ME1402 - Kinematics of Machinery Department of Mechanical Engineering 2024 - 2025

LTPC
ME1402 KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
3 00 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic components and layout of linkages in the assembly of a system
/Machine.
• To understand the principles in analyzing the assembly with respect to the
displacement, velocity, and acceleration at any point in a link of a mechanism.
• To understand the motion resulting from a specified set of linkages, design few
linkage mechanisms and cam mechanisms for specified output motions.
• To understand the basic concepts of toothed gearing and kinematics of gear trains and
the effects of friction in motion transmission and in machine components.
UNIT I BASICS OF MECHANISMS 9
Classification of mechanisms – Basic kinematic concepts and definitions – Degree of
freedom, Mobility – Kutzbach criterion, Gruebler’s criterion – Grashof’s Law – Kinematic
inversions of four-bar chain and slider crank chains – Limit positions – Mechanical
advantage – Transmission Angle – Description of some common mechanisms – Quick
return mechanisms, Straight line generators, Universal Joint – rocker mechanisms.
UNIT II KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS 9
Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of simple mechanisms – Graphical
method– Velocity and acceleration polygons – Velocity analysis using instantaneous
centres – kinematic analysis of simple mechanisms – Coincident points – Coriolis
component of Acceleration – Introduction to linkage synthesis problem.
UNIT III KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS 9
Classification of cams and followers – Terminology and definitions – Displacement
diagrams –Uniform velocity, parabolic, simple harmonic and cycloidal motions –
Derivatives of follower motions – Layout of plate cam profiles – Specified contour cams –
Circular arc and tangent cams – Pressure angle and undercutting – sizing of cams.
UNIT IV GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS 9
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles –Spur Gear terminology
and definitions –Gear tooth action – contact ratio – Interference and undercutting. Helical,
Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears [Basics only]. Gear trains – Speed ratio, train value –
Parallel axis gear trains – Epicyclic Gear Trains.
UNIT V FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS 9
Surface contacts – Sliding and Rolling friction – Friction drives – Friction in screw threads
–Bearings and lubrication – Friction clutches – Belt and rope drives – Friction in brakes-
Band and Block brakes.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. F.B. Sayyad, “Kinematics of Machinery”, MacMillan Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Tech-max
educational resources, 2011.
2. Rattan, S.S, “Theory of Machines”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009.
3. Uicker, J.J., Pennock G.R and Shigley, J.E., “Theory of Machines and Mechanisms”, 4th
Edition, Oxford University Press, 2014.
REFERENCES:
1. Allen S. Hall Jr., “Kinematics and Linkage Design”, Prentice Hall, 1961.
2. Cleghorn. W. L, “Mechanisms of Machines”, Oxford University Press, 2014.
3. Ghosh. A and Mallick, A.K., “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines", 3rd Edition
Affiliated East- West Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, [Link] L. Norton, "Kinematics and
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ME1402 - Kinematics of Machinery Department of Mechanical Engineering 2024 - 2025
Dynamics of Machinery", Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009.
4. John Hannah and Stephens R.C., "Mechanics of Machines", Viva Low-Prices Student
Edition, 1999.
5. Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors,
2005.
6. Khurmi, R.S., ‘Theory of Machines”, 14th Edition, S Chand Publications, 2005.
ME1402 - KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this course, the student will be able:
C212.1 To discuss the basics of mechanisms.
C212.2 To calculate velocity and acceleration in simple mechanisms.
C212.3 To develop CAM profiles.
C212.4 To solve problems on gears and gear trains.
C212.5 To examine fiction in machine elements.
MAPPINGBETWEEN CO, PO AND PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

ME8492 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

C212.1 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 3 3 3

C212.2 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 3 2 2 3 3 3

C212.3 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 2 2 1 3 3 3

C212.4 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 2 1 2 3 3 3

C212.5 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 - 1 2 1 1 3 3 3
RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH CO’s
UNIT – I BASICS OF MECHANISMS
Knowledge Course
[Link]. Topics
level Outcomes
Classification of mechanisms, Basic kinematic
1 R,U C212.1
concepts and definitions
Degree of freedom, Mobility, Kutzbach criterion,
2 R,U,Ap C212.1
Gruebler’s criterion
Grashof’s Law, Kinematic inversions of four-bar chain
3 R,U,Ap C212.1
and slider crank chains, Limit positions
4 R,U Mechanical advantage, Transmission Angle. C212.1
Description of some common mechanisms, Quick
5 R,U C212.1
return mechanisms, Straight line generators
6 R,U Universal Joint & rocker mechanisms C212.1

UNIT – 2 KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS

Knowledge Course
[Link]. Topics
level Outcomes
Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of
1 R,U,An C212.2
simple mechanisms
2 R,U,Ap,An Graphical method – Velocity and acceleration polygons C212.2
Velocity analysis using instantaneous centres –
3 R,U,Ap,An C212.2
kinematic analysis of simple mechanisms

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4 R,U,Ap,An Coincident points – Coriolis component of Acceleration C212.2
5 R,U Introduction to linkage synthesis problem C212.2

UNIT - 3 KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS

Knowledge Course
[Link]. Topics
level Outcomes
Classification of cams and followers, Terminology and
1 R,U C212.3
definitions
Displacement diagrams –Uniform velocity, parabolic,
2 R,U,Ap C212.3
simple harmonic and cycloidal motions
Derivatives of follower motions – Layout of plate cam
3 R,U,Ap,An C212.3
profiles
4 R,U,Ap,An Specified contour cams – Circular arc and tangent cams C212.3
5 R,U Pressure angle and undercutting – sizing of cams C212.3

UNIT - 4 GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS

Knowledge Course
[Link]. Topics
level Outcomes
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth
1 R,U,An C212.4
profiles, Spur Gear terminology and definitions
2 R,U,Ap,An Gear tooth action, contact ratio C212.4
3 R,U,Ap,An Interference and undercutting C212.4
Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears [Basics
4 R,U C212.4
only]
Gear trains – Speed ratio, train value – Parallel axis gear
5 R,U,Ap,An C212.4
trains
6 R,U,Ap Epicyclic Gear Trains C212.4

UNIT - 5 FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS

Knowledge Course
[Link]. Topics
level Outcomes
1 R,U Surface contacts – Sliding and Rolling friction C212.5
2 R,U,Ap,An Friction drives – Friction in screw threads C212.5
3 R,U,Ap,An Bearings and lubrication C212.5
4 R,U,Ap,An Friction clutches C212.5
5 R,U,Ap,An Belt and rope drives C212.5
6 R,U,Ap,An Friction in brakes- Band and Block brakes C212.5

R-Remember; Ap – Apply; An – Analyze; U – Understand; E- Evaluate; C-Create

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UNIT – I BASICS OF MECHANISMS
PART - A (C212.1)
1. Differentiate between Machine and Mechanism. (Nov 2012/May 2016)
2. Write down Kutzbach criterion to find the mobility of a planar mechanism.
3. List out the inversions of a double slider crank chain. (Nov2018/May2019)
4. State Grashof’s law for a four-bar linkage. (Dec2012)
5. Define Kinematic Pair.
6. Enumerate the difference between a Machine and a Structure. (June2014/2022)
7. Define transmission angle and its significance.
8. Define Link and list the various type of link.
9. Define degree of freedom (or) mobility and give the DOF for a shaft in a circular
hole.
10. Define pair and illustrate any two types of constrained pair. (May2018)
Determine the number of degrees of freedom of the mechanism shown in the figure
11.
below. (May2015)
12. Define the kinematic chain.
13. Name the inversions of four bar mechanisms. (Nov2015)
14. Name the inversions of single slider mechanism. (Nov2017)
15. Name some straight-line generating mechanism. (May2022)
16. Write down the Grubler’s criteria for planar mechanism. (Nov2015/Nov2017)
17. Classify the kinematic pair based on the various characteristics. Define Higher and
lower pair. Classify pair based on nature of contact. (May2016/2018)
18. When a linkage becomes mechanism. (May2016)
19. Define Mechanical Advantage.
20. Define rigid link or rigid body. (April/May2019)
21. What is Pantograph? (Nov2018)
22. Define Sliding Connectors. (Nov2013)
23. Differentiate Rotation and Translation. (Nov2013)
24. Classify Constrained Motion (or) Write short notes on complete & incomplete
constraints in lower & higher pair. (April 2014/2015)
25. What type of kinematic pair exists between human shoulder and arm based on
nature of contact and nature of relative motion? (April2017)
26. Sketch and define transmission angle of a four-bar mechanism. (April2017)
27. Sketch a crank-rocker mechanism & slider crank mechanism indicating their
input & output motions. (May2018)
28. Differentiate between a structure and a mechanism. (Nov2020)
29. Identify whether the kinematic chain with the following link lengths is Grashofian
or not 60 mm, 120 mm, 90 mm and 110 mm. (Nov2020)
PART - B (C212.1)
1. (i) Classify Kinematic Pairs based on degrees of freedom.
(ii) What is Inversion and list its properties. (May2016)
2. Define inversion of mechanism. Explain the inversions of four bar mechanism with neat
sketch with suitable example. (or) Sketch & explain any three kinematic inversions of 4
bar chain. (June 2014/April/Nov 2015/April2017/May2019)

