Module 2: Matter in our Surroundings
[Link] is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space
2. Which of the following is not a pure substance? (a) Iron (b) Water (c) Soil
Soil
3. Who coined the term “atom” and what does it mean?
Democritus. The word atom means indivisible.
2.2
1. Which of the three states of matter has no definite volume? Give one
reason for your answer. (a) Solid, (b) liquid, (c) gas
Gases. A gas has no definite volume because intermolecular forces in gas are so weak
that the molecules are far apart and in constant motion. They can fill container of any
size.
2. Why do solids have definite shape?
The molecules in solids have fixed positions and strong intermolecular forces are
acting between them. Therefore, it solids hae a definite shape.
3. Name a substance which exists naturally in all the three states
Water
2.3
1. Why gases are more compressible as compared to solids?
Molecules in solids are closely packed and any attempt to bring them closer results in
strong repulsive forces and so solids cannot be compressed. In gases there are large
spaces between their molecules and can be brought closer by applying pressure
2. How can you change water into ice?
Water can be converted into ice by lowering the temperature.
2.4
1. Classify the following into element, compound and mixture: aluminum,
carbon, granite, water, silicon, carbon dioxide, air and sugar.
Element Compound Mixture
Aluminium Water air
Carbon Carbon dioxide granite
Silicon Sugar
2. How does an element differ from a compound?
An element consists of one type of atom but a compound contains two or more types
of atom.
3. Which is the most abundant element in the universe?
Hydrogen
2.5
1. Say whether ethyl alcohol and water form a homogeneous mixture or
heterogeneous mixture.
The mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is a homogeneous mixture
2. Give an example of homogeneous mixture obtained by mixing two solids.
Alloys eg. brass
2.6
1. To make one kilogram of 40% sugar solution by mass, how much sugar
and water will you need? sugar ................... water ...................
400 g sugar and 600 g water
2. What is the name given to a liquid which dissolves a solid to make a
solution?
Solvent
3. To make a given solution more concentrated, what will you add?
Solute
2.7
1. Which physical property is used to separate iron granules from dust
particles? (a) Magnetic, (b) Electric, (c) Density
Magnetic
2. The separation of sugar in the form of Mishree is called (a) evaporation
(b) crystallization (c) distillation
Crystallisation
Terminal Questions
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
(i) A liquid has a definite shape true/false
(ii) An element cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.
true/false
(iii) A solid cannot be converted into liquid even by increasing temperature.
true/false
(iv) A liquid can be converted into solid by lowering temperature true/false
2. Indicate the normal state (i.e. state at room temperature) of each of the
following?
(i) Iron: Solid
(ii) Water: Liquid
(iii) Nitrogen: Gas
(iv) Carbon: Solid
(v) Gold: Solid
(vi) Oxygen: Gas
3. In the table given below, a list of substances has been provided. Identify
whether each of them is an element, compound, mixture or solution.
Substance Classification
(i) Milk Mixture (Colloid)
(ii) Sugar Compound (Sucrose)
(iii) Silver Element
(iv) Air Mixture
(v) Water Compound
(vi) Sea water Solution (Homogeneous mixture)
(vii) Iron Element
(viii) Sugar solution* Solution
(ix) Carbon dioxide Compound
4. Why is it important to store cooking gas cylinder away from heat and
flame?
It is critical to store cylinders away from heat and flame because the gas inside (LPG)
is highly flammable and stored under high pressure. Excessive heat causes the
gas to expand, which can lead to a pressure build-up and a potentially explosive
rupture of the cylinder or a fire if a leak occurs
5. Identify the most appropriate method to separate the following:
Substances Method of Separation
1. Separate water from yogurt Filtration/Straining
2. Separate clean water from muddy water Filtration or Sedimentation and
Decantation
1. 3. Separate oil from water: Separating Funnel
4. Separate iron nails from saw dust Magnetic Separation
5. Separate sugar from saturated sugar solution Evaporation or Crystallization
Chapter 4 -CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATIONS
Question 1: Write a chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
(i) Zinc metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce a solution of
zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.
(ii) When solid mercury(II) oxide is heated, liquid mercury and oxygen gas
are produced.
Answer 1:
(i) Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)
(ii) 2HgO (s) → 2Hg (l) + O₂ (g)
Question 2: Balance the following chemical equations:
(i) H₂SO₄ (aq) + NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₄ (aq) + H₂O (l)
(ii) Al (s) + HCl (aq) → AlCl₃ (aq) + H₂ (g)
Answer 2:
(i) H₂SO₄ (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₄ (aq) + 2H₂O (l)
(ii) 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂ (g)
Question 3: What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should a chemical
equation be balanced?
Answer 3:
A balanced chemical equation is one in which the number of atoms of each
element is equal on both sides of the equation. It must be balanced to obey
the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter can neither be
created nor destroyed. Balancing ensures correct quantitative relationships
between reactants and products.
Question 4: Examine the following reactions and identify which of them are
not examples of a redox reaction:
(i) AgNO₃ (aq) + HCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + HNO₃ (aq)
(ii) MnO₂ (s) + 4HCl (aq) → MnCl₂ (aq) + 2H₂O (l) + Cl₂ (g)
(iii) 4Na (s) + O₂ (g) → 2Na₂O (s)
Answer 4:
Reaction (i) is not an example of a redox reaction.
Question 5: Identify the substances which are oxidized and the substances
that are reduced in the following reactions:
(i) H₂ (g) + Cl₂ (g) → 2HCl (g)
(ii) H₂ (g) + CuO (s) → Cu (s) + H₂O (l)
(iii) Zn (s) + 2AgNO₃ (aq) → Zn(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Answer 5:
(i) H₂ is oxidized and Cl₂ is reduced.
(ii) H₂ is oxidized and CuO is reduced.
(iii) Zn is oxidized and Ag⁺ (in AgNO₃) is reduced.