MAT3003 - Probability, Statistics and Reliability

Winter Semester 2025 - 26

VIT Bhopal University
Instructor: Dr. Anupam Sen

Practice Set-1

1. Show that the probability that exactly one of the events A and B occurs
is P (A) + P (B) − 2P (AB).

2. Show that P (AB) ≥ P (A) + P (B) − 1.

3. Obtain P (Ā + B), P (A + B̄) and P (Ā + B̄) in terms of P (A), P (B) and
P (AB).

4. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = P (B) = 1, show that
P (A + B) = 1 and P (AB) = 1.

5. Establish the inequalities:

P (ABC) ≤ P (AB) ≤ P (A + B) ≤ P (A + B + C) ≤ P (A + B + C)

for any theree events A, B an C.

6. If P (A) = 14 , P (B) = 13 and P (A − B) = 16 . Examine whether A and B

are independent or not.

7. (i) If A and B are two events and P (B) 6= 1, then prove that

P (A) − P (AB)
P (AB̄) =
1 − P (B)

(ii) P (A1 ) = p1 , P (A2 ) = p2 and P (A1  A2 ) = p3 . Find P (Ac1 Ac2 ) in

terms of p1 , p2 and p3 .
(iii) If A and B are two mutually exclusive and P (A  B) 6= 0, then prove
P (A)
that P (AA  B) = P (A)+P (B)
.

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 8. If P (AC) ≥ P (BC) and P (AC̄) ≥ P (BC̄), then prove that P (A) ≥
P (B).
P (B̄)
9. Prove that P (BA) ≥ 1 − P (A)
in general where P (A) > 0.

10. If A and B are two independent events, then prove that

(i) Ā and B̄ are also independent.
(ii) A and B̄ are also independent.
(iii) Ā and B are also independent.

11. If A and B are two events such that P (B) = 1 then prove that A and B
are two independent events.

12. If P (ABC) = 0, then show that P (XC) = P (AC) + P (BC) where

X = A + B.

13. Let the events A and B be such that A can be partitioned into three
events A1 , A2 , A3 and B can be partitioned into two events B1 , B2 . If the
events Ai and Bj are pairwise independent for all possible values of i, j
then prove that A and B are independent.

14. (i) Dene independence of two events. Is it possible two events are mutu-
ally exclusive and independent?
(ii) Consider a class A, B, C of events. Suppose it is known that A, B is
an independent pair and that B, C is an independent pair. Does it follows
that A, C is am independent pair? Justify your answer.

15. From the numbers 1, 2, 3, · · · · · · 2n+1 three are chosen at [Link]
that the probability that these are in A.P is (4n3n 2 −1) .

16. From an urn containing n balls any numbers of balls are drawn. Show
n−2 −1
that the probability of drawing an even number of balls is 2 2n −1 .

17. An integer is chosen at random from the rst 100 positive integers. What
is the probability that the integer is divisible by 6 or 8?

18. If the probability of n mutually independent events are p1 , p2 , · · · · · · pn .

Then show that the probability that at least one of these events will occur
is 1 − (1 − p1 )(1 − p2 ) · · · · · · (1 − pn ).

19. What is the probability that in a leap year will contains 53 sundays?

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20. Three urns are there containing white and black balls; rst urn has 3 white
and 2 black balls, second urn has 2 white and 3 black balls and third urn
has 4 white and 1 black balls. Without any biasing one urn is chosen from
that one ball is chosen randomly which was white. What is probability
that it came from the third urn?

21. It is observed that 50% of mails are spam. There is a software that lters
spam mail before reaching the inbox. It accuracy for detecting a spam
mail is 99% and chances of tagging a non-spam mail as spam mail is 5%.
If a certain mail is tagged as spam nd the probability that it is not a
spam mail.

22. Seventy percent of the employees of the XYZ corporation are college grad-
uates. Of these, ten percent are in sales. Of the employees who did not
graduate from college, eighty percent are in sales. What is the probability
that:

(i) An employee selected at random is in sales?

(ii) An employee selected at random is neither in sales nor a college
graduate?