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3. Explain the various inversions of double slider crank mechanism with neat sketch.
4. Design a four-bar crank rocker quick return mechanism to give a time ratio of 1.25 with
rocker swing angle as 75° clockwise. Assume the output link (rocker) length as 50 mm
and in the right extreme position it is vertical.
5. (i) Find the degrees of freedom of mechanism as shown in figure. (May2016)

(ii) State the inconsistencies in Grubler’s criterion. (May2016)

6. Write short notes on toggle mechanism. (Nov2013/May2018)
7. Explain mechanical advantage and transmission angle related to four-bar mechanisms.
8. In a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism, the distance between the
fixed centres is240 mm and the length of the driving crank is 120mm. Find t h e
inclination of the slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time
ratio of cutting stroke to the return stroke. If the length of the slotted bar is 450mm,
find the length of the stroke if the line of stroke passes through the extreme positions
of the free end of the lever. (Nov2015/April2017)
9. State and prove Kutzbach criterion for the following kinematic chains: Three bar chain,
four bar chain, Cam with knife edge follower.
10. Sketch & describe the Crank and slotted lever & Whitworth quick return mechanisms.
Derive an expression for the ratio of time taken in forward & return stroke of these
mechanisms. (June2014/April2015/Nov2018/April2019/Nov2020)
11. Sketch and explain any various types of straight-line motion generating mechanism.
Describe Watt’s parallel mechanism for straight line motion and derive the condition
under which the straight line is traced. (Nov2018/April2018)
12. A Hooke’s joint connects two shafts axes intersect at 18˚. The driving shaft rotates at a
uniform speed of 210 rpm. The driven shaft with attached mass of 60 kg and radius of
gyration of 120mm. Determine the torque required at driving shaft if a steady torque of
180 Nm resist the rotation of driven shaft and the angle of rotation is 45˚ and the angle
between the shafts at which the total fluctuation of speed of the driven shaft is limited to
18 rpm. (Nov2014)
13. (a) Explain about the double universal joint and its advantages over single joint with
neat sketch.
(b) The angle between the axes of two shafts connected by Hooke’s joint is 18°.
Determine the angle turned through by the driving shaft when the velocity ratio is
maximum and unity.
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14. What is a kinematic inversion? Discuss any 3 applications of inversion of slider crank
mechanism with suitable sketches. (April2017)
15. Find the degrees of freedom for the mechanisms shown in figure. (April2017/2018)

16. (i) The link lengths of a quadratic cycle chain are shown in Fig. Find all the inversions
of the given chain and classify them. [8 Marks] (Nov2020)

(ii) A crank-rocker mechanism has a 70 mm fixed link, a 20 mm crank, 50 mm coupler

and a 70 mm rocker. Determine the maximum and minimum transmission angles.
17. A Hooke’s joint connects two shafts whose axes intersect at 180. The driving shaft
rotates at a uniform speed of 210 r.p.m. The driven shaft with attached masses has a
mass of 60 kg and the radius of gyration of 120 mm. Determine the torque required at
the driving shaft if a steady torque of 180 Nm resists rotation of the driven shaft
0
and the angle of rotation is 45 and angle between the shafts at which the total
fluctuation of speed of the driven shaft is limited to 18 r.p.m. (May2022)

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18. Determine the number of degrees of freedom of the mechanism shown in figure (a) to
(e). (May2022)

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

Fig. (c) Fig. (d)

Fig. (e)

PART - C (C212.1)
1. Figure shows a mechanical press used to exert large forces to insert a small part into a
larger one. Draw a kinematic diagram, using the end of the handle as a point of interest.
Also compute the DOF. (May2017)

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2. The driving shaft of a Hooke’s joint runs at a uniform speed of 240 r.p.m. and the angle
αbetween the shafts is 20°. The driven shaft with attached masses has a mass of 55 kg at
a radius of gyration of 150 mm. 1. If a steady torque of 200 N-m resists rotation of the
driven shaft, find the torque required at the driving shaft, when = 45°. 2. At what value
of ‘α’will the total fluctuation of speed of the driven shaft be limited to 24r.p.m?
3. Fig. shows the link GAB which oscillates on a fixed centre at A and the link FD on a
fixed centre at F. The link AB is equal to AC and DB, BE, EC and CD are equal in
length. (a) Find the length of AF and the position of centre F so that the point E may
move in a straight line. (b) If the point E is required to move in a circle passing through
centre A, what will be the path of point D?

4. In a 4-bar crank rocker mechanism, the forward motion of the rocker takes place during
the 2250 constant speed rotation of the crank. Determine the time-ratio & prove that this
mechanism can be used as a quick-return mechanism. (May2018)
5. In order to form a four-bar kinematic chain, state & prove the assembly condition of link
lengths by selecting suitable link lengths which are within the range 35mm to 175mm &
also, satisfying Grashof’s law. (May2018)

UNIT – II KINEMATICS OF LINKAGE MECHANISMS

PART - A (C212.2)
1. What are the various methods used to find the velocity? [MAY2016]
2. Explain normal component of acceleration.
3. Explain normal component of acceleration. [APR-MAY 2019]
4. Define rubbing velocity. [DEC2012]
5. Define Corioli’s component of acceleration. [NOV2017/2018]
6. Define Instantaneous centre of rotation. [JUNE2014/APR2017/NOV 2018/2020]
7. Illustrate the space centrode and body centrode. [APR-MAY 2019]
8. Name any two mechanisms having coriolis component. [NOV2014]
9. What is relative pole, with respect to velocity analysis? [MAY2016]
10. State the properties of instantaneous centre method.
11. State and explain the Kennedy’s theorem.
12. List the various types of instantaneous centres. What is total no of instantaneous
centres in mechanism? [NOV2015]
13. How will you determine the direction of Coriolis component of [APRIL2015]
acceleration?
14. What are the expressions for radial and tangential component of
acceleration? [MAY18]

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15. For what type of mechanism Coriolis component of acceleration is taken into
account. [NOV2015]
16. What is meant by coincident points?
17. What is meant by Instantaneous axis, Axode and Centrode?
18. What is meant by configuration diagram? Where do we use it? [DEC2012]
19. Define low degree of Complexity. [NOV2013]
20. Define high degree of Complexity.
Define Freudenstein’s equation in Computer Aided analysis for four bar
21.
mechanism. [MAY2019]
22. What is the need for finding acceleration of linkage in a mechanism? [NOV2014]
23. What is the expression for Corioli's component of acceleration? [JUNE2014]
24. What is Virtual Centre?
What is the formulation to calculate the number of instantaneous centres are in a
25.
mechanism? [MAY2022]
26. Define number of instantaneous centres. [NOV2013/APRIL2015]
27. State the Aronhold Kennedy Theorem. [NOV2017]
28. Find the resultant acceleration of an 80mm radius crank rotating at a constant angular
velocity of 10rad/s, at the crank-pin position. [APRIL2017

29. Draw a sketch to locate the instantaneous center of rotation of a thin disc rolling
on a plane rigid surface. [NOV/DEC2020]
30. A link ‘OP’ of 300 mm length rotates about ‘O’ with an angular velocity of 10 rad/sec
and angular acceleration 30 rad/sec2. Find the radial and tangential component of
acceleration of point ‘P’ with respect to ‘O’. [MAY2022]
PART - B (C212.2)
1. PQRS is a four-bar chain with link PS fixed. The lengths of the links are PQ = 62.5 mm
QR = 175 mm ; RS = 112.5 mm ; and PS = 200 mm. The crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/s
clockwise. Draw the velocity and acceleration diagram when angle QPS = 60° and Q
and R lie on the same side of PS. Find the angular velocity and angular acceleration of
links QR and RS. [NOV-DEC 2018]
2. The crank of a slider crank mechanism rotates clockwise at a constant speed of 300
r.p.m. The crank is 150 mm and the connecting rod is 600 mm long. Determine: 1.
Linear velocity and acceleration of the midpoint of the connecting rod, and 2. angular
velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod, at a crank angle of 45° from
inner dead centre position. [APR-MAY 2019]

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3. Locate all the instantaneous center of the mechanism as shown in figure shown below.
The lengths of various links are: AB = 150mm; BC = 300mm; CD = 225mm; and CE
= 500mm. When the crank AB rotates in anticlockwise direction at uniform speed of
240rpm, find (i) Velocity of Slider E, and (ii) Angular Velocity of the links BC and CE.
[APRIL2015/NOV2020]

4. The driving crank AB of the quick-return mechanism, as shown in figure, revolves at a

uniform speed of 200 r.p.m. Find the velocity and acceleration of the tool-box R, in the
position shown, when the crank makes an angle of 60°with the vertical line of centres
PA. What is the acceleration of sliding of the block at B along the slotted lever PQ?

