Chapter 1.

Matter and its Composition

Exercise 1

Solution 1.

(a) Melting point: The constant temperature at which a solid changes into liquid state
by absorbing heat energy is called melting point.

(b) Boiling point: It is the temperature at which a liquid changes into vapour under
atmospheric pressure.

(c) Evaporation: The slow passing of molecules of a liquid into gaseous state at a
temperature below its boiling point.

(d) Freezing: It is a process in which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat
energy.

Solution 2.

Boiling point of a liquid can be raised by increasing the atmospheric pressure.

Solution 3.

On heating, solid wax melts into liquid wax, which on further heating, is converted into
wax vapours. These changes can be seen in a burning candle. The candle is made up of a
solid wax. When we light a candle, the wax near its wick melts. The molten wax rises up
the wick and is converted into wax vapour. The wax vapour mixes with oxygen in the air
and burns. In a lighted candle, you can see the solid and the liquid states of wax. The
vapour of wax can be seen rising from the wick for some time after the candle is put out.

Solution 4.
(a) Sublimation: The process by which a solid directly change to its vapour state (or
gaseous state) without passing through liquid state and vice versa is called sublimation.

(b) Liquefaction: It is a process of change of state of a substance from gaseous state to

liquid state at a particular temperature. It is also known as condensation.

(c) Melting: It is process of changing from solid state to a liquid state at a particular
temperature.

(d) Boiling: The process by which a liquid rapidly changes into a gaseous state, by
absorbing the heat energy is called boiling.

Solution 5.

(a)

An atom A molecule
Molecule is a group of two or more
Atom is a smallest particle of an
atoms combined together so it is
element.
bigger.
Molecule consists of combination
Atom consists of nucleus
of two or more like or different
(containing protons and neutrons)
atoms chemically bound together
and electrons.
e.g. H2, HCl, NaCl etc.
Atom can neither be seen through Molecule is not visible to naked
naked eye nor through magnifying eye, while can be seen through
microscope. highly magnifying microscope.
Molecule can further be divided to
Atom cannot be further divided.
give individual atoms.
Molecules are capable of having
independent existence. For
Atoms may or may not have
example, atom of oxygen (O) has
independent existence.
no independent existence while its
molecule exists as O2in nature.

(b)

Boiling Evaporation
Evaporation is a process in which
Boiling is the process in which
the liquid gets converted into its
liquid gets converted into gaseous
gaseous form at any temperature
state.
below its boiling point.
Boiling occurs at the entire mass Evaporation occurs on the surface
of the liquid. That is, it is a bulk of the liquid. That is, it is a
phenomenon. surface phenomenon.
Boiling occurs rapidly. Evaporation is a slow process.
 Boiling occurs at a specific Evaporation occurs at any
temperature. temperature.

(c)

Melting Boiling
The process of changing from The process of change of liquid
solid state to a liquid state at a to vapour form all parts of
particulartemperature is called the liquid at a particular
melting or fusion. temperature is called boiling.
Melting refers to the phenomenon
Boiling refers to the phenomenon
when a solid transforms into a
when liquid transform into a gas.
liquid.
Example: Melting of ice Example: Boiling of water

(d)

Gas Vapour
A substance is a solid or liquid
A substance exists as a gas at the
under ordinary condition but it
room temperature and
is gaseousunder specific
atmospheric pressure.
conditions.
It is present at ordinary conditions Its temperature is lower than the
of temperature. boiling point of its liquid state.
e.g. – Nitrogen, oxygen. e.g. – Iodine, Camphor

Solution 6.

(a) Water boils of 100oC under 1 atmosphere pressure.

(b) At high altitude water boils below 100oC.
(c) A liquid evaporates below its boiling point.
(d) When a substance is heated kinetic energy of the particles increases.
(e) Solids have the negligible inter-particle space.
(f) Gases have the negligible inter-particle forces.

Solution 7.

(a) Increase in atmospheric pressure

(b) Sulphur
(c) Inter-conversion of state of matter

Solution 8.

(a) Sublimation
(b) Melting
(c) Evaporation
(d) Vaporisation

Solution 9.

(a) Increase in temperature favours Evaporation. When evaporation occurs, remaining

liquid becomes cooler. The particles of the liquid absorb heat energy from surroundings to
regain energy lost during evaporation which makes the surroundings cold.

