alternators-
Low Speed Machines- Hydro Generations

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR

•Shaft
• Poles (Pole body-Pole core-Pole Shoe)
• Steel Spider
•Field Winding Coils (Their Inter connection)
•Damper Winding
48 • Non-Uniform Air-gap –Effect on Generated EMF
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SALIENT POLE ROTOR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CYLINDRICAL ROTOR

Used with rotor of two poles – Turbo Alternators-High Speed Machines

– Steam based Generation
• Solid Steel rotor Shaft
• Two Poles are created circulating DC supply in to rotor Distributed Wdg
•Damper Winding less required – Rotor body acts as Damper
53 •Uniform Air-gap –Effect on Generated EMF
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CYLINDRICAL ROTOR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR ALTERNATOR

Poles are projecting out from the surface Un-slotted portion of the cylinder acts as poles hence
poles are non-projecting
The air gap is non-uniform The air gap is uniform due to the smooth cylindrical
periphery
Diameter is high and the axial length is small Small diameter and the large axial length is the feature
Mechanically weak Mechanically strong
Preferred for low-speed alternators Preferred for high-speed alternators
Prime mover used are water, I.C. engines Prime movers used are steam turbines, electric motors
For the same size, the rating is smaller than the For the same size, the rating is higher than Salient pole
cylindrical type type
This rotor is also called as Projected pole type This rotor is also called as non-salient or non-projected
pole type
This is preferred for low-speed alternators This is preferred for high-speed alternators ranging from
ranging from 125 r.p.m to 500 RPM 1500 r.p. m to 3000 RPM.
Separate damper winding is provided / Separate damper winding is not provided / not required
required
Used in hydrogenation / Hydro power plants Used in Thermal Power Plants (Steam based
Generation)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

Lets watch following videos to understand :

1. Turbo alternator (Cylindrical Rotor

Generator) for Thermal Power Generation
(Video- A)
2. Hydro-alternator (Salient Pole Generator)
for Hydro Power Generation
(Video- B)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

Generator

Exciter
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- SOME PICS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Excitation is supply of DC current / DC Power to rotor winding(Field Winding) in order to
produce flux / Magnetic Field / Filed Poles

Small machines – dc generator (exciter)

– pilot exciter- mounted on same shaft

MEDIUM MACHINES – AC EXCITERS –

Excitation Systems rotating rectifier bridge – mounted on
same shaft- Supplied through brushes
and slip rings to the rotor winding

LARGE MACHINES- BRUSH LESS EXCITATION SYSTEM-

Small direct-coupled Inverted AC generator + rotating
rectified bridge mounted on the slotted rotor shaft –
Supplies Main Field

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – EXCITATION SYSTEMS

Small machines – dc generator (exciter)

– pilot exciter- mounted on same shaft

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – EXCITATION SYSTEMS

LARGE MACHINES- BRUSH LESS EXCITATION SYSTEM-

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES – BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEMS

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 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES –EXCITATION SYSTEMS

LETS WATCH COUPLE OF VIDEOS TO

UNDERSTAND EXCITATION SYSTEMS:

[Link] Excitation System -1 (General

Details)
[Link] Excitation System – 2 (Brushless
Excitation Working)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING PRINCIPLE / VOLTAGE GENERATION
How does a synchronous generator work?
1- Apply DC current to rotor winding
(field winding)
2- Rotate the shaft (rotor) with constant speed.
3- Rotor magnetic field will create flux linkages in
stator coils and as a result AC-Sinusoidal voltage will
be produced because of Faraday’s Law.

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

IN ORDER TO GET BETTER CLARITY ABOUT BASIC

CONSTRUCTION & OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR LETS WATCH A
SMALL VIDEO (Video-1)

[Link]

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- ARMATURE WINDING & ASSOCIATED TERMINOLOGIES

Different Types of Armature Windings – The

Terms Electrical Angle , Pole Pitch, Coil, Coil
Pitch or Span, Slot Pitch, Phase Spread, Coil Span
Factor , Distribution Factor, Winding Factor

YOU WILL LEARN IN ELECTRICAL

MACHINES DESIGN IN SEM 7 / SEM 8 in
Detail

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONISM

There are two Field present in Air-gap

for any Synchronous Machines:
1. Due to rotor excitation called Field
Flux (Revolves at rotor speed /
Synchronous Speed)
2. Due to three phase load on stator
winding (3-Phase RMF – Revolves at
Synchronous Speed )
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONISM

“The Phenomena of
tendency of Locking of
opposite type of
Magnetic poles of the
fields produced by rotor
& Stator is called
96 Synchronism”
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONISM

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONISM

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS- CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONISM
Rotor Field Speed in
Speed of Prime Mover Rotor Speed
Air-gap

N S

S N

Stator Filed in Air-gap (

Frequency of Induced EMF Load (I) of Generator & Its
Rotating field Produced by
in Stator Type
3-Ph load currents)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR -EMF EQUATION

100
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR -EMF EQUATION

101
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR -EMF EQUATION

TERMS POPULARLY KNOWN AS :

Induced Emf / Ph
Open Circuit Voltage / Ph
No-load Voltage / Ph
Excitation emf / Ph
Internal Machines Voltage / ph
Voltage Behing Synchronous Reactance / Ph

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE REACTION

No Load Operation Main Field (Fm)

On Load Operation Main Field (Fm) + Armature Field (Fa)

The Effect of Armature (Stator) Field (Flux) on the

Main Filed (Flux )produced by rotor poles is called
ARMATURE REACTION

• The Armature reaction will be studied for three

extreme load conditions i.e. (UNITY POWER FACTOR,
Zero Lagging Power Factor , Zero Leading Power Factor
Load)
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE REACTION

LETS UNDERSTAND ON BOARD THROUGH

PHASOR DIAGRAM

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE REACTION –SUMMARY

1. The armature reaction flux (Ia = 1.5 Iarm) is constant in magnitude and rotates at
synchronous speed.

2. When generator supplies a load at unity pf, the armature reaction is cross-
magnetizing.

3. When generator supplies a load at zero pf lagging, the armature reaction in demagnetizing.

4. When generator supplies a load at zero pf leading, the armature reaction is magnetizing.

5. In all the cases, if the armature-reaction flux is assumed to act independently of the main
field flux, it induces voltage in each phase which lags the respective phase current by 90°.
Hence armature reaction causes an armature reactance drop.

105
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – ARMATURE REACTION EFFECT
ON
EMF GENERATED

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – ARMATURE REACTION EFFECT
ON
EMF GENERATED

Leading

From the above discussion, it is concluded that Ea is always in phase quadrature with the
load current I and proportional to it. It, therefore, resembles with the emf induced in an
inductive reactance so that the effect of armature reaction is exactly as if the stator
winding has a reactance Xa = Ea/I. Whereas Xa is termed as armature reaction reactance.

Thus, an armature reaction produces a reactance effect in the

armature winding called
107 armature reaction reactance
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – ARMATURE REACTION EFFECT SUMMARY

CROSS
MAGNETIZING
CROSS & DE- CROSS &
MAGNETIZING øa MAGNETIZING

øa
øa

UNITY P.F.
øa
DE-MAGNETIZING MAGNETIZING ZERO PF LEAD
øa
ZERO PF LAG
Ø rotor

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – ARMATURE REACTION EFFECT SUMMARY

Zero P.F. Lead

TERMINAL VOLTAGE 0.8 P.F. Lead

Unity P.F.

0.8 P.F. Lag

0 P.F. Lag

LOAD CURRENT

EFFECT OF ARMATURE REACTION ON TERMINAL VOLTAGE

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – ARMATURE REACTION

LETS WATCH A VIDEO –

ARMATURE REACTION AND ITS EFFECTS

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

WHAT IS SIGNIFICANCE
OF
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
/
WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO
DEVELOP
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE WINDING - RESISTANCE

• DC Resistance of Armature Winding =

• Actual AC Resistance of Armature Winding = 1.25 to 1.75 times DC

resistance( Skin Effect)
• SIGNIFICANCE OF WINDING RESISTANCE ( VOLTAGE REGULATION ,
EFFICIENCY)
• Generally X R for Electrical Machines

• For Generators the design range for X / R ratio is 10 to 80

• For accurate calculations both X , R needs to be considered (e.g. Efficiency)

• For approximate calculation (for sake of ease in understanding many times

R is neglected compared to X because of high X/R – ratio)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE WINDING -LEAKAGE REACTANCE

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –ARMATURE WINDING -LEAKAGE REACTANCE

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

ROTOR / FIELD WDG +

SATOR / ARMATURE WDG
Damper Winding

•Input (Mechanical + Electrical)

•Rotor , rotor field & Field produced by Stator rotates at Synchronous Speed
•Nothing Induces in rotor Winding & core in steady state Condition
• Rotor winding, core & damper Winding magnetically coupled with Stator Winding
• Steady state condition rotor is having Rf & Lf subjected to dc supply
• Effect of rotor winding components will be included in deriving stator winding
equivalent (Recall Transformer / Induction Motor Equi. Ckt refereed on one side) ckt

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

ROTOR / FIELD WDG +

SATOR / ARMATURE WDG
Damper Winding

•OUTPUT (Electrical- 3 Ph. Power Generates Here)

• Stator Winding Resistance ( Armature Resistance – R) (REAL)
•Stator Winding Self Inductance (L) (Responsible for Induced EMF –E) (REAL)
• Stator Winding Leakage Inductance (Ll) (Produces XL leakage reactance of
Armature winding – Responsible for reducing Over all Voltage developed in
Stator) (Fictitious)
• Stator Winding Armature Reaction Inductance (Lar) (Produces Xa Armature
reaction reactance– Responsible for reducing Over all Voltage developed in
Stator) (Fictitious)

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

Due to Interaction of
Stationary Armature
Conductors & rotating field
E poles due to depending on
INDUCTANCE OF STATOR
WINDING an ALTERNATING
EMF – E in Produced in
Stator Winding Conductors

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

Inclusion of Armature Resistance

(R or Ra)
E

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

Inclusion of Armature Leakage

Reactance (Xl)
E

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

R Xl

Inclusion of Armature Reaction

Reactance (Xar)
E

120
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

R Xl Xar

L
Inclusion of Load (I)
O
E A
D

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

R Xl Xar

No Load Condition L
E (I = 0 and E = V) V O
A
D

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

+ R -+ Xl - + Xar -
I
I
+
+
Load Condition L
E (E V ----- Resistive &
Inductive Load / Unity or
V O
A
Lagging PF load)) D
-
-

I
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR –EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DEVELOPEMENT