5. In a small steam engine running at 600 rad/min counter clockwise, length of crank is 80
mm and ratio of connecting rod length to crank radius is 3. For the position when crank
makes 45° to horizontal, determine acceleration of piston. Find also total acceleration
of a point X on connecting rod 80mm from the crank pin.
6. (i) In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank OB and connecting rod AB are
125 and 500 mm respectively. The center of gravity G of the connecting rod is 275 mm
from the slider A. The crank speed is 600 rpm clockwise. When the crank has turned
45° from the IDC, determine 1. Velocity of the slider A, 2. Velocity of point G, 3.
Angular velocity of the AB.
(ii) Derive an expression for angular velocity of link in a 4-bar linkage. [JUNE2014]

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7. For the toggle mechanism as shown in figure , the slider D is constrained to move
along horizontal direction. The crank rotates at 180 rpm. The dimensions of various
links are as follows. OA = 180 mm; CB = 240 mm; AB = 360 mm; BD = 540 mm. For
the given configuration determine thevelocity of the slider and angular velocities of
links AB, BC and BD. Also determine the linear acceleration of the slider D.
[DEC2020]

8. A single cylinder rotary engine is shown in figure below. OA is fixed link, 200mm
long. OB is the connecting rod and is 520 mm long. The line of stroke is stroke is along
AD and at the instant is inclined at 30˚ to the horizontal. The body of the engine
consists of cylinders rotates at a uniform speed of 400 rpm about fixed centre A.
Determine the acceleration of slider B and angular acceleration of the connecting rod.
[APRIL 2015]

9. toggle mechanism as shown in figure, along with the dimensions of thelinks in mm.
Find the velocities of the points B and C and the angular velocities of links AB, BQ and
BC. The crank rotates at 50 rpm in the clockwise direction.

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10. A four-bar chain ABCD as shown in figure. In which the link AD is fixed, the length of
the links AB =65mm, BC=75mm, CD=88mm, AD=120mm BF = 45mm CF = 35mm
and If the crank AB rotates at 18 rad/sec in clockwise direction. Draw the configuration
and velocity diagram when angle DAB=650 and the point E in the link BC at a distance
of 25mm from C and the point G in the link CD at a distance of 28mm. Find the
absolute velocity of point F, E and G and angular velocity of links BC and CD.
11. In a pin jointed four bar mechanism, AB = 300 mm, BC = CD = 360 mm, and A D =
600 mm. The angle BAD = 60°. The crank AB rotates uniformly at 100 r.p.m. locate all
the instantaneous centres and find the angular velocity of the link BC. [DEC 2018]

12. Derive an expression for Coriolis Component of acceleration with neat sketch and give
its directions for various conditions. [MAY2016]
13. Fig, shows the configuration of Whitworth quick return mechanism. The length of the
fixed link OA and the crank OP are 200mm and 300mm respectively. Other lengths are
AR = 200mm and RS = 400mm. Find the velocity of ram using instantaneous center
method when the crank angle makes a angle of 120˚ with the fixed link and rotates at 10
rad/s.(ii) Differentiate low degree of complexity with high degree of complexity with
suitable sketch. [NOV2013]

14. The diagram shows part of a quick return mechanism. The pin A slides in the
slot when the disc is rotated. Calculate t h e angular velocity a n d acceleration of
link BC when Ө = 60o and ω = 100 rad/sec. [MAY2016]

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15. In a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism, the distance between the
fixed centres is 240 mm and the length of the driving crank is 120 mm. Find the
inclination of the slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio
of cutting stroke to the return stroke. If the length of the slotted bar is 450 mm, find the
length of the stroke if the line of stroke passes through the extreme positions of the free
end of the lever. [NOV2017]
16. Locate all instantaneous centres of the slider crank mechanism. The crank (OA) is
160mm and the connecting rod (AB) is 470mm long. If the crank rotates clockwise
with an angular velocity of 12rad/s, Determine 1. Linear velocity of slider(B) 2.
Angular velocity of the connecting rod (AB), at a crank angle of 300 from IDC position
using instantaneous centre method. [NOV2017]
17. An engine mechanism is shown in Fig. The
crank CB = 100 mm and the connecting rod
BA = 300 mm with centre of gravity G, 100
mm from B. In the position shown, the
crankshaft has a speed of 75 rad/s and an
angular acceleration of 1200 rad/s2. Find: 1.
Velocity of G and angular velocity of AB,
and 2. acceleration of G and angular acceleration of AB. [MAY2017]
18. Locate all the instantaneous centres of the
slider crank mechanism as shown in Fig.
The lengths of crank OB and connecting
rod AB are 100 mm and 400 mm
respectively. If the crank rotates clockwise
with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s, find:
1. Velocity of the slider A, and 2. Angular
velocity of the connecting rod AB. [MAY2017]
19. What is kinematic synthesis? Name the 3 phases of kinematic synthesis & classify the
linkage synthesis problems. [MAY2018]
20. A four-bar mechanism AOABBO has the following lengths: Fixed link, AOBO-60mm;
Input link, AOA-30mm; Coupler, AB-45mm; Output link, BBO-50mm. Pivot AO is left
of pivot BO & both pin joints A & B are above the horizontal fixed link. A point C is on
the straight extension of the coupler, such that BC=25mm. Input link rotates at a
constant speed of 20rpm clockwise. Determine the linear velocities of points B & C
separately, & angular velocities of coupler & the output link, when the input link is 600
counter clockwise from the fixed link. [MAY2018]
21. (i) State & prove the Aronhold-Kennedy theorem related to instantaneous centres. (ii)
List out the types of Instantaneous centre. (iii) Locate the instantaneous centre of a
four-bar mechanism. [MAY 2019]

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22. The crank and connecting rod of a theoretical steam engine are 0.5 m and 2 m long
respectively. The crank makes 180 r.p.m. in the clockwise direction. When it has turned
450 from the inner dead center position, determine:
(a) Velocity of piston.
(b) Angular velocity of connecting rod.
(c) Velocity of point E on the connecting rod 1.5 m from the gudgeon pin.
(d) Velocities of rubbing at the pins of the crank shaft, crank and crosshead when the
diameters of their pins are 50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm respectively.
(e) Position and linear velocity of any point G on the connecting rod which has the least
velocity relative to crank shaft. [MAY 2022]
23. In a pin jointed four bar mechanism, as shown in figure (f), AB = 300 mm, BC = CD =
360 mm, and AD = 600 mm. The angle BAD = 600. The crank AB rotates uniformly at
100 r.p.m. Locate all the instantaneous centres and find the angular velocity of the link
BC. [MAY 2022]

PART - C (C212.2)
1. In the mechanism, as shown in Fig. OA
and OB are two equal cranks at right
angles rotating about O at a speed of 40
r.p.m. anticlockwise. The dimensions of
the various links are as follows: OA = OB
= 50 mm; AC = BD = 175 mm; DE =
CE = 75 mm; FG = 115 mm and EF =
FC. Draw velocity diagram for the given configuration of the mechanism and find
velocity of the slider G.
2. ABCD is a four-bar chain with link AD fixed. The length of the links is AB=190mm,
BC=280mm, and CD=280mm, and AD=500mm. The crank AB has an angular velocity
BAD=550 and B & C lie on same side of AD. Find the acceleration and angular
acceleration of links BC & CD. [NOV/DEC2017]