(b) Earthen pot has pores which help in evaporation. Some of the water continuously
seeps out from these pores. This water absorbs heat of vaporization from the remaining
water and gets evaporate. Thus, the remaining water loses heat and gets cooled.

(c) This happens because, when the petrol changes from liquid state to the vapour state,
is absorbs heat energy from the palm. The palm thus loses heat and gets cooled.

(d) In humid weather wet clothes take longer time to dry up due to the slow evaporation
of water from their surface.

(e) Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. With increase in surface area, evaporation

increases. Hot tea in Saucer cools faster than in a cup and hence we can sip faster.

Solution 10.

(a) Naphthalene balls become smaller day by day as they have very weak force of
attraction operating between their particles, which break away from other particles from
the surface of solid without heating.

(b) In gases the particles are far apart and there is enough space available for
compression. Hence, gases can be compressed easily.

(c) Heat energy supplied increases the rate of vibration of the particles and decreases.
The inter-particle attraction.

(d) Light has no mass and it does it occupy space. Thus, it is not considered as matter.

(e) According to ‘Law of Conservation of Mass’, “Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.” However, it may change from one form to other.

Solution 11.

In summers, we perspire more. Cotton being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing
the sweat and exposes it to the atmosphere for evaporation. When sweat evaporates
from our body, it takes heat from our body. The heat energy equal to the latent heat of
vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool.

Solution 12.

Balloon get heat from sun and on heating, the vibration of particles increases and the
inter-particle force of attraction between them gets reduced, therefore, balloon bursts.

Solution 13.
Law of conservation of mass: It states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction. During any change, physical or chemical, matter is neither
created nor destroyed. However it may change from one form to another.

Experimental Verification of Law of Conservation of Mass

Requirements: H-shaped tube called Landolt’s tube, Sodium chloride solution, silver
nitrate solution, etc.

Procedure: A specially designed H-shaped tube is taken. Sodium chloride solution is

taken in one limb ofthe tube and silver nitrate solution in the other limb as shown in
figure. Both the limbs are now sealed and weighed. Now the tubes is averted so that the
solutionscan mix up together and react chemically. The reaction takes place and a white
precipitate of silver chloride is obtained.

The tube is weighed again. The mass of the tube is found to be exactly the same as the
mass obtained before inverting the tube. Thus, this experiment clearly verifies the law of
conservation of mass

Solution 14.
Law of conservation of mass is applied to a burning candle. A candle is made of solid
wax. When it is lighted, wax near its wick melts and changes into to liquid form. The
molten wax rises up the wick and is converted into wax vapours. The wax vapours their
mix with oxygen in the air.

Thus, in burning of candle the matter is neither created nor destroyed but one form is
changed into the other form.

Solution 15.

The reaction is:

Total mass of reactants = (6 g + 5.3 g) = 11.3 g

Total mass of products = (8.2 + 2.2 + 0.9) g = 11.3 g
As the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products. Hence, the
reaction follows Law of conservation of mass.

Solution 16.

The reaction will be as follows:

Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Mass of methane + mass of oxygen = Mass of carbon dioxide + Mass of Water
Mass of methane + 32 g = 22 + 18 g
Mass of methane = (40 – 32) = 8 g
8g of methane is required.

Solution 17.

Word equation for the reaction is:

Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium Chloride

According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Mass of sodium + Mass of chlorine = Mass of sodium chloride
23 g+ Mass of chlorine = 58.5 g
Mass of chlorine = 58.5 – 23 = 35.5 g
35.5 g of chlorine is needed.

Solution 18.

Word equation for the reaction is:

Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide

According to law of conservation of mass,

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Mass of magnesium + Mass of oxide = Mass of magnesium oxide
4.8g + 3.2g = Mass of magnesium oxide
Mass of magnesium oxide = 8 g

Solution 19.

(a) (iv) No fixed shape and size highly compressible.

(b) (i) The solid starts melting.
(c) (i) evolved
(d) (iv) decreases with increasing pressure.
(e) (iii) Iodine

Solution 20.

(a) does not, melting, boiling

(b) liquid, solid
(c) temperature, temperature
(d) gaseous, sublimation
(e) high and negligible

Solution 21.

(a) freezing
(b) less
(c) sublimation
(d) remains constant

Solution 22.

Column A Column B
(a) Constituent of matter Molecules
(b) No compressibility Solid
(c) Maximum expansion Gas
(d) Conversion of a gas into liquid Condensation