- R + - Xl + - Xar +

I I
+
+
Load Condition L
E (V E ----- Capacitive or
Leading PF load))
V O
A
D
-
-

I
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SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE & SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

R Xs =Xl + Xar

I I
Since the effect of Armature
Reaction & Leakage
Reactance is similar They L
E are Combined to represent V O
and termed as A
SYNCHRONOUS D
RECTANCE(Xs = Xl + Xar)

I
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SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE & SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

R Xs Zs = R + j Xs
I I
The combined effect on
armature induced EMF (E)
impacted by Armature L
Resistance (R) (Actual) &
E Synchronous Reactance (Xs
V O
A
= Xl +Xar ) (Fictitious) is
D
denoted by Synchronous
Impedance (Zs)

I
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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- Final Equivalent Circuit

Zs = R + j Xs
Zs I
I

L
E V O
A
D

I
127
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

128
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

I V

129
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

I V

130 IR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

IXs

I V

131 IR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

IZs IXs

I V

132 IR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

E or E0

IZs IXs

I V

133 IR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-UNITY PF

E or E0

IZs IXs

σ I V
V E
134 IR
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

I IR

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 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

IXs
V

I IR

137
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

IZs
IXs
V

I IR

138
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

E or E0
IZs
IXs
V

I IR

139
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LAG PF

E or E0
IZs
IXs
σ V
ø IR
I V E
140
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

V
141
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

V IR
142
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

I IXs

V IR
143
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

I IXs
IZs

V IR
144
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

E or E0 IXs
I IZs

V IR
145
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- PHASOR DIAGRAM-LEAD PF

E or E0 IXs
I IZs

σ
ø
V IR
V E
146
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE-
UNITY PF

+
147
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE-
LAGGING PF

148
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE-
LEADING PF

149
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE-
APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS (considering σ Very small)

150
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR-
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

OUTPUT
INPUT
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL
AC / DC
(SPEED , TORQUE)
(V,I)

% EFFICIENCY ( IDEAL 100%)

% VOLTAGE REGULATION (IDEAL 0 %)

151
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- VOLATGE REGULATION

The rise in terminal voltage when the given

load is thrown off, the excitation and speed
remaining constant, is called the voltage
regulation of a synchronous generator
(alternator).

152
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR- VOLATGE REGULATION
Positive (+) value for UNITY
& LAGGING p.f. LOAD

% VOLTAGE Negative (-) value for

REGULATION LEADING p.f. LOAD

Zero (0) for Condition

IR Cos ø = IXs Sinø
153
 S.G.- METHODS TO FIND VOLATGE REGULATION
METHODS TO FIND % VR

Direct Method Indirect Methods

LOAD TEST

[Link] IMPEDANCE or EMF Method

2. Ampere-turn or MMF Method
3. Zero Power Factor (ZPF) or Potier Method
154
 S.G.- LOAD TEST TO FIND VOLATGE REGULATION
1. Run the SG with Synchronous Speed
2. Give Excitation to built-up Rated Voltage V
3. Load the SG with Rated Load – Rated Current
with Rated PF
4. Remove the Load (Keep Speed & Excitation
Constant)
5. Record No load Voltage E0
6. Determine

This Method is used for small M/C (up to 5 KVA)

155
S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR
This method is based on the concept of replacing the
effect of armature reaction by a fictitious reactance.

V = Eo – I Zs Where Zs = R + jXs

[Link] Circuit Test D.C. Resistance Test /

[Link] Circuit Test V-I Method

156
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR- OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

•TEST METHOD
•PLOT O.C. C ( If E ) (E : Open Ckt Voltage per Phase )

157
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR- SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

•TEST METHOD
•PLOT S.C. C ( If Isc ) (Isc : Short ckt current per Phase )

158
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR- PLOT OF OCC & SCC

NOTE : Draw the O.C.C. and S.C.C. curves on a common field current If
159
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR- Calculation of Zs

Find out the value of Isc for a If which Gives rated E

Zs = Open Circuit Voltage / Phase (E )
For the same value of Field Current If
Short Circuit Armature Current (Isc)

Zs = AB (Volts )
AC (Amperes)

160
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR- D.C. Resistance Test

Because of SKIN effect The actual resistance of the armature of

an alternator offered to AC supply is 1.25 to 1.75 times to that of
DC resistance.
Typically the value of Rac= (1.25 * Rdc) is taken

ONCE HAVING VALUES OF Zs , Xs and R with us the % VR for different values of

161 load (I) can be easily calculated using V = Eo – I Zs & % VR = (Eo – V) / V * 100
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR-
ASSUMPTIONS / LIMITATIONS

1. The Synchronous Impedance is Constant

NON-LINEAR REGION – Zs is
decreasing (Zs - saturated)

•Zs obtained under test Condition is larger then

condition when field saturates
• Effect of saturation is not taken in to account
• Results in the Error in Synch. Impe. Method

LINEAR REGION – Zs is
Constant (Zs –Un saturated)

162
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR-
ASSUMPTIONS / LIMITATIONS
2. The flux under test condition is same that of under load condition

•Due to armature reaction (Cross Mag,

De-Magnetizing , Magnetizing ) Given
value of If will not produce the same
value of resultant flux in Air-gap &
Generated Voltage in Stator Wdg

• Effect of Armature reaction is not

considered while Open Circuit Voltage
(E) obtained from this method results in
to higher (E) and higher Zs then in
Actual

163
 S.G.- SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD for %VR-
ASSUMPTIONS / LIMITATIONS
3. The effect of Armature Reaction flux can be replaced by a voltage drop
proportional to the armature current

This assumption also causes errors because the shift of armature flux varies with
the power factor and the load current.
4. The magnetic reluctance to the armature flux is considered to be constant
regardless of the power factor

True for Cylindrical rotor Machines but for Salient pole machines the same
assumption introduces error in Zs as Magnetic reluctance depends upon pf of load
due to Non-Uniform Air-gap

Because of mainly these limitations (Non consideration of Saturation & Armature Reaction
Effect), the calculated value of Zs by this test will be Higher then Actual value results in to
Higher Regulation (Poor Regulation ) Values then actual loading.

HENCE THIS METHOD IS CALLED PESSIMISTIC METHOD OF REGULATION

164
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
or
Amp-turn METHOD for %VR-
•The synchronous impedance method is based on the concept of replacing the effect of
armature reaction by a fictitious reactance. Accordingly, some assumptions were made.
But due to those assumptions, the voltage regulation obtained by that method was
higher than the actual value

•The MMF method replaces the effect of “armature leakage reactance” by an

equivalent additional “armature reaction mmf “ so that this mmf may be combined
with “Armature Reaction mmf”

To determine the regulation of an alternator by mmf method, the following

information is required:

(i) The resistance of the stator winding per phase.

(ii) Open-circuit characteristics at synchronous speed.
(iii) Short-circuit characteristics.

165
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE

E’ Isc 1. Draw OCC & SCC for the

Generator

EMF Ia

If ’ If2 If
166
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
2. Take Armature terminal Voltage per Phase (Rated Voltage) (V) as reference phasor and plot it
as OA

V
O A

167
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
3. Draw OB at an angle ø of load power factor with magnitude of Ia (Load current ) at which
regulation to be find

V
A
O
Ia

B
168
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
4. Draw AC parallel to OB of the value signifying Armature resistance Voltage drop (Ia Ra)

V
A Ia Ra
O
Ia C

B
169
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
5. Join OC Which represents Emf E’
6. From OCC plot , find field current (If’) corresponding to EMF (E’)

V
O A Ia Ra
E’
Ia C

B
170
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
7. Plot filed current (If’) leading the EMF (E’) by 90°. (It is assumed that on short circuit all the
excitation is opposed by the mmf of armature reaction and armature reactance.
Thus If’= If’ @ angle (90°-€)

If ’

V
O € A Ia Ra
E’
Ia C

B
171
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
8. From SCC determine the field current (If2) required to circulate rated current on short
circuit. This is the filed current required to overcome “synchronous reactance drop-Ia
Xa”. Draw the field current If2 in phase opposition to Ia.

If ’

If2

V
€ A Ia Ra
O
ø E’
Ia C

B
172
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
9. Determine the phasor sum of If2 & If’, which will give resultant field current If

If ’
If

If2

V
€ A Ia Ra
O
ø E’
Ia C

B
173
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
10. If will generate the open circuit voltage (Eo) in the generator for given loading condition.
Determine the value of Eo by using If from OCC. Plot Eo lagging 90° to If.

If ’
If Eo

If2

V
€ A Ia Ra
O
ø E’
Ia C

B
174
 S.G.- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF) METHOD
PROCEDURE
11. Calculate % VR = (Eo-V) / V * 100, for given loading condition

Repeat the process of MMF method to find out % VR for different loads with
different power factor

If ’
If Eo

If2

V
€ A Ia Ra
O
ø E’
Ia C

B
175
NOTE : USE ASHFAQ HUSSAIN BOOK TO UNDERSTAND & PRACTICE THIS METHOD
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
This method is based on separation of armature leakage reactance drop (EMF) and armature
reaction effects (MMF).
Method CONSIDERATION FOR VOLTAGE DROP
IaRa IaXL IaXa
emf Considered as part of emf Considered as part of emf Considered as part of emf
mmf Considered as part of field Considered as part of field Considered as part of field
mmf mmf mmf
zpf Considered as part of emf Considered as part of emf Considered as a part of mmf

The summary of above table clearly proves that ZPF is more accurate & reliable method to
determine Voltage regulation as it treats the drops & mmfs in their original domain and
separately. In this method “armature leakage reactance” is called “Potiar Reactance” and
hence it is called sometimes Potier reactance method also.
The following data is required to determine VR by this method
(i) Effective resistance of Armature(Stator) wdg Per Phase (Obtained by DC test)
(ii) open-circuit characteristic ( No-load test and plotting OCC)
(iii) field current to circulate full-load current in the stator during SCC (Short Ckt Test)
(iv) zero-power factor full-load characteristic (ZPFC)
(a curve plotted between terminal voltage and field current while the machine is
being running on synchronous speed and delivering full-load current at zero power
factor)

176 We shall discuss the Method to Plot ZERO POWER FACTOR CHERECERISTIC
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC

177
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC

1. The machine is rotated at rated synchronous speed by a prime-mover.

2. A pure inductive load (variable load reactors) is connected across the
armature terminals and the excitation or field current of the
alternator is raised so as to cause flow of full-load armature current.
3. The value of the reactance is then increased step by step in such a
way that the excitation current is adjusted to a value that causes full-
load rated armature current to flow. In the process, the armature
terminal-voltages are varied from 125 % to 25 % of the rated voltage
in steps, maintaining the speed and rated armature current constant
throughout the test.
4. Note down the armature terminal(Va)voltages and excitation currents
(If) at each step.
5. Draw a curve between terminal voltage and excitation current, as
shown in next slide. It gives the zero power factor (lagging)
characteristic (Drawn at keeping speed and rated current constant @
each reading)
178
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line
1. First of all draw the O.C.C. ( Open circuit
Terminal voltage / Phase verses field
current) & also draw Air-Gap line (A line
which is tangent to O.C.C .)