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3. The kinematic diagram of one of the cylinders of a rotary
engine is shown in Fig. 8.34. The crank OA which is vertical
and fixed, is 50 mm long. The length of the connecting rod
AB is 125 mm. The line of the stroke OB is inclined at 50° to
the vertical. The cylinders are rotating at a uniform speed of
300 r.p.m., in a clockwise direction, about the fixed centre O.
Determine: 1. Acceleration of the piston inside the cylinder,
and 2. angular acceleration of the connecting rod.
4. For the given configuration of the mechanism
shown in Fig., using instantaneous centre method
find velocity and angular velocities of links CB
and BD. The slider D is constrained to move on a
horizontal path. The crank OA is rotating in the
counter clockwise direction at a speed of 180 rpm.
The dimensions of the various links are OA = 180
mm, CB = 240 mm, AB = 360 mm and BD = 540
mm. For the given configuration find velocity and
acceleration of slider D.
[NOV2020/2022]
UNIT – III KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS
PART - A (C212.3)
1. List the classifications of cam followers based on shape.
2. What are the various types of motions of follower motion? [JUN/NOV2014]
3. What are the classifications of cams based on contact surfaces?
4. State the basic requirements for high-speed cams.
5. What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism?
6. Define Radial follower.
7. What is prime circle of a cam? What is the radial distance between the prime
circle and base circle for a cam with knife edge follower? [NOV-DEC 2018]
8. State the expressions for maximum velocity and acceleration of a follower moves
with Cycloidal motion.
9. Define Cam.
10. Define pitch curve of the cam.
11. Define offset follower. [NOV2015]
12. Define the term jump speed of a cam. [NOV2014]
13. Why roller follower is preferred to knife edge follower. [APRIL2015]
14. Define pressure angle and Pitch Circle. [NOV2013/2015]
15. Define undercutting in cam. How it occurs?
16. Define tangent cam? [JUN 2014/MAY 2016/NOV DEC 2018]
17. Define trace point in the study of cams. [DEC 2012/MAY2016]
18. Where is the roller follower extensively used? [NOV2017]
19. How can you prevent undercutting in cam?

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ME1402 - Kinematics of Machinery Department of Mechanical Engineering 2024 - 2025
20. What do you know about gravity cam?
21. Define Lift (or) Stroke in cam.
22. How can high surface stress in flat faced follower be minimized?
23. What is meant by Circular arc cam? [DEC2012]
24. What is the procedure to draw the cam profile? [NOV2013]
25. Differentiate between radial cam and cylindrical cam. [NOV2017/MAY 2019]
26. Draw the Displacement, Acceleration and Velocity Diagrams for a follower when
it moves with simple harmonic motion. [APRIL2015]
27. Which type of cam follower motion is preferred for high- s p e e d engines? Why?
[APRL2017]
28. Give any two applications of cam mechanism in IC engines. [APRL2017]
29. Classify & sketch the translating cam followers based on [MAY2018]
their position.
30. Draw the displacement diagram of follower when it moves with uniform
acceleration and retardation. [MAY 2019]
31. Sketch & name a specified contour cam, stating its advantage. [MAY2018]
32. Write any two conditions to avoid undercutting in a cam follower mechanism.
[NOV2020]
33. Draw a sketch to show prime circle in a cam-follower mechanism. [NOV2020]
34. Sketch the displacement, velocity and acceleration diagram when a follower
moves with uniform velocity. [MAY2022]
35 Name the types of cams with specified contours. [MAY2022]
PART - B (C212.3)
1. (i) Draw the displacement, velocity and acceleration curves, when the follower moves
with simple harmonic motion and derive the expression for maximum velocity and
maximum acceleration. (ii)Depict the types of cams. [MAY2016]
2. A cam with 30 mm as minimum diameter is rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of
1200 r.p.m. and has to give the following motion to a roller follower 10mm in
diameter: (i)Follower to complete the outward 11
stroke of 25 mm during 120o of cam
rotation with uniform acceleration and retardation; (ii) Follower to dwell for 60o of
cam rotation; (iii) Follower to return its original position during 90o of cam rotation
with uniform acceleration and retardation; (iv) Follower to dwell for the remaining 90o
of cam rotation. Draw the cam profile if the axis of the follower passes through the axis
of the cam. Determine the maximum velocity of the follower during outstroke and
return stroke and also the uniform acceleration of the follower on the out
stroke and return stroke. [APR 2015/NOV2014]
3. Follower type - roller follower, lift=25mm, base circle radius =25mm Roller
radius=5mm, out stroke with UARM, for 20° cam rotation, dwell for 60° cam rotation,
return stroke with UARM, for 90° cam rotation, dwell for remaining cam period.
Determine maximum velocity and acceleration during out stroke and return stroke if
the cam rotates at 200rpm in counter clockwise direction. Draw the cam profile for the
conditions with follower offset to the right of cam center by 5mm. [MAY2016/2018]

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4. A cam drives a flat reciprocating follower in the following manner: During first 120°
rotation of the cam, follower moves outwards through a distance of 20 mm with simple
harmonic motion. The follower dwells during next 30° of cam rotation. During next
120° of cam rotation, the follower moves inwards with simple harmonic motion. The
follower dwells for the next 90° of cam rotation. The minimum radius of the cam is 25
mm. Draw the profile of the cam. [MAY 2019]
5. From the following data draw the profile of a cam in which the follower moves with
SHM during ascent while it moves with uniformly accelerated and decelerated motion
during descent. Least radius of the cam = 50 mm; Angle of ascent = 48°; Angle of
dwell= 42°; Angle of descent= 60°; Lift of the follower= 40 mm; Diameter of the
roller= 30 mm. If the cam rotates at 360 rpm anticlockwise find the maximum velocity
and acceleration of the follower during descent.
6. The following particulars relate to a symmetrical circular cam operating a flat faced
follower: Least radius = 16mm, nose radius = 3.2 mm, distance between cam shaft
centre and nose centre = 25mm, angle of action of cam = 150o, and cam shaft speed =
600 r.p.m. Assuming that there no dwell between ascent or descent, determine the lift
of the valve, the flank radius and the acceleration and retardation of the follower at a
point where circular nose merges in to circular flank. [APRIL2015]
7. Draw the profile of a cam operating a knife-edge follower (when the axis of the
follower passes through the axis ofcam shaft) from the following data: (i) follower to
move outward through30 mm with Simple Harmonic motion during 120° of cam
rotation, (ii) Follower to dwell for the next 60°, (iii) Follower to return toits original
position with uniform velocity during 90° of cam rotation. (iv) Follower todwell for the
rest of the cam rotation. The least radius of cam is 20 mm and the cam rotates at 240
rpm. [NOV2015/MAY2018]
8. A cam with a min. radius of 25 mm, rotating in clockwise direction with a uniform
speed of 100 rpm is to be designed to give the motion for a roller follower of radius 15
mm as follows. (i) To raise through 30 mm during 120° rotation of cam with SHM. (ii)
Fully raised through next 30°. (iii) To lower during next 150° with UAUR. (iv) Dwell
for the remaining period. If the cam rotating at a speed of 150 r.p.m. calculate max
velocity and acceleration of the follower during descent of the follower. [NOV2014]
9. Draw the profile of a cam operating a knife-edge follower when the axis of the follower
passes through the axis of cam shaft from the following data: Follower to move
outwards through 40 mm during 60° of cam rotation * Follower to dwell for the next
45° * Follower to return to its original position during next 90°, *Follower to dwell for
the rest of the cam rotation. The displacement of the follower is to take place with
simple harmonic motion during both the outward and return strokes. The least radius
of cam is 50 mm. [DEC 2015]

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10. Draw the profile of a cam in which the follower moves with SHM during ascent while
it moves with uniformly accelerated and decelerated motion during descent. Least
radius of the cam = 60 mm; Angle of ascent = 58°; Angle of dwell= 32°; Angle of
descent= 70°; Lift of the follower= 30 mm; Diameter of the roller= 25 mm. If the cam
rotates at 560 rpm anticlockwise find the maximum velocity and acceleration of the
follower during descent. [APRIL2017]
11. A flat ended valve tappet is operated by a symmetrical cam with circular arc for flank
and nose. The straight-line path of the tappet passes through the cam axis. Total angle
of action = 150°. Lift = 6 mm. Base circle diameter = 30 mm. Period of acceleration is
half the period of retardation during the lift. The cam rotates at 1250 r.p.m. Find:
1. flank and nose radii; 2. Max. acceleration and retardation during the lift. [MAY 2019]
12. A Cam is designed for a knife edge follower with following data: (i) Cam Lift = 40mm
during 90˚ of cam rotation with SHM, (ii) Dwell for next 30˚. (iii) During next 60˚ of
cam rotation, follower returns to original position with SHM, (iv) Dwell for the
remaining 180˚. Draw the profile of Cam when the line of stroke is offset 20mm from
the axis of the cam shaft. (Assume suitable base circle radius) [MAY2014]
13. In a cam with translating roller follower, the follower axis is offset to the right of cam
hinge by [Link] roller radius is 10mm&the cam rotates counter clock-wise. Layout
the rise portion of the cam profile to meet the following specifications: Rise takes place
during 180˚ of cam rotation of which for the first 90˚ the rise is with the constant
acceleration & rest with constant retardation. Take 7 station points only. The cam lift is
30mm&least radius is 25mm. [JUN2014]
14. A cam operates an offset follower. The least radius of the cam is 50mm, roller diameter
is 30mm, and offset is 20mm, the cam rotates at 360rpm. The angle of ascent is 48˚,
angle of dwell is 42˚, and the angle of descent is 60˚. The motion is to be SHM during
ascent and uniform acceleration and deceleration during descent. Draw the cam profile
[Assume suitable cam lift] [NOV2013]
15. A symmetrical cam with convex flanks operates a flat-footed follower. The lift is
10mm, base circle radius 20mm. the total angle of the cam action is 1620. Find the
radius of convex flanks and nose and determine the maximum acceleration and
retardation during lift when the cam shaft rotates at 1200rpm. Period of acceleration is
half the period of retardation during the lift. [NOV2017]
16. Design a cam for operating the exhaust valve of an oil engine. It is required to give
equal uniform acceleration and retardation during opening and closing of the valve
each of which corresponds to 60° of cam rotation. The valve must remain in the fully
open position for 20° of cam rotation. The lift of the valve is 37.5 mm and the least
radius of the cam is 40 mm. The follower is provided with a roller of radius 20 mm and
its line of stroke passes through the axis of the cam. [NOV2017/2018]
17. In a symmetrical tangent cam operating a roller follower, the least radius of the cam is
30 mm and roller radius is 17.5 mm. The angle of ascent is 75° and the total lift is 17.5
mm. The speed of the cam shaft is 600 r.p.m. Calculate: 1. The principal dimensions of
the cam; 2. the accelerations of the follower at the beginning of the lift, where straight
flank merges into the circular nose and at the apex of the circular nose. Assume that
there is no dwell between ascent and descent. [APRIL2017/NOV2018]

