UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

What is Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources like servers,
storage, and applications over the internet, allowing users to access them
without managing physical hardware. Instead of owning and maintaining
their own data centers, businesses and individuals can use services from
cloud providers and pay only for what they use, a "pay-as-you-go" model.
Characteristics of cloud computing:
- on-demand self-service,
- broad network access,
- resource pooling,
- rapid elasticity, and
- measured service
✓ On-demand self-service
Users can provision computing capabilities, such as server time and
network storage, automatically without requiring human interaction with
the service provider.

✓ Broad network access

Services are available over a network (usually the Internet) and can be
accessed through standard client platforms like mobile phones, tablets, and
laptops.

✓ Resource pooling
The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model

✓ Rapid elasticity
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand.

✓ Measured service
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability. This provides transparency for both the
provider and the consumer for monitoring, control, and reporting on
resource usage, which forms the basis for pay-per-use billing.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Explain Evolution of Cloud Computing

The phrase "Cloud Computing" was first introduced in the 1950s to
describe internet-related services, and it evolved from distributed
computing to the modern technology known as cloud computing.

Mainframe Computing(1950-1970)
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful
and reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large
data such as massive input-output operations.

Distributed Systems(1970-1980)
Distributed System is a composition of multiple independent systems but
all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of
distributed systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and
efficiently.

Cluster Computing(1980-1990)
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those
mainframe systems. These were equally capable of high computations.

Grid Computing(1990-2000)
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that
different systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations
and these all were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to
different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous
nodes.

Utility Computing(Late 1990-2000)

Utility Computing is a computing model that defines service provisioning
techniques for services such as compute services along with other major
services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-
per-use basis.

Virtualization(1980-Present)
Virtualization was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process
of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run
multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology
used in cloud computing.

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is the interface through which the cloud computing services
interact with the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive
and dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages.
Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc.

Service Orientation
A service orientation acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It
supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important
concepts were introduced in this computing model. These were Quality of
Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement)
and Software as a Service (SaaS).

Benefits and limitations of cloud computing

Benefits of cloud computing

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

✓ Cost-effectiveness: Pay only for what you use, reducing the need for
upfront hardware and infrastructure investments.
✓ Scalability: Easily increase or decrease computing resources to
match demand.
✓ Accessibility and mobility: Access data and applications from any
location with an internet connection, which supports remote work.
✓ Improved collaboration: Cloud-based storage and applications
enable seamless communication and data sharing among team
members.
✓ Reliability and disaster recovery: Cloud providers offer robust
backup and disaster recovery services.
✓ Automatic updates: Cloud providers handle software updates and
maintenance, reducing the burden on IT staff.
Limitations of cloud computing
✓ Internet dependency:
Access to cloud services relies entirely on a stable and fast internet
connection. Downtime can occur if the internet is unavailable.
✓ Security and privacy concerns:
Despite advanced security from providers, data breaches can still
occur, and concerns about data privacy and sovereignty remain.
✓ Vendor lock-in:
It can be difficult and costly to switch from one cloud provider to
another due to proprietary technologies or data migration
challenges.
✓ Limited control:
Users have less control over the underlying infrastructure compared
to on-premises solutions.
✓ Potential for high costs:
While cost-effective for many, certain workloads can become more
expensive in the long run if not managed properly.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Cloud Service Models

Cloud service models are:
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
- Platform as a Service (PaaS), and
- Software as a Service (SaaS)
➢ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
✓ What it is: Provides virtualized computing resources like servers,
storage, and networking over the internet.
✓ Who uses it: IT administrators and network architects.
✓ What it's for: Renting the infrastructure needed to run customized
applications without needing to buy and manage physical hardware.
✓ Examples: Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, and
Microsoft Azure.
➢ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
✓ What it is: Provides a ready-to-use environment for developing,
testing, and deploying applications, including an operating system
and web server.
✓ Who uses it: Software developers.
✓ What it's for: Building and running applications without having to
manage the underlying infrastructure.
✓ Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, and Azure App
Service.
➢ Software as a Service (SaaS)
✓ What it is: Delivers software applications over the internet on a
subscription basis.
✓ Who uses it: End-users.
✓ What it's for: Accessing software through a web browser or
application without any installation or management, as the provider
handles all maintenance and updates.
✓ Examples: Google Workspace, Salesforce, and Netflix.