V / Phase

179
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line
ZPFC @ full
Load

2. Draw ZPFC from reading obtained from the setup

discussed. The obtained curve will be like OCC only
while shifting right side of the OCC.

V / Phase Intersection of ZPFC on field current axis at Point A

Gives field current OA (Ifsc) corresponding to full load
armature current on short circuit. (Cross verify)

(OA is field current required to make flow of full load

armature current during short circuit. Hence OA
represents the field current required to over come
demagnetizing effect of armature reaction and to
O A balance leakage reactance drop at full load ZPF
Ifsc (Observe the Voltage is Zero )
180
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line
ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
3. Draw aline XP ( having magnitude equal to the field
current (Ifzp) at rated output voltage for ZPFC and
cuts ZPFC @ P)
V / Phase

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
181
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line
ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
Q
4. From point P , Draw PQ equal and parallel to OA

V / Phase

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
182
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line R
ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
Q
5. Draw a Parallel line(QR) to Air-gap flux line starting
from Q and ending on OCC.
V / Phase

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
183
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line R
ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
Q
6. Join RP to complete triangle (PQR) which is called
POTIER triangle. This triangle is constant for a given
armature current.
V / Phase

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
184
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air-
Gap
Line R
ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
Q S
7. Draw RS perpendicular to PQ.

Now ,
V / Phase
• RS represents the Armature Leakage Reactance Drop (IaXL)

• PS gives field current required to over come demagnetizing

effect of armature reaction (@ full load, rated voltage, ZPF)

• QS gives field current required to over Armature leakage

reactance drop RS (@ full load, rated voltage, ZPF)

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
185
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air- Ia XL (Armature
Gap Leakage reactance
Line R drop)

ZPFC @ full
Load
X
V(Rated) P
Q S
Iar (If required to
counter Armature
V / Phase reaction effect

IL (If required to counter

Armature leakage
reactance drop)

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
186
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
PLOTTING OF ZPFC & OBTAINING POTIAR REACTANCE

Air- Ia XL (Armature
Gap Leakage reactance
Line R drop)

ZPFC @ full
Load Iar (If required to
X counter Armature
V(Rated) P reaction effect
Q S
IL (If required to counter
Armature leakage
V / Phase
reactance drop)

The POTIAR REACTANCE

XL = RS ( Voltage drop / Phase)
Iaph (Full load armature Current Per phase)

O A Ifzp
Ifsc
187
If
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION
Once the potier reactance is obtained the voltage regulation can be obtained drawing Phasor
diagram as per following:
For a given generator loading condition:
1. Draw Rated Terminal Voltage Phasor as Ref

Va

188
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

2. Draw current phasor at an angle ø (lagging or Leading the Voltage as per load)

Va

Ia
189
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

3. Draw resistive drop (Ia Ra) in phase with Ia and Portiar Reactance drop (IaXL)
perpendicular to Ia

C
Va
O A IaXL
B
IaRa
Ia
190
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

4. Join OC which represents EMF (E). Obtain field current corresponding to it from O.C.C.
Let this excitation be If1.
(This Excitation If1 considers the effect of resistive drop(Iara) & Armature Leakage
Reactance drop (IaXl) but does not consider excitation required to counter effect of
armature reaction. )

E C
O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
191
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

5. Draw If1 leading E by 90°

If1

E C

O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
192
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

6. Obtain field current required to balance Armature Reaction Effect (If2= FG=PS) from
potier Triangle and plotted from point F in parallel (Phase opposition ) to Ia

G
If2
F

If1

E C

O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
193
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

7. Connect OG. OG will be total field current required to (Ifr) to over come resistive,
reactive drop and effect of armature reaction.

G
If2
F

If1
Ifr

E C

O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
194
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

8. Obtain No-load EMF (Eo )corresponding to Ifr from O.C.C. And draw Eo lagging 90° to
Ifr. CD represents voltage drop due to Armature reaction.

G
If2
F

D
If1
Ifr
Eo IaXa
E C

O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
195
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

9. Once Eo is obtained calculate % VR = (Eo – V) / V × 100

10. The procedure can be repeated for different valus of load current to obtain % VR

G
If2
F

D
If1
Ifr
Eo IaXa
E C

O A IaXL
Va
B
IaRa
Ia
196
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR
USE OF POTIAR REACTANCE TO FIND VOLTAGE REGULATION

197
 S.G.- ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD (ZPF) or PORTIER METHOD- % VR

198
 LETS TAKE SOME NUMERICALS /
EXAMPLES

199
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS & CIRCUITS (SO FAR)

200
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS & CIRCUITS (SO FAR)

201
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS & CIRCUITS (SO FAR)

202
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS & CIRCUITS (SO FAR)

203
 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS & CIRCUITS (SO FAR)

204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
 270.3

212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
 EXAMPLE ON MMF or AT METHOD

221
222
Open-circuit characteristic is drawn by taking ATs per pole along the abscissa (X –Axis) and voltage per
phase along the ordinate (Y-Axis), as shown in Fig.

223
224
Draw the phasor diagram as shown in Fig. where terminal phase voltage V is taken as reference
vector and current lags behind this voltage by an angle 36.87° (I = cos–1 0.8 = 36.87°). Here,
resistance drop is zero and drop in leakage reactance IXs is 185 V which leads the current vector by 90°.

225
 From the OCC curve the field ATs corresponding to 2525 volt are 5500
These field ATs, (oa) are drawn at right angle to E as shown in Fig.
The armature reaction ATs (2376) only are drawn parallel opposition to current I i.e., ab as shown in
the Fig..

From the obtained length of (ob) {which represents total AT (MMF) required to
counter the effect of armature reaction & leakage reactance drops } calculate the total
AT required from the SCALE (ob = 7180 ATS)

226
 Alternatively neglecting small angle delta between E and V using trigonometric functions the value
of ob can be found as:

Corresponding to 7180 AT, the emf Eo from the OCC curve is 2700 volt and lags the ob by 90°
as shown.

227
 Example on ZPF Method or PotiarTriangle Method

228
 Convert all the line voltage to phase voltage &
From the given data, draw OCC between phase voltage and field current.

229
230
 Full-load zero power factor curve is drawn, taking point A (18, 0) and point B (45, 10 /√ 3 )
being known. From the triangle BDF drawn in Fig.

231
232
 Now draw phasor diagram is shown in Fig, where

233
234
 Note : Alternatively value of ob can be found out using length of phasor ob and
which will be used to find out Value of E0 for calculating % VR also. The Answer will
235 come same. (You can verify)
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR

SIGNIFICANCE OF DERIVING
& UNDERSTANDING
POWER TRANFER EQUATIONS
FOR SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS
236
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
The simplified equivalent circuit of a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator is;

237
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR

238
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR

239
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Power Output of an AC Generator (in Complex Form):

240
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Power Output of an AC Generator (in Complex Form):

Real Power Output of an AC Generator Zs

Xs

241
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Power Output of an AC Generator (in Complex Form):

Reactive Power Output of an AC Generator

242
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Power Input to an AC Generator (in Complex Form):

243
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Real Power Input to an AC Generator :

244
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Reactive Power Input to an AC Generator :

245
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Condition for Maximum Power Output

246
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Condition for Maximum Power Input

247
 S.G. –
POWER FLOW TRANSFER EQUATIONS-CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
Power Equations, when Armature Resistance is Neglected

FOR ALL
PRACTICAL
CONDITIONS
THESE
EQUATIONS
ARE USED

248
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES
•For Cylindrical rotor Machine due to Uniform Air-Gap the flux distribution is also
Uniform and hence the Reactance remains same irrespective of rotor position

• Hence, The effect of armature reaction, fluxes and voltages induced can, therefore, be
treated in a simple way with concept of a synchronous reactance (Xs) and taking it as
constant for all positions of field poles with respect to the armature

• But in case of a salient pole synchronous machine, the air-gap is non-uniform due to
which its reactance varies with the rotor position.

249
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

d Axis

q Axis

• Therefore, a salient pole machine possesses two axes of geometric symmetry:

(i) field pole axis, called direct axis or d-axis and

(ii) axis passing through the centers of the inter-polar space, called the quadrature axis
or q-axis

250
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

• Thus, for salient pole machines, the reluctance of the magnetic paths on which the
induced emf depends, acts differently along the direct axis and quadrature axis.
• The reluctance of the direct axis magnetic circuit is due to yoke and teeth of the stator,
air-gap, and pole shoe and core of the rotor.
• In quadrature axis, the reluctance is mainly due to large air-gap in the interpolar space.

•Thus it is observed that because of non-uniformity of the reluctance of the magnetic

paths, the mmf of the armature is divided into two components namely:

(i) a direct acting component and (ii) a quadrature (or cross) component.