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18. Neatly sketch a cam mechanism with roller follower & indicate the following in the
sketch & brief them; Cam Profile, Base Circle, Prime Circle and Pressure Angle.
[MAY2018]
19. An off-set knife-edged follower is operated by a uniformly rotating cam. The follower
is raised to a distance of 30 mm in 90° rotation of the cam, remains at rest for the next
90° and lowered during further 180° rotation of the cam. The rising and falling of the
follower take place with cycloidal motion and uniform acceleration and retardation
motions respectively. The least radius of the cam is 32 mm. Off-set is 15 mm. Draw the
cam profile. [NOV2020]
20. The radial roller follower and cam mechanism has the following data: Minimum radius
of cam = 32 mm; lift = 40 mm; angle of ascent with simple harmonic motion = 160°,
dwell = 80° and angle of descent with uniform velocity = 120°; and roller radius = 12
mm. Draw the cam profile. [NOV2020]
21. A disc cam with base circle radius of 40 mm is operating a roller follower with SHM.
The lift is 40 mm, angle of ascent 1200, dwell 900, return 1080, and dwell during the
remaining period. The cam rotates at 300 rpm. Find the maximum velocity and
acceleration during ascent and descent. The roller radius is 10 mm. Draw the cam
profile when the line of reciprocation of follower passes through the cam axis.
[MAY2022]
22. In a symmetrical tangent cam operating a roller follower, the least radius of the cam is
30 mm and roller radius is 17.5 mm. The angle of ascent is 750 and the total lift is 17.5
mm. The speed of the cam shaft is 600 r.p.m. Calculate:
(a) The principal dimensions of the cam.
(b) The accelerations of the follower at the beginning of the lift, where straight flank
merges into the circular nose and at the apex of the circular nose. Assume that there is
no dwell between ascent and descent. [MAY2022]
PART - C (C212.3)
1. A tangent cam with straight working faces tangential to a base circle of 120mm
diameter has a roller follower of 48mm diameter. The line of stroke of the roller
follower passes through the axis of the cam. The nose circle radius of cam is 12mm and
the angle between the tangent faces is 90 degrees. If the speed of the cam is 180 rpm,
determine the acceleration of the follower when;
(i) during the lift, the roller just leaves the straight flank.
(ii) the roller is at the outer end of the lift. i.e., at the top of the nose. [MAY 2019]

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2. A cam is to be used for a platform that will repeatedly lift boxes from a lower conveyor
to an upper conveyor. This machine is shown in fig. plot a displacement diagram and
determine the required speed of the cam when the follower motion sequence is as
follows: (i) Rise 40mm in 1.2s (ii) Dwell for 0.3s
(iii) Fall 20mm in 0.9s
(iv) Dwell 0.6s (v) Fall 20mm in 0.9s [APRIL2017]

3. A cam has straight working faces which are tangential to a base circle of diameter 90
mm. The follower is a roller of diameter 40 mm and the centre of roller moves along a
straight line passing through the centre line of the cam shaft. The angle between the
tangential faces of the cam is 90° and the faces are joined by a nose circle of 10 mm
radius. The speed of rotation of the cam is 120 revolutions per min. find the
acceleration of the roller centre 1. When during the lift, the roller is just about to leave
the straight flank; and 2. When the roller is at the outer end of its lift.
4. For a high-speed application using cam mechanism, the motion of the follower should
be with gradually changing smooth acceleration and with constant pressure angle for a
whole cycle of rotation of the cam. Suggest a suitable type of motion and a suitable
follower, for this application stating the reasons. [MAY2018]
5. Draw a cam profile to drive an oscillating roller follower to the specifications given
below: (a) Follower to move outwards through an angular displacement of 200 during
the first 1200 rotation of the cam & to return to its initial position during next 1200
rotation of the cam. (b) Follower to dwell during the next 1200 of cam rotation. The
distance between pivot centre and roller centre = 120 mm; distance between pivot
centre and cam axis = 130 mm; minimum radius of cam = 40 mm; radius of roller = 10
mm; inward and outward strokes take place with simple harmonic motion. [MAY2022]
UNIT – IV GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
PART - A (C212.4)
1. Define (a) Module (b) Diametrical Pitch of gears.
2. What is axial pitch of a helical gear? [MAY2016]
3. What are the special advantages of epicyclic gear trains? [APRIL2015]
4. Define velocity ratio.
5. Define gear train.
6. When involute interference occurs?
7. Define cycloid and advantages of cycloidal gear. [NOV2018] [APR2019]
8. Define Arc of Approach and Arc of Recess. [MAY2016]
9. What are the conditions to be satisfied for interchangeability of all gears?
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10. Define Path of contact, Length of path of contact & Arc of contact. [DEC2012]
11. Define circular pitch and relate module of gear with circular pitch. [MAY 2019]
12. What is reverted gear train? [DEC2012]
13. Define undercutting in gears.
14. What are the properties of involute tooth profile?
15. Define pressure angle and explain the effect of different pressure angle.
16. Discuss the advantages of involute gear tooth profile.
17. Describe the advantages and applications of helical gears.
18. State law of gearing. [JUNE2014/NOV 2015]
19. How is the epicyclic gear train works? [NOV2015]
20. What is meant by interference of Gears and how it can be avoided? What are the
methods to avoid it?
21. What are the advantages of helical gears over Spur Gears?
22. Why helical gear tooth is stronger than spur gear?
23. Define gear ratio and Velocity ratio or train value of the gear. [NOV2013/2018]
24. Write short notes on Differentials. [NOV2013]
25. Differentiate between involute profile and cycloidal profile.
26. Give the classification of gears based on position of teeth on the wheel. [NOV2017]
27. Draw the compound gear train and write its speed ratio. [NOV2017]
28. List down the common forms of gear teeth. [MAY2017]
29. State the two important similarities of a spur gear pair and helical gear pair.
[MAY2018]
30. Sketch the configuration of a reverted gear train. [MAY2017]
31. Sketch an ordinary gear train and an epicyclic gear train stating their important
difference. [MAY2018]
32. Compare reverted gear train and epicyclic gear train. [NOV2020]
33. Define p r e s s u r e a n g l e a n d e x p l ai n t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e
a n g l e . [MAY2022]
34. List out the applications of epicyclic gear train. [MAY2022]
PART - B (C212.4)
1. Calculate: (i) Length of path of contact (ii) Arc of contact and (iii) the contact ratio
when a pinion having 23 teeth drives a gear having teeth 57. The profile of the gears is
involute with pressure angle 20o, and module 8mm and addendum equal to one module.
[APRIL2015]
2. Derive an expression to find the minimum number of teeth in pinion to avoid
interference of gears. [NOV-DEC 2018]
3. Two gear wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 to 1. The teeth
are of involute form; module=6mm, addendum=one module, pressure angle= 20°. The
pinion rotates at 90 rpm. Determine (1) the number of teeth on the pinion to avoid
interference on it and the corresponding number of teeth on the wheel, (2) The length
of path and arc of contact, (3) the number of pairs of teeth in contact, and (4) the
maximum velocity of sliding. [JUNE2014]