Cloud Deployment Models

Cloud deployment models are:
- public,

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

- private, and
- hybrid

Public Cloud
✓ Description: Services are owned and operated by a third-party
provider and delivered over the internet to multiple organizations.
✓ Best for: Businesses that need to scale rapidly and want to avoid the
costs of managing physical hardware, such as startups or those
hosting public-facing websites.
✓ Example: Hosting an eCommerce website on Amazon Web Services
(AWS).
Private Cloud
✓ Description: The cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a single
organization. It can be located on-site in the company's data center or
hosted by a third-party provider.
✓ Best for: Organizations with strict security, compliance, or data
control requirements, such as those in the banking or healthcare
industries.
✓ Example: Banking systems with highly sensitive data.
Hybrid Cloud
✓ Description:
A combination of public and private clouds (and potentially on-
premises servers) that are linked together.
✓ Best for:
Organizations that need to keep sensitive data on a private cloud but
can use public cloud resources for less sensitive tasks or to handle
spikes in demand (cloud bursting).
✓ Example:
Enterprise applications with a secure backend but a public-facing
front-end.
Community Cloud
✓ Description: Cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations
from a specific community that have common concerns, such as
shared security requirements or a common use case.

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 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

✓ Best for: Groups like universities that want to share research data or
a consortium of companies with similar operational needs.
✓ Example: A university sharing research data infrastructure with
other universities

Comparison and use cases

Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts, i.e.
1. Frontend
2. Backend

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Frontend
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud
computing system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and
applications which are used by the client to access the cloud
computing services/resources.

For example, use of a web browser to access the cloud platform.

Backend
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service
provider. It contains the resources as well as manages the resources
and provides security mechanisms.

Along with this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual

machines, traffic control mechanisms, deployment models, etc.

Cloud Computing Architecture Example

Online Learning App: Google Class Room

watching tutorials for learning purpose, they solve different coding
problems and take quizzes also for testing their skills.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Online Store (E-Commerce Website)

Everyone is using online websites like Amazon or Flipkart for online
shopping. It uses cloud computing to run its website and manage orders.
When you browse and buy products, you’re using the front end.

Mobile App Backend (Food Delivery App)

Think of a food delivery app like Zomato or Swiggy. You use the app to
order food, and everything works smoothly just because of cloud
computing. The app you see on your phone is the front layer.

Cloud Computing Virtualization

Virtualization creates an abstraction layer between the physical hardware

and the software that runs on it, allowing one physical server to host
multiple isolated virtual machines (VMs).

• How it works:
A layer of software called a hypervisor manages the physical hardware and
allocates resources like CPU, memory, and storage to each VM.

• Key benefits:
✓ Cost savings: Reduces the number of physical servers needed,
leading to lower hardware and energy costs.
✓ Improved resource utilization: Maximizes the use of physical
hardware by distributing it among multiple VMs.
✓ Scalability: Allows for the rapid creation or deletion of VMs as
needed.
✓ Faster deployment: New environments can be provisioned in
minutes.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Explain Resource pooling

Resource pooling is the process of grouping these virtualized resources
together and making them available to multiple users on a shared basis.
• How it works: The cloud provider pools its vast resources (compute,
network, storage) into large pools. Users can then be allocated a portion of
this pool, depending on their needs.

• Key benefits:
✓ Scalability: Users can dynamically scale their resources up or
down based on business requirements.
✓ Flexibility: Users can access resources on-demand without
having to invest in their own hardware upfront.
✓ Better utilization: Resources are shared efficiently, reducing
idle time for the underlying physical hardware.
✓ High availability: A balanced workload across the pooled
resources can lead to higher availability.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

Data center infrastructure in cloud

Data center infrastructure in the cloud is the physical and virtual system
that powers cloud computing services, consisting of a large-scale physical
facility with servers, storage, and networking hardware, along with
software for management and virtualization.
This infrastructure is owned and operated by cloud service providers
(CSPs) like Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure, and
is accessed by customers over the internet to run applications and store
data, often on a pay-as-you-go basis.
Components:
• Physical Infrastructure: This includes the data center building itself,
along with the physical hardware like servers, storage devices, and
networking equipment.
• Virtual Infrastructure: This refers to the software that manages and
controls the physical hardware, including virtualization software,
automation tools, and management software that allows for shared
resources and on-demand scaling.
• Power and Cooling: Data centers require massive amounts of power and
sophisticated cooling systems (HVAC) to operate equipment and manage
the heat it generates. Backup power, like uninterruptible power supplies
(UPS) and generators, is critical for reliability.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988

 UNIT1: Prepared by: ripal pandya

• Networking: Multiple internet service providers and high-speed

connections are essential for connecting the data center to users and the
outside world.
• Security: This encompasses both the physical security of the facility and
the network security measures, like firewalls and intrusion protection
systems, to protect the infrastructure and the data it holds.
• Virtualization: A core concept of cloud infrastructure, virtualization allows
a single physical server to be split into multiple virtual machines, enabling
efficient resource sharing and flexibility for customers.
• Shared Responsibility: In a cloud model, the CSP is responsible for
managing the underlying infrastructure, while the customer is responsible
for securing their data and applications running on that infrastructure,
according to the shared responsibility model.

PREPARED BY: RIPAL PANDYA | Mo: 9427696988