251
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

Xq

Xd

252
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

Xq= Xaq + XL

Xd = Xad + XL

253
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

Xq= Xaq + XL, VoltageDrop IqXq

Xd = Xad + XL,
Voltage Drop IdXd

254
 S.G. –
TWO REACTANCE CONCEPT-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

Xq= Xaq + XL, VoltageDrop IqXq

Xd = Xad + XL,
Voltage Drop IdXd

255
 S.G. –
SUMMARY OF REACTANCE

CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
MACHINES
Xs & Xs=Xd=Xq

Salient pole MACHINES

Xd=Xad + XL
Xq=Xaq + XL
Xd ≠ Xq
Xq = 0.6 to 0.7 Xd

256
 S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test

LABORATORY SETUP

257
S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test

258
S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test

A three-phase balanced reduced voltage (say V1volt about 10% Vr) is applied to the stator
winding of the unexcited machine operating at a speed little less than its synchronous
speed (slip being less than 1%)

259
S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test
Using oscillographs, measure and draw the wave shapes of the voltage applied across
armature winding, current flowing through it and the voltage induced in the field winding.
Note maximum and Minimum values of V1 & I (On armature Winding) (i.e. Vmax, Vmin,
Imax,Imin)

Line Current

260
S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test

Line Current

Accordingly, the value Xd and Xq is determined from the oscillograph or noted through
Voltmeter & Ammeter record as mentioned below :

261
 S.G. – Determination of Xd and Xq by (Low Voltage) Slip Test

Line Current

Xd = Maximum Voltage / Minimum Current

Xq = Minimum Voltage / Maximum Current

262
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d

263
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d

Eo
q

264
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d

Eo
q

Ia

265
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d

Iq Eo
q

Ia
Id

266
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d

Iq Eo
q
øa

Ia
Id

267
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d
Voltage produced due to two
component of øa in stator is given ø
by :

Ead = - j Xad Id
Eaq = - j Xaq Iq Eo
øaq Iq
q
øa
øad
Ia
Id

268
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d
Voltage produced due to two component
of øa in stator is given by : ø
Ead = - j Xad Id
Eaq = - j Xaq Iq

øaq Iq Eo
Total Voltage Induced will be: q
E = Eo - j Xad Id - jXaq Iq øa
øad
But E = V + Ia Ra + j Ia XL Ia
Id

269
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
d
Voltage produced due to two component of øa in stator is given by :
ø
Ead = - j Xad Id
Eaq = - j Xaq Iq

øaq Iq Eo
Total Voltage Induced will be:
q
E = Eo - j Xad Id - jXaq Iq
øa
But E = V + Ia Ra + j Ia XL øad
Ia
Hence , Id

Eo = V + Ia Ra + j Ia XL + j Xad Id + jXaq Iq
270
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL

Eo = V + Ia Ra + j Ia XL + j Xad Id + jXaq Iq

Eo = V + (Id+Iq) Ra + j (Id + Iq) XL + j Xad Id + jXaq Iq

Eo = V + IdRa + IqRa + j Id XL + j Iq XL + j Xad Id + jXaq Iq

Eo = V + (Id+Iq) Ra + j (XL + Xad ) Id + j (XL + Xaq) Iq

Eo = V + Ia Ra + j Id Xd + j IqXq
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
271 DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

272
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

Ia

273
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

Ia Ra

Ia

274
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

Ia Xq

Ia Ra

Ia

275
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

Ia Xq

Ia Ra

Ia

276
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

d
q

Line of Direction of Eo
Ia Xq

Ia Ra

Ia

277
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

d
q

Line of Direction of Eo
Ia Xq
Iq
V

Ia Ra

Ia

Id
278
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

d
q

Line of Direction of Eo
Ia Xq
Iq
V
Id Xd
Ia Ra

Ia

Id
279
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

d
q

Line of Direction of Eo Iq Xq
Ia Xq
Iq
V
Id Xd
Ia Ra

Ia

Id
280
S.G. –DEVELOPMENT OF PHASOR DIAGRAM AS PER TWO REACTION THEORY
For Two reaction Theory We know : Xd = Xad + XL & Xq = Xaq + XL
BASED ON ABOVE EUATION WE CAN CONSTRUCT PHASOR
DIAGRAM (We should have values of load current , p.f., Xd , Xq & Ra)

d
Eo
q

Line of Direction of Eo Iq Xq
Ia Xq
Iq
V
V Id Xd
Ia Ra

Ia Once the Value of Eo is Known the

% VR can be calculated
Id
281
S.G. –POWER DEVELOPED BY SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

If we derive the power developed equation for Salient pole

machine (like we have developed for cylindrical machines), We
will get the power developed Equation as :

From the above expression, it is very clear that power developed consists of two terms, the
first term representing power due to excitation and the second term represents the
reluctance power i.e., power due to salient rotor construction.

In case of a cylindrical rotor machine Xd = Xq and hence the second term becomes zero and
the power is given by the first term only

282
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES

WHAT IS CAPABILITY CURVE ?

The graphical representation of Armature
(Stator) & Field (Rotor) winding power
handling capabilities (Heating limits) and any
other limitations (In terms of Power delivery
or Output) for a synchronous generator is
called its CAPABILITY CURVE
It’s a plot of complex power S = P + j Q & is
derived from basic phasor diagram of
synchronous Generator neglecting IaRa drop.
283
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES

WHAT IS SIGNIFICANCE
OFCAPABILITY CURVE ?

Lets go to Board
and Understand

284
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
•CAPABILITY CURVES DEFINES THE LIMITS WITHIN WHICH SG OPERATES SAFELY
• Following factors affect the safe operating limits;

(1) The MVA rating - depends upon stator heating -Heat produced due to
armature loading – Armature Thermal Loading Limit (I2 R Loss)

(2) The MW loading - limited by rating of Prime Mover Mechanical Loading Limit

(3) The Maximum Field current - depends upon rotor heating -Heat produced due
to field loading – Thermal Loading Limit of Filed Winding(I2 R Loss)

(4) The Load angle - For ensuring steady state stability must be less then 90°

285
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES

CONTINUOUS MVA RATING OF GENERATOR

@ SPECIFIED VOLTAGE & PF
MVA

CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
MW
MVAR
LIMITED BY PRIME
LIMITED BY
MOVER 1. Armature Current Limit
2. Field Current Limit
3. End Region Heating Limits
286
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES

287 TYPICAL CAPABILITY CURVE FOR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR MACHINES

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES

288 TYPICAL CAPABILITY CURVE FOR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR MACHINES

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf load

289
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf load

V
ø

Ia

290
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf load

j Ia Xs

V
ø

Ia

291
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf load

j Ia Xs
E0

V
ø

Ia

292
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O

j Ia Xs
E0

V
ø O

Ia

293
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
j Ia Xs
E0

V
ø O A

Ia

294
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
E0 j Ia Xs

V (90-ø)
ø O ø A

Ia

295
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
E0 j Ia Xs

V (90-ø)
ø O ø A

OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

296
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
E0 AB = Ia Xs Sin (90-ø)
j Ia Xs = Ia Xs Cos ø

V (90-ø)
ø O ø A

OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

297
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
4. Defining Graphical points E0 AB = Ia Xs Sin (90-ø)
j Ia Xs = Ia Xs Cos ø
O (0,0) & X (-V,0)

V (90-ø)
ø O ø A
(0,0)
OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

298
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
1. Start With Drwing basic
Phasor diagram for lag pf
load
2. Define Origin Point O
3. Derive horizontal &
vertical component of B
drop j Ia Xs as OA & AB
4. Defining Graphical points E0 AB = Ia Xs Sin (90-ø)
j Ia Xs = Ia Xs Cos ø
O (0,0) & X (-V,0)

X V (90-ø)
(-V,0) ø O ø A
(0,0)
OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

299
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
5. Now if you observe all the phasors in the diagram represents Voltage phasors (Voltage drops),
since capability curves are expressed in terms of active , reactive & complex power – Lets
convert the all the diagram in to Power

E0 AB = Ia Xs Sin (90-ø)
j Ia Xs = Ia Xs Cos ø

X V (90-ø)
(-V,0) ø O ø A
(0,0)
OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

300
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
6. Now to convert all the phasor in to power lets find out the common calibration factor:
B

E0 AB = Ia Xs Sin (90-ø)
j Ia Xs = Ia Xs Cos ø

X V (90-ø)
(-V,0) ø O ø A
(0,0)
OA = Ia Xs Cos (90-ø)
Ia = Ia Xs Sin ø

Now P = 3 V I Cos ø & OA = Ia Xs Sin ø , AB = Ia Xs Cos ø ,

hence If I multiply AB by a factor (3 V / Xs) it will become AB = 3VIa Cos ø

Hence by Multiplying AB(Volts) by (3 V / Xs) , I am getting AB in terms of Active Power : A’B’(p)

Similarly Multiplying OA(Volts) by (3 V / Xs), I am getting OA in terms of Reactive Power: O’A’(q)
equal to : 3 V Ia Sin ø , hence (3 V / Xs) is chosen as calibration factor and convert all voltage Phasor in
to respective Power Phasor to draw a new graph in the next slide:
301
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE

B’

A’B’ = P= 3 V Ia Cos ø
3VE / Xs
O’B’= S=3 V Ia

X’ V (90-ø)
ø O’ ø A’
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0)
OA’ = Q = 3 V Ia Sin ø
Ia

So finally the above diagram can be drawn as

302
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE

B’

3VE / Xs
S
P

X’
ø O’ Q A’
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0)

Ia

Now you can observe almost All Quantities are expressed in P,Q, S (Some sort of
Power)…. Further we will consider different limits and incorporate in the diagram
303
to arrive at final diagram:
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis)

B’

3VE / Xs
S P

X’
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

• For introducing thermal limits due to If & Ia we need to find out the quantities (Max) in the
above diagram which depends on them
• The phasor X’B’ was Earlier E where value of E produced by machines depends upon equation
E = k ø € ( Where ø is flux depends upon field current and € is depending on speed of
primemover) , hence the Quantity X’B’ is drawn for maximum value of If considering Filed
current thermal limit
304 • Similarly the Phasor O’B’ is representing complex power S = 3 V Ia / Xs , whose maximum
value is plotted and limited by thermal limit of maximum Ia as per design
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis)

B’

3VE / Xs
S P

X’
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

• Now as the length of phasors X’B’ and O’B’ are drawn considering the thermal limits of If and
Ia subsequently , their length are fixed for capability curves & their bounding values can be drawn
by drawing locus (arc-keeping centre X’ and radius as X’B’) (1) X’B’ and locus (2) O’B’ (arc
keeping O’ as centre and radius as O’B’) as shown in diagram
305
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis) Limited by If Limits
/ Thermal limits of
field wdg or
B’ FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER
3VE / Xs
S P

X’
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

306
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis) Limited by If Limits
/ Thermal limits of
field wdg or
B’ FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER
3VE / Xs
S P

X’
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

Limited by Ia Limits /
Thermal limits of armature
wdg or
307 ARMATURE CURRENT
LIMITER
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis) FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER
1
2
B’

3VE / Xs
S P

X’ 3
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

Final curve 1-2-3-4-5 is drawn 4

(Black thick line)considering the
limitation / boundary conditions
5 ARMATURE CURRENT
due to If and Ia
LIMITER

308
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Calibration Factor : (3 V / Xs)
P (Active Power Axis) FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER
1
2
B’

3VE / Xs
S P

X’ 3
O’ Q A’ Q (Reactive
(-3V2/ Xs , 0) (0,0) Power Axis)

Now the normal nomenclatures 4

generally represents P on X-axis and
Q on Y axis , hence to suite the
5 ARMATURE CURRENT
aesthetics the diagram or capability
LIMITER
curve is redrawn as shown in next
slide
309
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)

O’ P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

310
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)