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4. The arm of an epicyclic gear train rotates at 100. Rpm in the anti-
clockwise direction. The arm carries two wheels A and B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. The wheel A is fixed and the arm rotates about the centre of wheel A
Find the speed of wheel B. What will be the speed of B, if the wheel A instead of being
fixed, makes 200 rpm clockwise. [NOV 2015]
5. The following data relate to a pair of 20° involute gear in module=6 mm, Number of
teeth on pinion=17, Number of teeth on gear=49; Addenda on pinion and gear wheel=1
module. Find (1) the number of Pairs of teeth in contact (2) the angle turned through by
the pinion and gear wheel when one pair of teeth is in contact, and (3) The ratio of
sliding to rolling motion when the tip of a tooth on the large wheel (a) just making
contact (b) Just leaving contact with its mating tooth, and (c) at the pitch point.
6. A pair of 20° full depth involute spur gears having 30 and 50 teeth respectively of
module 4 mm are in mesh. The smaller gear rotates at 1000 r.p.m. Determine: 1.
Sliding velocities at engagement and at disengagement of pair of a teeth, and 2. contact
ratio. [APRIL/MAY 2019]
7. (i)Derive an expression to determine the length of path of contact between two spur
gears of different sizes. (ii) Briefly explain the sub-classification of compound gear
trains with neat sketch. [JUNE2014]
8. A Compound gear train using spur gear is required to give a total reduction ratio of 250
to 1 in 4 steps. The modules of the gears are 5mm for the first step, 7mm for the second
step, 10mm for the third and 16mm for the fourth. (i) Arrive at the individual
speed ratios if a tolerance of +/-0.2% is allowed in the total reduction ratio. (ii) Find the
number of teeth on all gears if minimum no of teeth on any pinion is 20, (iii) Find the
pitch diameters of all gears and centre distance. (iv) Sketch a line diagram showing the
gear train. [NOV2012]
9. (i) In an epicyclic gear train, the sun gear A and the planet gear B are having 36 and45
teeth respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm counter clockwise about center of A
which is fixed, determine speed of gear B. If the arm is locked and gear A rotates at
300 rpm what is the speed of gear B?
(ii) An epicyclic gear train is shown in the figure 1. How many revolutions does the
arm makes, (1) when A makes one revolution in clockwise and D makes ½ a revolution
in the opposite sense (2) when A makes one revolution in clockwise and D remains
stationary. The number of teeth in gears A and D are 40 and 90 respectively.

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10. An epicyclic gear train for electric motor is shown in fig 1. The wheel S has 15 teeth
and is fixed to the motor shaft running at 1450 rpm. The planet P has 45 teeth, gears
with fixed annulus E and rotates on a spindle carried by an arm A which is fixed to the
output shaft. If the motor transmits 1.5 kW, determine the torque required to fix the
annulus.
11. In an epicyclic gear train a gear C is keyed to the driving shaft A which rotates at 900
rpm. Gears D and E are fixed together and rotate freely on a pin carried by the arm M
which is keyed to the driven shaft B. Gear D is in mesh with gear C while the gear E is
in mesh with fixed annular wheel F. The annular wheel is concentric with the driven
shaft B. If the shaft A and B are collinear and number of teeth on gears C, D, E and F
are respectively 21, 28, 14 and 84. Determine the speed and sense of rotation of the
driven shaft B. [APRIL 2015]
12. An epicyclic gear train consist of a sun wheel S, a stationary internal gears E and three
identical planet wheels p carried on a star shaped planet carrier C. The size of the
different toothed wheels are such that the planet carrier C rotates 1/5 th of the speed of
the sun wheel S. The Minimum number of teeth on any wheel is 16. The driving torque
on the sun wheel is 100 N-m. Determine (1) Number of teeth on different Wheels of
the train and (2) Torque necessary to keep the internal gear Stationary.
13. (i)An epicyclic train consists of three gears 1,2 and 3. The internal gear 1 has 72 teeth
and gear 3 has 32 teeth. The gear 2 meshes with both gear 1 and gear 3 and is carried
on an arm A which rotates about the centre O2 at 20 rpm. If the gear 1 is fixed,
determine the speed of gear 2 and 3. (12). (ii) Write short notes on speed ratio of
planetary gear train. (4) [NOV2013]
14. (i) In the epicyclic gear train shown in figure the compound wheels A and B as well as
internal wheels C and D rotate independently about the axis O. The wheel E and F
rotate on the pins fixed to the arm A. All the wheels are of same module. The number
of teeth on the wheels are TA = 52,TB = 56, TE = TF = 36. Determine (1) The speed of
C it the wheel D fixed and the arm A rotates at 200 rpm clockwise (2) The speed of C,
If the wheel D rotates 200 rpm counter clockwise and the arm A rotates at 20 rpm
counter clockwise. (ii)With a neat sketch explain the working principle of differential.
[NOV2014]
15. An epicyclic gear train shown in figure. The number of teeth on A &
B are 80 and 200 respectively. Determine the speed of the arm ‘A’: (i)
If A rotates at 100rpm clockwise and B at 50rpm anticlockwise (ii) If
A rotates at 100rpm clockwise and B is stationary.
16. An epicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in figure. How many
revolutions does the arm, to which the pinions P are attached, when S
makes 300rpm counter clockwise and A is stationary? The number of
teeth on the gears S and A are 30 and 130 respectively. [NOV2017]
17. An epicyclic gear consists of three gears A, B and C as shown in
Figure. The gear A has 72 internal teeth and gear C has 32 external
teeth. The gear B meshes with both A and C and is carried on an
arm EF which rotates about the centre of A at 18 r.p.m. If the gear
A is fixed, determine the speed of gears B and C. [MAY2017]

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18. In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 r.p.m. in the anticlockwise direction about the
centre of the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed of gear B. If the gear A instead
of being fixed, makes 300 r.p.m. in the clockwise direction, what will be the speed of
gear B? [APR-MAY 2019]
19. A pinion having 24 teeth drives a gear having 60 teeth. The profile of the gears is
involute with 200 pressure angle, 10mm module and 10mm addendum. Find the length
of path of contact, arc of contact and the contact ratio. [NOV2017]
20. The following data relate to a pair of 20° involute gears in mesh: Module = 6 mm,
Number of teeth on pinion = 17, Number of teeth on gear = 49; Addenda on pinion and
gear wheel = 1 module. Find: 1. The number of pairs of teeth in contact; 2. The angle
turned through by the pinion and the gear wheel when one pair of teeth is in contact,
and 3. The ratio of sliding to rolling motion when the tip of a tooth on the larger wheel
(i) is just making contact, (ii) is just leaving contact with its mating tooth, and (iii) is at
the pitch point. [MAY2017]
21. (a) State the fundamental law of gearing. Prove this law, by considering and neatly
sketching two moving curved surfaces in contact. [MAY2018]
(b) Name the two types of tooth profiles satisfying the law of gearing and brief any one
of them.
22. (a) Explain with neat sketches various classifications of gear trains. [MAY2018]
(b) Neatly sketch the gear train called as Fergusson’s Paradox. Explain and prove why
is it called Paradox, by assuming suitable number of teeth for the gears of this train.
23. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. A fixed internal wheel C with
82 teeth is concentric with B. A compound wheel D-E gears with the two internal
wheels; D has 28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. The compound wheels
revolve freely on a pin which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A co-axial with F.
If the wheels have the same pitch and the shaft A makes 800 r.p.m., what is the speed
of the shaft F? Sketch the arrangement. [NOV-DEC 2018]
24. A pair of gears having 40 and 20 teeth is rotating in mesh, the speed of the smaller
being 2000 rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth faces at the
point of engagement, at the pitch point and at the point of disengagement if the smaller
gear is the driver. The gear teeth are 200 involute, addendum is 5 mm and the module
is 5 mm. Also, find the contact ratio and the angle through which the pinion turns while
any pair of teeth is in contact. [NOV-DEC 2020]

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25. In an epicyclic gear train shown in Fig., the pinion A has 16 teeth and is rigidly fixed in
the motor shaft. The wheel B has 22 teeth and gears with A and also with annular fixed
wheel D. Pinion C has 16 teeth and is integral with B (C, B being a compound gear
wheel). Gear C meshes with annular wheel E, which is keyed to the machine shaft. The
arm rotates about the same shaft on which A is fixed and carries the compound wheel
B-C. If the motor runs at 2500 rpm, find the speed of the machine shaft. Also,
determine the speed of gears B and D when the arm is fixed and the gear A rotates at
850 rpm. [NOV-DEC 2020]