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 Winter Semester 2025 - 26
MAT3003 - Probability, Statistics and Reliability
Practice Set-2

1. A random variable X can be assume the value −1, 0, 1 with probabilities

1 1
, and 16 , respectively. Determine the distribution function.
3 2


 0, if − ∞ < x < 0

 1 , if 0 ≤ x < 1,
2. Let F (x) = 53 Show that F (x) is a possible distri-

 , if 1 ≤ x ≤ 3,

 5
1, if 3 ≤ x < ∞
bution function and determine the spectrum and the probability masses
of the distribution.

3. The distribution function F (x) of a random variable X is dened as fol-

lows:


 A if − ∞ < x < −1,

B if − 1 ≤ x < 0,
F (x) = where A, B, C and D are constants.

 C if 0 ≤ x < 2,


D if 2 ≤ x < ∞
Determine the values of A, B, C and D. It being given that P (X = 0) = 16
and P (X > 1) = 23 .

4. Find the probability distribution of the number of failures preceding the

rst success in an innite sequence of Bernoulli trials with probability of
success p.

5. Show that a function which is x in (−1, 1) and zero elsewhere is a pos-
sible probability density function and nd the corresponding distribution
function.

6. The probability density function of a random variable X is A sec hx. Find

the value of the constant A and compute P (X < 1) and P (X ≥ 1).
√
7. Three concentric circles of radii √13 , 1 and 3 feet are drawn on a target
board. If a short falls within the innermost circle is 3 points are scored;

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 if it falls within the next two rings the score is 2 and 1, respectively. The
score is 0 if the short is outside the outermost circle. If the probability
density of the distance of the hit from the centre of the target is π2 1+r1
2.

Find the probability distribution of the score.

8. A point X is chosen at random on a line segment AB whose middle point

is O. Find the probability that AX, BX and AO can form the sides of a
triangle.

9. If X is a discrete random variable having the PMF

x 1 2 3 4
P (x) 04 03 02 01
( )
Find P 12 < X < 72  X > 1 
{
kx, x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
10. If P (X = x) = represents a probability, nd
0, otherwise
(a) the value of k,
(b) P (X being a prime number),
( )
(c) Find P 12 < X < 52  X > 1 , and
(d) the distribution function of X.

11. A random variable X has the following probability function:

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2
P (x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k 2k 7k + k

Find k,

(a) Evaluate P (X < 6), P (X ≥ 6) and P (0 < X < 5),

(b) Find the minimum value of m for which P (X ≤ m) > 12,
(c) Mean of X, and
(d) the distribution function of X.

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 Winter Semester 2025 - 26
MAT3003 - Probability, Statistics and Reliability
Assignment-3

1. Thejoint probability density function of two random variables X and

Y
{
k(1 − x − y) if x > 0, y > 0, x + y < 1
f (x, y) =
0, elsewhere
Find the value of k and P (X < 12 , Y > 14 ). Also nd the marginal
distribution of X, Y and determine whether the random variables are
independent or not.

2. Show that the function dened by

{
sin x sin y if 0 < x < π2 , 0 < y < π
2
f (x, y) =
0, elsewhere
is a possible two-dimensional probability density function. Find the
marginal density functions and prove that the random variables are
independent.

3. Determine the value of k for which

f (x, y) = kxy, (0 < x < 1, 0 < y < x)

is a probability density function. Calculate the marginal density func-

tions.

4. The joint probability density

{ function of the random variables X and
k(3x + y) if 1 < x < 3, 0 < y < 2
Y is given by f (x, y) =
0, elsewhere.
Find the value of k and P (X + Y < 2). Examine if X and Y are
independent or not.

5. The joint density

{ function of the random variables X and Y is given
2 if 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < x
by f (x, y) =
0, elsewhere

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 Find marginal and conditional density functions. Compute P ( 14 < X <
3
4
Y = 12 ).

6. Two numbers are independently chosen at random between 0 and 1.

Show that the probability that their product is less than a constant k
where 0 < k < 1 is k(1 − ln k).

7. Find the regression lines from the following data points

X 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Y 4 7 21 47 53 24 12 6

8. Obtain the correlation coecient and obtain regression lines for the
following data points
X 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Y 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 21 72

9. Obtain the correlation coecient, regression coecients and obtain re-

gression lines for the following data points
X 5 8 7 6 4
Y 3 4 5 2 1