O’ P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

X’
311
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER

O’ P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

X’
312
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER

O’ P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

ARMATURE CURRENT
LIMITER

X’
313
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER

3
2 4

1 O’ 5 P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

Now incorporating
Active power limit ARMATURE CURRENT
in generation (if LIMITER
given ) in the curve
X’
314
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
P FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER

3
2 4 Active power
delivery limit

1 O’ 5 P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

Now incorporating
Active power limit
in generation (if
ARMATURE CURRENT
given ) in the curve
LIMITER
by line PP’ so the
P’
curve will become X’
315
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
HOW TO PLOT THE CAPABILITY CURVE
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
P FIELD CURRENT
LIMITER

3
2 4 Active power
5 delivery limit

1 O’ 6 P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

7
Now incorporating
Active power limit
in generation (if
ARMATURE CURRENT
given ) in the curve 8 LIMITER
by line PP’ so the
P’
curve will become X’
316
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
Points to Q (Reactive Power Axis)
remember:
1. Limiting arc P FIELD CURRENT
3EV / Xs is LIMITER
governed by
Field Cuurent 3
(If) (Thermal 2 4
Limit of Field P Active power
Wdg ) 5 delivery limit
S Q

1 O’ 6 P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)
Points to
remember:
2. Limiting arc S 7
= (3 V Ia)/ Xs is
governed by
Armature ARMATURE CURRENT
Current 8 LIMITER
(Ia)(Thermal P’
Limit of X’
317
Armature Wdg.)
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS CAPABILITY CURVES
Q (Reactive Power Axis)
PLEASE REFER THE TOPIC FROM BOOK AND NUMERICALS ON THE SAME

3
2 4
P
5
S Q

1 O’ 6 P (Active Power Axis)

(0,0)

FACT:
ALMOST 95 % of ELECTRICAL
8 ENGINEERS DOESN’T
UNDERSTAND & KNOW HOW
X’
318 TO PLOT CAPABILITY CURVE
(-3V2/ Xs , 0)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS / MACHINES LOSSES & EFFICIENCY

INPUT OUTPUT

LOSSES
1. Copper Loss
2. Iron Loss
3. Mechanical Loss
4. Stray Loss

319
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS / MACHINES LOSSES & EFFICIENCY

LOSSES

COPPER
•Armature (Ia2Ra)
IRON
•Field (If2Rf) •Hysteresis ( )
•Brush (If2Rb)
• Eddy Current ( )

STARY
MECHANICAL
• Distortion of
• Windage (Air friction to rotation)
magnetic field
• Friction @ bearings & brushes
• Insulation

320
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS LOSSES & EFFICIENCY

POWER FLOW DIAGRAM OF GENERATOR

321
 S.G. LOSSES ,EFFICIENCY & ITS RELATION WITH COOLING

Losses - Heating –
Temperature Rise – State of
Thermal Equilibrium –
Insulation Deterioration –
Faults - Life span of
Machines – Necessity of
Effective Cooling
322
 S.G. METHODS OF COOLING
METHODS OF COOLING

OPEN CIRCUIT COOLING CLOSED CIRCUIT COOLING

• Used for Small Generators

• Atmospheric Air is used as • Used for Large Generators
coolant • Atmospheric Air, Distilled Water
(Highly Purified with Insulating
Property), Hydrogen @ 3-4
323
Atmospheric pressure is used as coolant
 S.G. METHODS OF COOLING
• LIMITATIONS OF AIR COOLING ( Size of Fans & Its Design)
• HYDROGEN COOLING : ADVANTAGES
 Faster cooling due to Higher Heat Conductivity ( 7 * Air) results in to Surface Heat
Transfer Coe cient 1.5 Air
 Reduced windage & Noise with Increased Efficiency – Hydrogen density is 0.08 * Air
 No corona discharge & production of Ozone , Oxides of Nitrogen & Nitric acids
hence Life of Insulation & Generator Increase

 HYDROGEN COOLING LIMITATIONS

 Costly Frame - Explosion Proof Construction
 Arrangement to Enter Hydrogen in Generator without mixing with Oxygen – Design
in complex and costly
 Additional arrangements to carry heat from hydrogen by means of convection are
required

 ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT WATER COOLING ( used for 500 MW and above)

 Higher thermal conductivity of water compared to hydrogen
 Duct area becomes small , allows more space for conductor in slots

 LIMITATIONS OF WATER COOLING

 Needs Highly Purified Water (with least conductivity)
324  Water cooling is costlier then hydrogen cooling
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING ALONE
& INPUT / OUTPUT CONTROL VARIABLE

OUTPUT
INPUT
ELECTRICAL
MECHANICAL
AC / DC
(SPEED , TORQUE)
(V,I)

% EFFICIENCY ( IDEAL 100%)

% VOLTAGE REGULATION (IDEAL 0 %)

DOMAINS TO DEAL WITH : 03 (ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC & MECHANICAL)

325
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING ALONE
& INPUT / OUTPUT CONTROL VARIABLE

INPUT
MECHANICAL (90%)
(N, T) OUTPUT
(Through Prime Mover) ELECTRICAL
AC POWER
(V,I @ specific
INPUT Frequency f)
Electrical (10%)
(Vdc,Idc)
(Field Excitation))

A – Mechanical Input- Speed

B- DC Electrical Input - Excitation
C- AC Electrical Output – Voltage
having Magnitude M & Frequency f
326
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING ALONE
& INPUT / OUTPUT CONTROL VARIABLE

SPEED

Voltage with
Magnitude M (Vm)
@ Frequency f
Excitation

Connected load type – I – Power – Active

Power – Reactive Power- Power Factor –
Armature Reaction – Stator Voltage drop
– Voltage Regulation – Performance of
327 Machines
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING ALONE
& INPUT / OUTPUT CONTROL VARIABLE

INPUT OUTPUT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
Frequency of
SPEED Voltage (f)

Magnitude of
Excitation
Voltage (V)

328
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATING ALONE
& INPUT / OUTPUT CONTROL VARIABLE

INPUT OUTPUT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

N f
Vdc, Idc V
Summary :
1. Control of the Prime Mover speed @ Input , Gives control over Frequency @ Generated Voltage
Output ( f of generated power can be controlled by controlling prime mover speed)
2. Control of the Excitation Parameters @ Input, Gives control over Magnitude @ Generated Voltage
Output ( V of generated power can be controlled by controlling Excitation)
3. The Quantum & Type of the load ( magnitude of I & Power Factor) can not be controlled by generator
329 (Demand decided Variable)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION

When number of
alternators are connected
to same bus-bars, they
are called to be
connected in parallel.
330
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THE NEED / NECESSITY (Why Parallel Operation?)

• PHYSICAL SIZE
• RELIABILITY OR CONTINUITY OF SERVICE
• REPAIR & MAINTANANCE
• Size & Cost of STAND-BY-UNIT
• EXTENSION OF POWER PLANT
• OPERATING EFFICIENCY
PARALLEL OPERATION ENSURES GREATER
SECURITY/AVAILABILITY/ CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY &
COST ECONOMIC GENERATION AND OPERATION OF
331 POWER SYSTEM
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
REQUIREMENTS / NECESSARY CONDITIONS TO MEET

• Voltage
• Frequency
• Phase Sequence
• Phase displacement
• Wave Shape
• Speed-load Characteristic (The droop cha. Of Prime
movers)
• The KVA / MVA rating and IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE

332
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
REQUIREMENTS / NECESSARY CONDITIONS TO MEET

• Voltage MUST
CONDITIONS
• Frequency
• Phase Sequence
• Phase displacement SHOULD /
PREFERABLE /
• Wave Shape DESIRABLE
CONDITIONS
• Speed-load Characteristic (The droop cha. Of Prime
movers)
• The KVA / MVA rating and IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE

333
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THE WAY OF CONNECTION (Two Generators)

LOAD

334
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THE WAY OF CONNECTION (Generator with Generator or BUS)

LOAD BUS

SYNCHRONIZING

335
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING PROCEDURE

LOAD BUS

SYNCHRONIZING

The procedure of connecting an alternator in parallel with

another or with common bus-bars to which a number of
alternators are already connected, is called
336 SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
CONDITION FOR PROPER SYNCHRONIZING
1. The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be equal to that of the
bus-bar voltage.
2. The voltage of the incoming alternator should be in phase opposition to the
bus-bar voltage. This implies that there will be no circuiting current between
the windings of the alternators already connected to bus-bars and the
incoming alternator.
3. The speed of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency is equal
to that of bus-bar frequency.
4. In case of three-phase alternators the phase of the incoming alternator must
be identical with the phase of the bus-bars. In other words, the phase
sequence of the incoming alternator must be same as that of the bus-bars.

337
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
CONDITION FOR PROPER SYNCHRONIZING

338
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
CONDITION FOR PROPER SYNCHRONIZING
Effect of Unequal Voltage , Phase Sequence, Phase
Displacement ------------ Circulating Currents

339
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
CONDITION FOR PROPER SYNCHRONIZING
Effect of Unequal Frequency----Circulating Currents

340
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZING

G
1-G

DARK LAMP BRIGHT LAMP

3-G
METHOD METHOD

TWO BRIGHT ONE USING-

THREEDARK
DARK LAMP SYNCHR
LAMP METHOD
METHOD ONOSCO
PE
341
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
DARK LAMP METHOD (1-Ph-G)

Connecting B
with A

Flickering of
Lamps & Its
Speed

When
flickering is
next to zero in
Middle of dark
Period
Synchronizing
Switch is closed

342
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
DARK LAMP METHOD (1-Ph-G)

LIMITATION:
The lamps can be dark even though a considerable voltage may exist across their
terminals; therefore, it is difficult to judge the correct instant of zero voltage in
the dark lamp method. Keeping in view of this difficulty, some engineers prefer
to synchronize the alternators by bright lamp method because of the fact that
lamps are much more sensitive to change of voltages at their maximum
brightness than when they are quite dark.
343
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
BRIGHT LAMP METHOD (1-Ph-G)

The synchronizing
switch is closed in this
case when the two
lamps are equally
bright i.e., in the
middle of the bright
period.