26. A pair of gears, having 40 and 20 teeth respectively, are rotating in mesh, the speed of
the smaller being 2000 r.p.m. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth
faces at the point of engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point of disengagement if
the smaller gear is the driver. Assume that the gear teeth are 200 involute form,
addendum length is 5 mm and the module is 5 mm. Also find the angle through which
the pinion turns while any pairs of teeth are in contact. [MAY2022]
27. In an epicyclic gear train, the internal wheels A and B and compound wheels C and D
rotate independently about axis O. The wheels E and F rotate on pins fixed to the arm
G. E gears with A and C and F gears with B and D. All the wheels have the same
module and the number of teeth are TC = 28; TD = 26; TE = TF = 18. (a) Sketch the
arrangement. (b) Find the number of teeth on A and B. (c) If the arm G makes 100
r.p.m. clockwise and A is fixed, find the speed of B. (d) If the arm G makes 100 r.p.m.
clockwise and wheel A makes 10 r.p.m. counter clockwise; find the speed of wheel B.
[MAY2022]
PART - C (C212.4)
1. Two gear wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 to 1. The teeth
are of involute form; module = 6 mm, addendum = one module, pressure angle = 20°.
The pinion rotates at 90 r.p.m. Determine: 1. The number of teeth on the pinion to
avoid interference on it and the corresponding number of teeth on the wheel, 2. The
length of path and arc of contact, [Link] number of pairs of teeth in contact, and 4. The
maximum velocity of sliding.
2. A pair of spur wheels with involute teeth is to give a gear ratio of 3 to 1. The arc of
approach is not to be less than the circular pitch and the smaller wheel is the driver. The
pressure angle is 20°. What is the least number of teeth that can be used on each wheel?
What is the addendum of the wheel in terms of the circular pitch?

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3. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. A fixed internal wheel C with
82 teeth is concentric with B. A compound wheel D-E gears with the two internal
wheels; D has 28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. The compound wheels
revolve freely on a pin which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A co-axial with F. If
the wheels have the same pitch and the shaft A makes 800 r.p.m., what is the speed of
the shaft F ? Sketch the arrangement.
4. Number of teeth on spur gears A,B,C,D and E are 30,15,45,20 and 75 respectively. The
shaft with gear A is input and the shaft with gear E is output and the gears have to mesh
with the same order as mentioned above. Neatly sketch them as a) a simple gear train
and b) a non-reverted gear train with gear C and D on a single shaft and find the output
speeds of each gear train with sense of rotation when the input shaft rotates 100rpm in
counter clockwise direction. [MAY2018]
5. In an epi-cyclic gear train shown in Fig., the internal wheels A and B
and compound wheels C and D rotate independently about axis O.
The wheels E and F rotate on pins fixed to the arm, G. E meshes with
A and C and F meshes with B and D. All the wheels have same
module and the number of teeth are: Tc = 28, TD = 26, TE = TF = 18.
Find the number of teeth on A and B. If the arm G makes 120 rpm
anticlockwise and A is fixed, find the speed of B. Also, find the speed of B, if the arm
G makes 100 rpm clockwise and A makes 10 rpm counter clockwise. [NOV2020]
UNIT – V FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
PART - A (C212.5)
1. Distinguish between sliding and rolling friction. [DEC2012]
2. State the condition for transmission of maximum power in belt drives.
3. What are the functions of clutch?
4. Define Velocity Ratio.
5. Distinguish between Brakes and Dynamometer.
6. List out any four desirable characteristics of brake lining material. [DEC 2018]
7. What are laws of solid dry friction? [NOV2014]
8. What is meant by self-locking & over hauling screw? [DEC2012/MAY2016]
9. Name the various types of pivot bearing.
10. Define brake and name its various types.
11. Define centrifugal clutch.
12. Explain Self-energizing brakes. [MAY2016]
13. Why lubrication reduces friction?
14. What you meant by 'Crowning in pulley’? [NOV2014]
15. What is meant by initial tension in belts?
16. State the law of belting?
17. What is meant by angle of contact or Lap angle?
18. What is the centrifugal effect on belts? [APRIL2015/2019]
19. Write mathematical expression for t h e length of the belt required for t wo
pulleys of diameters d 1 and d 2 and at distance x apart is connected by means of an
open belt drive. [NOV2015]
20. What is wipping? How it can be avoided in belt drives?

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21. What will be the effect on the limiting ratio of tensions of a belt if the coefficient of
friction between the belt and rim of pulley is doubled while angle of lap
remains same?
22. Compare Plate clutch and cone clutch /Differentiate multi plate clutches & cone
clutches. [NOV2013]
23. Define anti-friction bearing. [NOV2013]
24. What is the maximum efficiency of screw jack? (or) Write the expression for
maximum efficiency of Screw jack. [JUNE2014/NOV2015]
25. What is Creep in the case of belt drives? [NOV-DEC 2018]
26. What is meant by crossed belt drive? [NOV2017]
27. Write the conditions for the maximum power transmission by a belt from one
pulley to another. [NOV2017]
28. What kind of friction acts between the tyre and road in an automobile?
[APRIL2017]
29. State the functional difference between a clutch and a brake. [APRIL2017]
30. In an open belt drive of horizontal type, the slack side of belt should be kept on
the top side of pulleys. Why? [MAY2018]
31. What are the advantages of using friction clutches? [MAY2018]
32. What are the advantages of hydraulic brakes over other brakes? [APR 2019]
33. What is band brake and block brake? [NOV2020]
34. In a five-plate clutch drive, the inner and outer radii of friction plate are 100 mm and
200 mm respectively. The coefficient of friction is 0.25 and the axial force is 15 kN.
What is the frictional torque acting on the plate using uniform wear principle?
[MAY2022]
35 What is a self-locking brake? [MAY2022]
PART - B (C212.5)
1. A dry single plate clutch is to be designed for an automotive vehicle whose engine is
rated to give 100 kW at 2400 r.p.m. and maximum torque 500 N-m. The outer radius of
friction plate is 25% more than the inner radius. The intensity of pressure between the
plate is not to exceed 0.07 N/mm2. The coefficient of friction may be assumed equal to
0.3. The helical springs required by this clutch to provide axial force necessary to
engage the clutch are eight. If each spring has stiffness equal to 40 N /mm, determine
the initial compression in the springs and dimensions of the friction plate. [APR2019]
2. The cutter of a broaching m achi ne is pulled by square threaded screwof55mm
external diameter and 10mm pitch, The operating nut takes the axial load of 400 Non
a flat surface of 60 mm internal diameter and 90mm external diameter. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.15 for all contact surfaces on the nut, determine the power
required to rotate the operating nut, when the cutting speed is 6m/min. [MAY2016]

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3. (i) In a screw jack, the diameter of the threaded screw 40 mm and the pitch is 8 mm.
The total load is 20 KN and it does not rotate with the screw but is carried on a swivel
head having a bearing diameter of 70mm. The coefficient of friction between swivel
head and spindle is 0.08 and between the screw and nut is 0.1. Determine the total
torque required to raise the load and efficiency.
(ii) A single plate clutch transmits 20 kW at 900 rpm. The maximum pressure intensity
between plates is 85 kN/m2. The outer diameter of the plate is 360 mm. Both the sides
of the plate are effective and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine the inner
radius of the plate and axial force to engage the clutch. [NOV2014]
4. Determine t h e m a x i m u m power t h a t can be transmitted using a belt of
100mm x 10mm with an angle of lap of 160°.The densit y of the b e l t is1000kg/m3
and the co-efficient of friction may be taken as0.25. The tension in the belt should
n o t exceed 1 . 5 N/mm2 . [NOV2015]
5. Determine the width of a 9.75 mm thick leather belt required to transmit 15 kW from a
motor running at 900 rpm. The diameter of the driving pulley is 300 mm. The driven
pulley runs at 300 rpm and the distance between the centres of two pulleys is 3 m. The
density of the leather can be taken as 1000 kg/mm3. Take μ = 0.3 and maximum
allowable shear in the leather = 2.5 MPa and the drive is open type.
6. The spindle of a screw jack has single start square threads with an outside diameter of
45 mm and pitch of 10 mm. The spindle moves in the fixed nut. The load is carried on
the swivel head but is not to free rotate. The bearing surface of the swivel head has a
mean diameter of 60 mm. the coefficient of friction nut and screw is 0.12 and that
between the swivel head and the spindle is 0.10. Calculate the load which can be raised
by efforts of 100 N each applied at the end of two levers each of effective length of

350 mm. Also determine the velocity ratio and the efficiency of the lifting arrangement.
[APRIL2015]
7. A flat belt, 8 mm thick and 100 wide transmits power between two pulleys, running at
1600 m/min. The mass of the belt is 0.9 kg/m length. The angle of lap in the smaller
pulley is 165o and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.3. If the
maximum permissible stress in the belt is 2 MN/m2. Find: (i) Maximum power
transmitted and; (ii) Initial tension in the belt. [APRIL2015]
8. (i) A vertical shaft 140mm diameter rotating at 120 rpm rests on a flat end foot step
bearing. The shaft carries a vertical load of 30kN and the coefficient of friction is
0.06. Estimate the power lost in friction assuming uniform pressure and uniform wear.
(ii) A multi-plate disc clutch transmits 55 KW of power at 1800 rpm. Coefficient of
friction for the friction surfaces is 0.1. Axial intensity at pressure is not to exceed 160
KN/m2. The internal radius is 80 mm and is 0.7 times the external radius. Find the
number of plates needed to transmit the required torque.
9. A band brake is lined with 10 wooden blocks each of which subtends an angle of 18° at
the centre of the brake drum. If the coefficient of friction between the blocks and the
wheel is 0.36, find the ratio between the greatest and the least tension in the band when
the brake is in action.