344
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THREE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)
LAMPS ARE
CONNECTED :
R-R’,Y-Y’, B-B’

345
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THREE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)
Three lamps will be dark when – Vr = Vr’ , fa = fb, Phase Seq
LAMPS ARE
of Ga = Phase Seq Gb…. This instant Synchronizing Switch is
CONNECTED :
Made On
R-R’,Y-Y’, B-B’

Correct
346
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
THREE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)
Three lamps will:
LAMPS ARE
1. Flicker simultaneously when Voltage & Phase sequence are same but
CONNECTED :
Frequency is different (Change speed of Incoming Generator)
R-R’,Y-Y’, B-B’
2. Flicker one after another if Voltage & Frequency are same but Phase
sequence is different (Interchange any two phase of Incoming Generator)
3. Will glow with equal brightness (Will not flicker) if Frequency and Phase
sequence are same but Voltage is different (Adjust Excitation of Incoming
Generator)

347
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
TWO BRIGHT ONE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)
LAMPS ARE
CONNECTED :
R-R’,Y-B’, B-Y’

348
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
TWO BRIGHT ONE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)
When all the conditions are fulfilled ( f2=f1, V2=V1 &
LAMPS ARE Phase sequence are correct lamp L1 (R-R’) will be
CONNECTED : dark and Lmaps L2 & L3 will be Equally Bright
R-R’,Y-B’, B-Y’

349
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
TWO BRIGHT ONE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)

350
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
TWO BRIGHT ONE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)

351
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
TWO BRIGHT ONE DARK LAMP METHOD (3-Ph-G)

THE LAMP METHODS ARE SUITABLE AND USED FOR SMALL

MACHINES . FOR LARGE ALTERNATORS IN POWER PLANT
352
SYNCHRONOSCOPE IS USED
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

Moving Pointer & Fixed Scale

Principle of Operation

Incoming Machine Slower- Pointer

rotates in Anticlockwise

Incoming Machine Faster – Pointer

Rotates in Clockwise

On Vertical Steady Position of

Pointer the Synchronization is done

353
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

354
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

355
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

356
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

357
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

358
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

359
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING OF ALTERNATORS USING SYNCHRONOSCOPE

360
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
SYNCHRONIZING

To make the concept More clear lets watch Some

Video

[Link] -1 (Basic Understanding )

[Link]-2 ( Using Auto Synchronoscope)

361
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – PARALLEL OPERATION –
MACHINE FLOATING ON BUS BAR

After the Machine is just synchronized ,The

Machines is called Floating on the BUS if:

• It neither Supplies any power (Active / Reactive

/ Complex) to the BUS nor Consumes any Power
(Active / reactive / Complex) from the BUS

• In FLOATING mode the GENERATOR will

supply its losses only.
362
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS

On-Load Operation
No – Load Operation

Effect of Change in Effect of change in

Excitation Mechanical Input

Effect of Change in Effect of change in

Excitation Mechanical Input

WE WILL UNDERSTAND THE ABOVE MODES OF OPERATION THROUGH APPROPRIATE

CIRCUITS AND PHASOR DIAGRAM
SINCE THE VALUE OF R IS QUITE LOW COMPARED TO X (HIGH X / R ratio) FOR THE
363
SAKE OF SIMPLICITY IN UNDERSTANDING WE WILL NEGLECT Ra OF STATOR WINDING
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS

On-Load Operation
No – Load Operation

Effect of Change in Effect of change in

Excitation Mechanical Input

Effect of Change in Effect of change in

Excitation Mechanical Input

LETS UNDERSTAND ALL FOUR MODES THROUGH

364 PHASOR DIAGRAM
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1

Xs1 Xs2

E1 E2

E2

1. At synchronization Voltage of Both Generators will be Equal E1=E2 & Synchronizing

current Isy = 0 {E1 = E2, Isy = (E1-E2) / (Xs1 + Xs2) =0 }

365
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy

ISy
E1 E2

E2

Increase of Excitation of Generator 1 results in increase of E1 (E1 E2) and because of

this there will be Esy = E1-E2 in phase with E1 which will result in flow of Isy (Lagging
E1 & Esy by 90° or Leading E2 by 90°) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
366
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1 P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = -Q1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy
-Q1 = +Q2
ISy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q2 = E2 Isy Sin ø = +Q2
E2

Generator 1 will supply reactive power (Lagging) to generator 2 or Generator2 will

367 consume reactive power (Leading) from generator 1
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1 P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = -Q1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy
-Q1 = +Q2
ISy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q2 = E2 Isy Sin ø = +Q2
E2

The nature of armature reaction due to Isy for Generator 1 will be demagnetizing and
hence it will try to reduce E1 (Opposes the cause of its Generation – Tries to keep
a condition Prior to Increase in E1)

368
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1 P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = -Q1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy
-Q1 = +Q2
ISy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q2 = E2 Isy Sin ø = +Q2
E2

The nature of armature reaction due to Isy for Generator 2 will be magnetizing and
hence it will try to Increase E2 (Opposes the cause of its Generation – Tries to
keep a condition to match value of E2 to that of New E1)

369
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

E1 P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = -Q1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy
-Q1 = +Q2
ISy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = 0
Q2 = E2 Isy Sin ø = +Q2

Over all Isy tries to reduce E1 and increase E2 – tries toE2make them equal – Effect
opposes the cause
For this condition : P1= 0 & Q1 = -ve, P2= 0 & Q2= + ve , Q flows from G1 to G2
Change in Excitation of one of G in parallel operation results in change in exchange of
reactive power between two G ( Excitation affects Q)
370 Change in Excitation does not effect Real power Exchange P (Change in excitation does
not affect P)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation-SUMMARY
1. At synchronization Voltage of Both Generators will be Equal E1=E2 & Synchronizing
current Isy = 0
2. Increase of Excitation of Generator 1 results in increase of E1 (E1 E2) and because
of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 in phase with E1 which will result in flow of Isy
(Lagging E1 & Esy by 90° or Leading E2 by 90°) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
3. Generator 1 will supply reactive power (Lagging) to generator 2 or Generator2 will
consume reactive power (Leading) from generator 1
4. The nature of armature reaction due to Isy for Generator 1 will be demagnetizing
and hence it will try to reduce E1 (Opposes the cause of its Generation – Tries to
keep a condition Prior to Increase in E1)
5. The nature of armature reaction due to Isy for Generator 2 will be magnetizing and
hence it will try to Increase E2 (Opposes the cause of its Generation – Tries to keep a
condition to match value of E2 to that of New E1)
6. Over all Isy tries to reduce E1 and increase E2 – tries to make them equal – Effect
opposes the cause
7. For this condition : P1= 0 & Q1 = -ve, P2= 0 & Q2= +ve , Q flows from G1 to G2
8. Change in Excitation of one of G in parallel operation results in change in exchange
of reactive power between two G ( Excitation affects Q)
9. Change in Excitation does not effect Real power Exchange P (Change in excitation
371 does not affect P)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1

Xs1 Xs2

E1 E2

E2

At synchronization Voltage of Both Generators will be Equal E1=E2 & Synchronizing

current Isy = 0 {E1 = E2, Isy = (E1-E2) / (Xs1 + Xs2) =0 }

372
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1

Xs1 Xs2
Isy

ESy
E1 E2

E2

Increase of Mechanical Input of Generator 1 results in advancement of phase of E1 (E1@

angle with E2) and because of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 leading E1 and lagging E2
which will result in flow of Isy (almost in phase with E1 & 180 out of phase with E2)
373
between Generator 1 & Generator 2
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1
P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = + P1
(delivering)
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = 0
Xs1 Xs2
Isy
+P1 = -P2
ESy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = -P2

(Absorbing)
Q2 = Esy Isy Sin ø = 0
E2

Generator 1 will supply Active power to generator 2 or Generator2 will consume Active
power from generator 1

374
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1
P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = + P1
(delivering)
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = 0
Xs1 Xs2
Isy
+P1 = -P2
ESy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = -P2

(Absorbing)
Q2 = Esy Isy Sin ø = 0
E2

Increase in mechanical input to G1 will result in to Increase of its speed (Phase advancement
of E1) and G1 will try to push more active power which will be consumed by G2.

375
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1
P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = + P1
(delivering)
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = 0
Xs1 Xs2
Isy
+P1 = -P2
ESy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = -P2

(Absorbing)
Q2 = Esy Isy Sin ø = 0
E2

Because of supply of active power by G1 it will try to decelerate and consume of active
power by G2 it will accelerate – This act of acceleration of G2 and deceleration of G1 will
try to bring them in original state of synchronization instant
376
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

E1
P1 = E1 Isy Cos ø = + P1
(delivering)
Q1 = E1 Isy Sin ø = 0
Xs1 Xs2
Isy
+P1 = -P2
ESy
E1 E2

P2 = E2 Isy Cos ø = -P2

(Absorbing)
Q2 = Esy Isy Sin ø = 0
E2
1. For this condition : P1= + ve & Q1 = 0, P2= - ve & Q2= 0 , P flows from G1 to G2
2. Change in Mech. Input of one of G in parallel operation results in change in
exchange of active power between two G ( Mechanical Input affects P)
3. Change in Mechanical Input does not effect Reactive power Exchange Q (Change
377 in Mechanical Input does not affect Q)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
NO LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input- SUMMARY
1. At synchronization Voltage of Both Generators will be Equal E1=E2 & Synchronizing
current Isy = 0
2. Increase of Mechanical Input of Generator 1 results in advancement of phase of E1
(E1@ angle with E2) and because of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 leading E1 and
lagging E2 which will result in flow of Isy (almost in phase with E1 & 180 out of
phase with E2) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
3. Generator 1 will supply Active power to generator 2 or Generator will consume
Active power from generator 1
4. Increase in mechanical input to G1 will result in to Increase of its speed (Phase
advancement of E1) and G1 will try to push more active power which will be
consumed by G2.
5. Because of supply of active power by G1 it will try to decelerate and consume of
active power by G2 it will accelerate – This act of acceleration of G2 and
deceleration of G1 will try to bring them in original state of synchronization instant
6. For this condition : P1= + ve & Q1 = 0, P2= - ve & Q2= 0 , P flows from G1 to G2
7. Change in Mech. Input of one of G in parallel operation results in change in
exchange of active power between two G ( Mechanical Input affects P)
8. Change in Mechanical Input does not effect Reactive power Exchange Q (Change
in Mechanical Input does not affect Q)
378
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia1 Xs1
Ia2
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL ø2 Vt
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

At synchronization (Initial condition): E1=E2 , Isy =0, IL = Some value equally shared by both
machines, Ia1=Ia2, Cosø1 = Cosø2, P1=P2, Q1=Q2

379
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy Ia1 Xs1
Ia2
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL ø2 Vt
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Increase of Excitation of Generator 1 results in increase of E1 (E1 E2) and because of

this there will be Esy = E1-E2 in phase with E1 which will result in flow of Isy (Lagging E1
& Esy by 90° or Leading E2 by 90°) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
380
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2
ESy Ia1 Xs1
Ia2
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL ø2 Vt
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2
ISy

E2

Increase of Excitation of Generator 1 results in increase of E1 (E1 E2) and because of

this there will be Esy = E1-E2 in phase with E1 which will result in flow of Isy (Lagging E1
& Esy by 90° or Leading E2 by 90°) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
381
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2 Ia2

-ISy Ia1 Xs1
ESy
Ia2 Vt ZL Ia2’ ø2 Vt
Ia1
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2
ISy

E2 Ia’

Because of Isy Ia1 will change to Ia1’ (Ia1’= Ia1+Isy) and Ia2 will change to
Ia2’ (Ia2’= |Isy-Ia2|)
382
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2 Ia2

-ISy Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
ESy
Ia2 Vt ZL Ia2’ ø2 P1 Vt
Ia1
Vt ø1 P1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2 Q1
ISy

E2 Q1’ Ia1’

Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of reactive power and will not affect flow of
active power:
Observe that the difference between P1 = Vt Ia1 Cos ø & P1’ = Vt Ia1’ Cos ø1 is very
small compared to Q1 = Vt Ia1 Sin ø and Q1’ = Vt Ia1’ sin ø1

383
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2 Ia2

-ISy Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
ESy
Ia2 Vt ZL Ia2’ ø2 P1 Vt
Ia1
Vt ø1 P1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2 Q1
ISy

E2 Q1’ Ia1’

Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of reactive power and will not affect flow of
active power:
The same holds true for the case of generator 2 and can be observer looking at P2 , P2’
and Q2 , Q2’ Simultaneously

384
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2 Ia2

-ISy Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
ESy
Ia2 Vt ZL Ia2’ ø2 P1 Vt
Ia1
Vt ø1 P1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2 Q1
ISy

E2 Q1’ Ia1’

Because of Esy and Isy, Q1 will increase and Q2 will decrease & Q1 Q2 while maintaining Q
= Q1 + Q2 , Ia1 Ia2, P1=P2, Cosø2 Cosø1

385
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation
E1’

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2 Ia2

-ISy Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
ESy
Ia2 Vt ZL Ia2’ ø2 P1 Vt
Ia1
Vt ø1 P1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2 Q1
ISy

E2 Q1’ Ia1’

1. For this condition : P1= P2 & Q1 Q2, that implies that the effect of increase in
excitation in one of the generator results in to increase share of its reactive power
loading out of two
2. Generator with higher excitation will share more reactive power out of total reactive
power demanded by load
386 3. Change in Excitation does not effect Real power sharing P (Change in excitation does
not affect P)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Excitation-SUMMARY
1. At synchronization (Initial condition): E1=E2 , Isy =0, IL = Some value equally shared
by both machines, Ia1=Ia2, Cosø1 = Cosø2, P1=P2, Q1=Q2
2. Increase of Excitation of Generator 1 results in increase of E1 (E1 E2) and because
of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 in phase with E1 which will result in flow of Isy
(Lagging E1 & Esy by 90° or Leading E2 by 90°) between Generator 1 & Generator 2
3. Because of Isy Ia1 will change to Ia1’ (Ia1’= Ia1+Isy) and Ia2 will change to Ia2’ (Ia2’=
|Isy-Ia2|)
4. Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of reactive power and will not
affect flow of active power
5. Because of Esy and Isy, Q1 will increase and Q2 will decrease & Q1 Q2 while
maintaining Q = Q1 + Q2 , Ia1 Ia2, P1=P2, Cosø2 Cosø1
6. For this condition : P1= P2 & Q1 Q2, that implies that the effect of increase in
excitation in one of the generator results in to increase share of its reactive power
loading out of two
7. Generator with higher excitation will share more reactive power out of total
reactive power demanded by load
8. Change in Excitation does not effect Real power sharing P (Change in excitation
does not affect P)

387
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input

IL E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia1 Xs1
Ia2
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL ø2 Vt
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

At synchronization (Initial condition): E1=E2 , Isy =0, IL = Some value equally shared by both
machines, Ia1=Ia2, Cosø1 = Cosø2, P1=P2, Q1=Q2

388
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Increase of Mechanical Input of Generator 1 results in advancement of phase of E1 (E1@

angle with E2) ) and because of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 leading E1 and lagging
E2 which will result in flow of Isy (almost in phase with E1 & 180 out of phase with E2).

389
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL Ia2’ E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1 Ia1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Because of Isy Ia1 will change to Ia1’ (Ia1’= Ia1+Isy) and Ia2 will change to
Ia2’ (Ia2’= |Isy-Ia2|)

390
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL Ia2’ E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1 Ia1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of active power and will not affect flow of
reactive power:
Observe that the difference between P1 = Vt Ia1 Cos ø & P1’ = Vt Ia1’ Cos ø1 is very Large
compared to Q1 = Vt Ia1 Sin ø and Q1’ = Vt Ia1’ sin ø1
391
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL Ia2’ E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1 Ia1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of active power and will not affect flow of
reactive power:
The same holds true for the case of generator 2 and can be observer looking at P2 , P2’
and Q2 , Q2’ Simultaneously
392
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL Ia2’ E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1 Ia1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

Because of Esy and Isy, P1 will increase and P2 will decrease & P1 P2 while maintaining
P = P1 + P2 , Ia1 Ia2, Q1=Q2, Cosø1 Cosø2

393
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input
E1’
IL Ia2’ E1

Xs1 Xs2
Ia2 Ia1 Xs1
Esy
Isy
Ia1 Ia2 Vt ZL Vt
Vt ø1 Ia1’
E1 E2 Ia1
Ia2 Xs2

E2

1. For this condition : Q1= Q2 & P1 P2, that implies that the effect of increase in
mechanical input in one of the generator results in to increase share of its active
power loading out of two
2. Generator with higher mechanical input will share more active power out of total
active power demanded by load
3. Change in Mechanical Input does not effect Reactive power sharing Q (Change in
394 excitation does not affect P)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS
ON LOAD OPERATION (Ra- Neglected) : EFFECT of change in Mechanical Input- SUMMARY
1. At synchronization (Initial condition): E1=E2 , Isy =0, IL = Some value equally shared
by both machines, Ia1=Ia2, Cosø1 = Cosø2, P1=P2, Q1=Q2
2. Increase of Mechanical Input of Generator 1 results in advancement of phase of E1
(E1@ angle with E2) ) and because of this there will be Esy = E1-E2 leading E1 and
lagging E2 which will result in flow of Isy (almost in phase with E1 & 180 out of
phase with E2).
3. Because of Isy Ia1 will change to Ia1’ (Ia1’= Ia1+Isy) and Ia2 will change to Ia2’ (Ia2’=
|Isy-Ia2|)
4. Flow of Isy from G1 to G2 will largely affect flow of active power and will not affect
flow of reactive power
5. Because of Esy and Isy, P1 will increase and P2 will decrease & P1 P2 while
maintaining P = P1 + P2 , Ia1 Ia2, Q1=Q2, Cosø1 Cosø2
6. For this condition : Q1= Q2 & P1 P2, that implies that the effect of increase in
mechanical input in one of the generator results in to increase share of its active
power loading out of two
7. Generator with higher mechanical input will share more active power out of total
active power demanded by load
8. Change in Mechanical Input does not effect Reactive power sharing Q (Change in
excitation does not affect P)
395
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TWO ALTERNATORS - SUMMARY

CHANGE IN CHANGE IN
CHANGE IN
VOLTAGE REACTIVE
EXCITATION MAGNITUDE POWER

CHANGE IN CHANGE IN
CHANGE IN VOLTAGE
PHASE /
ACTIVE
MECH. I/P
Frequency POWER

396
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
LOAD

G1

397
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
LOAD

G1 G2

398
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
LOAD

G1 G2 G3 G4

399
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
LOAD

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

POWER PLANT -1 POWER PLANT -2

400
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
INFINITE BUS
LOAD

POWER PLANT -1 POWER PLANT -2

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

POWER PLANT -3 POWER PLANT -4

G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 Gn

401
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
INFINITE BUS
LOAD

POWER PLANT -1

G G

POWER PLANT -3 POWER PLANT -4

G G

402
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
INFINITE BUS

POWER PLANT -1+2

LOAD

POWER PLANT -3 + 4

403
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
CONCEPT OF INFINITE BUS
INFINITE BUS

ALL POWER PLANT MACHINES

G LOAD

404 SINGLE MACHINES INFINITE BUS MODEL

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS-
CHERECTERISTIC OF INFINITE BUS
INFINITE BUS

ALL POWER PLANT MACHINES

LOAD

•Constant Terminal Voltage

•Constant Frequency (Infinite Inertia –
Constant Speed)
•Very Low Synchronous Impedance
(Zs)
•Can Supply Infinite amount of
Current without Drop in Voltage
405
• Ideal Voltage Source
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR – OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS-
GENERATOR CHERECTERISTIC
CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS
•Terminal voltage & Frequency of the Generator is controlled by the
INFINITE BUS / SYSTEM ( Individual Generator – Speed control &
Excitation control does not affect its Frequency and Voltage)

• The speed control (Governor) Set point ( Change in Mechanical

Input ) will control the Real Power supplied by the Machine to
System / Grid (Constant Excitation Mode)

• The Excitation control (AVR-CONTROL) set point will control

reactive power supplied by the generator to grid (Constant Power
Mode)

406
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
A. No Load Condition (P = 0 , Q)
Ia
P
Q Now for No-load condition P = 0 & Q and also from Power
Delivery Equation We know that:
jXs
IB P = (EV)/ Xs * Sin and Q = (V / Xs) * (E Cos -V)
Hence for No load condition:
V P = 0 and = 0 and Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)
E
Now for Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)

E V E >V
E =V

407
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
A. No Load Condition (P = 0 , Q)
Ia
P
Q Now for No-load condition P = 0 & Q and also from Power
Delivery Equation We know that:
jXs
IB P = (EV)/ Xs * Sin and Q = (V / Xs) * (E Cos -V)
Hence for No load condition:
V P = 0 and = 0 and Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)
E
Now for Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)

V
E V

(V-E)
One can easily observe that for a condition (E < V ) of
Ia under excited machine , the bus supplies reactive power
(Q) to generator :
408 E P = 0, Q supplied from IB to Generator
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
A. No Load Condition (P = 0 , Q)
Ia
P
Q Now for No-load condition P = 0 & Q and also from Power
Delivery Equation We know that:
jXs
IB P = (EV)/ Xs * Sin and Q = (V / Xs) * (E Cos -V)
Hence for No load condition:
V P = 0 and = 0 and Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)
E Now for Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)