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10. (i)Derive an expression for the effort required to raise a load with screw jack taking
friction into consideration. [JUNE2014]
2
(ii) A 150mm diameter valve, against a steam pressure of 2 MN/m is acting, is closed
by means of a square threaded screw 50mm in external diameter with 6mm pitch. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.12, find the torque required to turn the handle.
11. (i)In a thrust bearing, the external and internal diameter of the contacting surfaces are
320mm and 200mm respectively. The total axial load is 80kN and intensity of pressure
is 350kN/m2. The shaft rotates at 400 rpm. Taking the coefficient of friction as 0.06,
calculate the power lost in overcoming the friction and no of collars required. (8)
(ii)A screw jack has a square thread of mean diameter 60mm and pitch 8mm. The
coefficient of friction at the screw thread is 0.09. A load of 3kN is to be lifted through
120mm. Determine the torque required and the work done in lifting the load through
120mm. Find also the efficiency of the jack. [NOV2012]
12. Following data is given for a rope pulley transmitting 23.628 kW. Diameter of pulley =
40 cm; speed = 110 rpm, angle of groove = 45°; angle of lap =60°, co efficient of
friction = 0.28, No. of ropes = 10. Mass in kg/m length of ropes = 0.0053 x C2 and
working tension is limited 12.2 C2 N where C = girth of rope in cm. Find (i) initial
tension, and (ii) diameter of each rope. [May2016]
13. Derive an expression to find the length of a belt in an open belt drive. [NOV 2018]
14. Two pulleys, one 450mm diameter and the other 200mm diameter are in parallel shafts
1.95m apart and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of the belt required
and the angle of contact between the belt and each pulley. What power can be
transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at 200rpm if the maximum
permissible tension in the belt is 1kN and the coefficient of friction between the belt
and pulley is 0.25? [JUNE2014]
15. Two parallel shaft that are 3.5 m apart are connected by a flat belt running between two
pulleys of 1000 mm and 400 mm diameters, the larger pulley being the driver runs at
220 rpm. The belt weighs 1.2 kg per metre length. The maximum tension in the belt
is not to exceed 1.8 KN. The coefficient of friction is 0.28. Owing to slip on one of the
pulleys, the velocity of the driven shaft is 520 rpm only. Determine the torque on each
shaft, power transmitted, power lost in friction and efficiency of the belt drive.
(ii) A bicycle and rider, travelling at 12km/h on a level road, have a mass of 105 kg. A
brake is applied to the rear wheel which is 80 mm diameter. The pressure on the brake
is 80 N and the coefficient of friction is 0.06. Find the distance covered by the bicycle
and the number of turns on its wheel before coming to rest. [NOV2014]
16. A multi disc clutch has 3 discs on the driving shaft and two on the driven shaft. The
outer diameter of the contact surface is 240 mm and the inner diameter is 120 mm.
Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction as 0.3. Find the maximum axial
intensity of pressure between discs for transmitting 25 kW at 1575 rpm. [DEC 2018]
17. An electric motor driven power screw moves a nut in a horizontal plane against a force
of 75kN at a speed of 300mm/min. The screw has a single square thread of 6mm pitch
on a major diameter of 40mm. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is 0.1,
estimate power of the motor. [NOV2017]

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18. he following data relate to a screw jack: *Pitch of the threaded screw=8mm*Diameter of
the threaded screw=40mm; *Coefficient of friction between screw and nut=0.1;
Load=20kN; Assuming that the load rotates with the screw, determine the (i) Ratio of
torques required to raise and lower the load (ii) Efficiency of the machine.
[MAY2017]
19. A single plate clutch transmits 25kW at 900rpm. The maximum pressure intensity
between the plates is 85kN/m2 .The outer diameter of the plate is 360mm. Both the
sides of the plate are effective and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine the (i)
Inner radius of the plate (ii) Axial force to engage the clutch. [MAY2017]
20. An open belt running over two pulleys 240 mm and 600 mm diameter connects two
parallel shafts 3 metres apart and transmits 4 kW from the smaller pulley that rotates at
300 r.p.m. Coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the safe
working tension is 10N per mm width.
Determine: 1. minimum width of the belt,
2. initial belt tension, and 3. length of the belt required. [APR-MAY 2019]
21. (a) Neatly sketch a simple band brake and derive the equation of braking torque for
both directions of rotation separately and compare them.
(b) The outer and inner radii of a flat collar thrust bearing are 120mm and 72mm
respectively. The total axial thrust is 60kN and the intensity of uniform pressure is
0.25MPa. If the coefficient of friction is 0.05 and the shaft rotates at 600rpm.
Determine the power lost in overcoming the friction and the number of collar required
to withstand the axial thrust. [MAY2018]
22. A compressor requires 100 kW to run at 240 rpm from an electric motor of speed 750
rpm by means of a V-belt drive. The diameter of the compressor shaft pulley should not
be more than 1 m while the centre distance between the shafts is 2 m. The belt speed
should not exceed 25 m/s. Determine the number of V-belts required to transmit the
power, if each belt has a cross-sectional area of 375 mm2, density 1000 kg/m3 and an
allowable tensile stress of 2.5 MPa. The pulley groove angle is 40° and co-efficient of
friction between the belt and the pulley sides is 0.25. [NOV2020]
23. Derive an equation for the frictional torque acting on the flat pivot bearing considering
(i) uniform pressure and (ii) uniform wear. [NOV2020]
24 An open belt running over two pulleys 240 mm and 600 mm diameter connects two
parallel shafts 3 metres apart and transmits 4 kW from the smaller pulley that rotates at
300 r.p.m. Coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the safe
working tension is 10 N per mm width. Determine: (a) Minimum width of the belt.
(b) Initial belt tension, and (c) Length of the belt required. [MAY2022]

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25 The simple band brake, as shown in figure (g), is applied to a shaft carrying a flywheel
of mass 400 kg. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 450 mm and runs at 300
r.p.m. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2 and the brake drum diameter is 240 mm, find:
(a) The torque applied due to a hand load of 100 N. (b) The number of turns of the
wheel before it is brought to rest, and (c) The time required to bring it to rest, from the
moment of the application of the brake. [MAY2022]

PART - C (C212.5)
1. A simple band brake operates on a drum of 600 mm in diameter that is running at 200
r.p.m. The Coefficient of friction is 0.25. The brake band has a contact of 270°, one end
is fastened to a fixed pin and the other end to the brake arm 125 mm from the fixed pin.
The straight brake arm is 750 mm long and placed perpendicular to the diameter that
bisects the angle of contact. 1. What is the pull necessary on the end of the brake arm to
stop the wheel if 35 kW is being absorbed? What is the direction for this minimum
pull? 2. What width of steel band of 2.5 mm thick is required for this brake if the
maximum tensile stress is not to exceed 50 N/mm2? [NOV-DEC 2018]
2. The mean diameter of the screw jack having pitch of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN
is lifted through a distance of 170 mm. Find the work done in lifting the load and
efficiency of the screw jack when 1. The load rotates with the screw, and 2. The load
rests on the loose head which does not rotate with the screw. The external and internal
diameter of the bearing surface of the loose head is 60 mm and 10 mm respectively.
The coefficient of friction for the screw as well as the bearing surface may be taken as
0.08. [NOV-DEC 2018]
3. Data related to a square threaded screw jack are: Pitch diameter=60mm, Pitch of the
thread=16mm, Load=60kN, Coefficient of friction between screw and nut is 0.2.
Determine the ratio of torque required to lower and to raise the load. Also, find the
efficiency of the screw jack when the load is raised. [MAY2018]
*********

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