V E=V

One can easily observe that for a condition (E = V ) of

normal excited / critically excited machine , the bus
neither supplies nor consumes any power (P or Q) from
/ to Machine (Floating condition) :
409 E P = 0, Q=0
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
A. No Load Condition (P = 0 , Q)
Ia
P
Q Now for No-load condition P = 0 & Q and also from Power
Delivery Equation We know that:
jXs
IB P = (EV)/ Xs * Sin and Q = (V / Xs) * (E Cos -V)
Hence for No load condition:
V P = 0 and = 0 and Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)
E Now for Q = (V / Xs) * (E -V)

V E>V

One can easily observe that for a condition (E > V ) of

Ia E-V overexcited generator , the machine supplies reactive
power (Q) to bus:
P = 0, Q supplied from Generator to IB
410 E
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS

B. Loaded Condition (P , Q)

B1. B2.
Effect of change in Excitation Effect of change in Mechanical Input
(Constant Power(P) Mode) (Constant Excitation (P) Mode)

411
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const

Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which
results in to E Sin = Const ---- (1)

We also know P = V Ia Cos ø = Const , hence Ia Cos ø = Const ----- (2)

And E = V + j Ia Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)

Now lets draw basic phasor diagram for generator operation

on IBB satisfying Equation 3 for a particular value of field
current If1 , Generator Voltage E1 , Lag pf Load Ia1 & IB
voltage V

412
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1

413
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1

414
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
415 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E2<E1 , Load Ia2 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const

E1

Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
416 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E2<E1 , Load Ia2 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const

E1

Ia2Xs

Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
417 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E2<E1 , Load Ia2 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const
E2 E1

Ia2Xs

2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
418 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E2<E1 , Load Ia2 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const
E2 E1

Ia2Xs

2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
419 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If3< If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E3<E2<E1 , Load Ia3 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const
E2 E1

Ia2Xs
Ia3
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
420 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If3< If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E3<E2<E1 , Load Ia3 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const
E2 E1

Ia2Xs
Ia3 Ia3Xs
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
421 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If3< If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E3<E2<E1 , Load Ia3 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
For this case: If , E , Speed = Const, P = Const, Now P = Const = (EV) / Xs * Sin = Const and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to E Sin = Const --
-- (1), We also know P = V I Cos ø = Const , hence I Cos ø = Const ----- (2), And E = V + j I Xs --- (3) , Q = V / Xs * (E Cos - V )---(4)
Inserting conditions E sin = Const as per Eq.1 & and Ia Cos ø = Const as per Eq.2 In diagram

I Cos ø = Const

E sin = Const
E3 E2 E1

3
Ia2Xs
Ia3 Ia3Xs
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Now lets draw modified phasor diagram for generator operation on IBB satisfying all
422 equations and condition for a particular value of field current If3< If2 < If1 , Generator
Voltage E3<E2<E1 , Load Ia3 & IB voltage V
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
One can easily understand that on changing the excitation of generator the reactive power
(V Ia Sin ø –component) or (E Ia Sin ø –component) exchange between IB and G changes keeping
active power (V Ia Cos ø – Component ) or (E Ia Cos ø- Component) un changed.
The flow of Q from or to G / Bus depends upon G excitation Mode relevant to Bus

E3 E2 E1

3
Ia2Xs
Ia3 Ia3Xs
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1

423
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
One can easily understand that on changing the excitation of generator the reactive power
(V Ia Sin ø –component) or (E Ia Sin ø –component) exchange between IB and G changes keeping
active power (V Ia Cos ø – Component ) or (E Ia Cos ø- Component) un changed.
The flow of Q from or to G / Bus depends upon G excitation Mode relevant to Bus

E3 E2 E1
With increase in excitation (from E3
to E1) load angle reduces and power
factor becomes poor 3
Ia2Xs
Ia3 Ia3Xs
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1

424
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B1. Effect of change in Excitation (Constant Power(P) Mode)
One can easily understand that on changing the excitation of generator the reactive power
(V Ia Sin ø –component) or (E Ia Sin ø –component) exchange between IB and G changes keeping
active power (V Ia Cos ø – Component ) or (E Ia Cos ø- Component) un changed.
The flow of Q from or to G / Bus depends upon G excitation Mode relevant to Bus

E3 E2 E1
With increase in excitation (from E3
to E1) load angle reduces and power
factor becomes poor 3
Ia2Xs
Ia3 Ia3Xs
2
Ia1Xs
1 Ia2
ø1
V

Ia1
Also observe : V Ia3 Cos ø3 = V Ia2 Cos ø2 = V Ia1 Cos ø1 (P1=P2=P3) &
425 Q3 =V Ia3 Sin ø3 (Consuming from bus), Q2 = V Ia2 Sin ø2 = 0 (No reactive power
exchange) and Q1 = V Ia1 Sin ø1 (Supplying Reactive Power to Bus)
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

For this case: E = Const & = Variable

Now P = (EV) / Xs * Sin and V & f is constant because of IBB , which results in to:

P = K Sin …. and P … So for Every Increase in mechanical Input will Increase and
P supplied by Generator to bus will Increase

We know that E = V + j Ia Xs & P = V Ia Cos ø and for this mode E &

V is constant, so with increase in mechanical input – P will increase
only if Ia increases.
Now lets draw basic phasor diagram for generator operation
on IBB satisfying current If1 , Generator Voltage E1 , Lag pf
Load Ia1 & IB voltage V and load angle 1
426
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1

427
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input (Keeping E, V ) same:

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1

428
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input (Keeping E, V ) same:

E2 = E1

E1

Ia1Xs
1
ø1
V

Ia1

429
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input (Keeping E, V ) same:

E2 = E1

Ia2Xs
E1

1
Ia1Xs
ø1
V

Ia1

430
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))

Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input so that 1 Increases to 2

(Keeping E2=E1, V ) same:
E2 = E1

Ia2Xs
E1

1 Ia2 Ia1Xs
ø1
V

Ia1

431
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))
Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input so that 2 Increases to 3
(Keeping E3=E2=E1, V ) same: E3 = E2= E1

E2 = E1

Ia2Xs
E1

1 Ia2 Ia1Xs
ø1
V

Ia1

432
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))
Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input so that 2 Increases to 3
(Keeping E3=E2=E1, V ) same: E3 = E2= E1

E2 = E1

Ia3Xs
Ia2Xs
E1

1 Ia2 Ia1Xs
ø1
V

Ia1

433
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))
Redrawing the same with increase in Mechanical Input so that 2 Increases to 3
(Keeping E3=E2=E1, V ) same: E3 = E2= E1

E2 = E1

Ia3Xs
3
Ia2Xs
Ia3 E1

2
ø3

1 Ia2 Ia1Xs
ø1
V

Ia1

434
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS
B2. Effect of change in Mechanical Input (Constant Excitation Mode (E = Const))
E4=E3 = E2= E1
E3 = E2= E1
Ia4
E2 = E1
Ia4Xs Ia3Xs
3
4
Ia2Xs
Ia3 E1

0
2
ø3

1 Ia2 Ia1Xs
ø1
V
Following things can be established :
1. For constant excitation mode with increase in mechanical input active power supplied by generator
to IB increases while there is marginal change in supply of reactive power by generator to IB
Ia1
2. With Increase in mechanical Input load angle increases and power factor Improves
435
3. Maximum power will be delivered for the condition of load angle 4 ( Load angle = 90 °)
4. Applying condition 3 to P = EV/Xs * Sin , it will become Pmax = EV / Xs , as derived earlier
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR:
OPERATION ON INFINITE BUS - SUMMARY

On-Load Operation
No – Load Operation

Effect of Change in
Excitation

E V E =V E >V Effect of Change in Effect of change in

Excitation (Constant Mechanical Input
Power (P) Mode) (Constant Excitation
(E) Mode)

436
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)
The ratio of field current to produce rated voltage on open-circuit to the field current
required to circulate rated current on short-circuit while the machine is driven at
synchronous speed is called short-circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine.

437
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

Salient Pole Machines

have larger Air Gaps -----
Rotor to Stator Linkage
flux is less & leakage flux
is more --- Ld is less --- Xd
is Less– SCR is Higher for
Hydro Alternators
438
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

Cylindrical rotor
Machines have small Air
Gaps ----- Rotor to Stator
Linkage flux is more &
leakage flux is less --- Ld
is more --- Xd is More–
SCR is Lower for Turbo
Alternators
439
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

The Machine is The Machine is

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled with
With Grid Grid

440
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

The Machine is The Machine is

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled with
With Grid Grid
The response will be The response will be
Slow to Sudden fast to Sudden change
change demanded demanded from
from system system

441
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled

Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature Effect of Armature
flux on Field Flux will flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More

442
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled

Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature Effect of Armature
flux on Field Flux will flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
During Fault will During Fault will
experience less experience More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)

443
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled

Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature Effect of Armature
flux on Field Flux will flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)
Able to supply More Incapable of supply
Fault current without more current without
drop in Voltage drop in Voltage
444
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE
HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES
(SCR 1 – to—1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled

Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature Effect of Armature
flux on Field Flux will flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)
Able to supply More Incapable of supply
Fault current without more current without
drop in Voltage drop in Voltage
HigherVoltage Lower Voltage
445 Stability Margins Stability Margins
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 -- to--1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)
Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled
Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)
Able to supply More Fault current without Incapable of supply more current without
drop in Voltage drop in Voltage
HigherVoltage Stability Margins Lower Voltage Stability Margins
Contributes to Strong Grid or Strong Contributes to Weak Grid or WeakSystem
System

446
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES

(SCR 1 -- to--1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)
Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled
Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)
Able to supply More Fault current without Incapable of supply more current without
drop in Voltage drop in Voltage
HigherVoltage Stability Margins Lower Voltage Stability Margins
Contributes to Strong Grid or Strong Contributes to Weak Grid or Weak System
System
Higher Short Ckt current delivery Lower Short Ckt current delivery
Capability Capability

447
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE
HYDRO MACHINES TURBO MACHINES
(SCR 1 -- to--1.5) (SCR 0.45 --- to ---0.85)
Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled
Slow response Fast response
Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will Effect of Armature flux on Field Flux will
be Less be More
Voltage Drop (ð v) Voltage Drop ( v)
Able to supply More Fault current without Incapable of supply more current without
drop in Voltage drop in Voltage
HigherVoltage Stability Margins Lower Voltage Stability Margins
Contributes to Strong Grid or Strong Contributes to Weak Grid or Weak System
System
Higher Short Ckt current delivery Lower Short Ckt current delivery
Capability Capability
Higher Size & Cost for same Capacity Lower Size & Cost for Same Capacity

448
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

Generator is
costly with
Higher
System
Stability
449
 S.G. – SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO (S.C.R.)- SIGNIFICANCE

Generator is
cheaper with
lower System
Stability
450
451