QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development

SELF PACED LEARNING MODULE

IN

FRM 14 (SILVICULTURE 2)
Midterm

BY:

EDGAR V. BENABISE
Subject Instructor

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development

1. High Forest Reproduction Methods

Module 4

Competencies 1. Appreciate the role of the silvicultural system in forest management;

2. Be aware of the most common methods of the major components silvicultural
systems;
3. Understand and explain the ways that the major components of silvicultural
systems can be modified to meet site-specific requirements;
Discussion

B. HIGH FOREST REPRODUCTION

Reproduction method

It is a procedure by which a stand is established or renewed. The process is accomplished during the
regeneration period by means of natural or artificial reproduction.
Methods

1. removal of the old stand

2. establishment of a new one
3. any supplementary treatment of vegetation slash or soil that are applied to create and maintain
conditions favorable to the start and early growth of reproduction.

Classification of reproduction methods

1. High forest methods − producing stands originating from seed

2. Low forest methods/coppice methods

Reproduction method producing Even-aged stands (low forest):

1. Clearcutting method − removal of the entire stand in one cutting with reproduction obtained
artificially or by natural seeding from adjacent stands and from trees cut in the clearing operation.

2. Seed-tree method − removal of the natural timber in one cutting except for a small number of seed-
trees left singly or in small groups.

3. Shelterwood method − removal of the mature timber in a series of cuttings which extend over a
relatively short portion of the rotation, by means of which the establishment of essentially even-
aged reproduction under the partial shelter of seed trees is encouraged.

4. Coppice method − producing stands originating primarily from vegetative regeneration.

Any type of cutting in which dependence is placed mainly on vegetative reproduction.

5. Coppice-with-standards method − production of coppice and high forest in the same area with the
tree seedlings origin being carried through much longer operation than those of vegetative
operations.

Reproduction method producing Uneven-aged stands (high forest):

Selection method − removal of matured timber usually the oldest or largest trees, either as single scattered
individuals or in small groups at relatively short interval, repeated indefinitely, by means of which the
continuous establishment of reproduction is encouraged and an uneven-aged stand is maintained.

1. The clearcutting method

Virtually all the trees, large or small, and the stand are removed in the process. Reproduction is
secured after the cutting either artificially, by seeding or planting, or naturally, from seed borne either by
trees outside the area cleansed or by the trees felled in the cutting.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development
Clearcutting with artificial reproduction usually involves the planting of nursery stocks (seedlings). It
also gives opportunity for the most thorough kind of preparation because there is no need of avoiding
damage to the large or small residual trees.

Clearcutting with natural reproduction - in this method, dependence is placed on establishment of

regeneration from natural seeds of the clearcut area. This reproduction should, for best results, start
immediately but is usually delayed until there is good crop and favorable weather condition for the
germination and survival of seedlings.

Sources of seeds

1. Seeds from adjacent stands

Seeds of this origin are disseminated by wind over the cleared area in which more seeds are found close to
the parent trees located along the border of the cleared area, and in decreasing amount toward the center.
Reproduction arising from such seeding is likely to be dense near the source of seeds and sparse of absent
at areas far from the mother trees.

Young Timber

Young Timber of seed

Timber bearing age

Clearcut Area
W
i
n
Timber of seed bearing age
d
Fig. 1. Clearcutting the whole stand, with reproduction secured by seed disseminated from seed trees locatedd
outside the cut stand i
r
2. Seeds from the trees harvested e
c
With almost any species a substantial amount of seed may come from the trees removed in clearcut area
t
provided that the cutting is made during a good seed year. The seeds may still be of the trees at the time
of cutting, or they may have fallen recently.
i
o
3. Seeds stored on the forest floor n
a
Appreciable numbers of seeds of a species may remain viable in the humus layers beneath uncut stands t
for periods longer than one year. t
Methods of clearcutting
i
m
1. Clearcutting in alternate strips e
o
f
s
e
e
d
f
a
l
l
VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development

Fig. 6. The arrangement of strips within a pine

stand reproduced by clearcutting in
alternate of 80 feet wide. The upper
sketch shows the horizontal arrangement
of the 2 sets of strips. The lower sketch
shows 2 vertical profile of the new stand
50 years after the first cutting and 45
years after the second. The older trees are
almost 80 feet tall, whereas the younger
have an average height of 75 ft., this
difference would be of little significance in
practice.
Under this arrangement, the stand is divided into a
series of strips as shown in the first strip is cut clear, the next left standing, the third cut, and so on
throughout the stand. A few years after reproduction is established, the timber on the uncut strips is
removed. The second cutting must follow within a few years after the first if the even-aged character of the
stand is to be preserved.

2. Clearcutting in progressive strips

In this modification of the method, three or more operations are involved or required to remove the
entire stand. In the simplest application, strip cuttings are made at short interval at one side of the stand
and advancing progressively across to the other side. If an even-aged stand is to be created by this method,
the entire series of cutting must be finished within a period of 10-20 years, or depending on the length of
the rotation.

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Legend:

first cutting

cut clear a few years

later than # 1

reproduced few years

later than # 2

Fig. 7. Clearcutting a single stand in progressive strips, using 3 cutting

reproduced by a method other than clearcutting.

3. Clearcutting in patches

In this method, the area is cut clear except for certain trees, called seed trees, left standing singly or
in groups for the purpose of furnishing seeds to restock the cleared area naturally. Only a small portion of
the original stand is left. After a new crop is established these seed trees may be removed in a second cutting
or left indefinitely. This method produced even-aged stands except insofar as the remaining seed trees
constitute an upper story above the new crop. Under exceptional circumstances, seed trees may remain
throughout the rotation.

ADVANTAGES.
1. All operation involved are concentrated in time and space.
2. Logging, administrative work, ad silvicultural operations are simple.
3. Choose of equipment and methods of logging has no regard to residual trees.
4. No trees are expected to be lost by wind.
5. Timber marking is limited to defining boundaries of areas to be cut clear.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Ecologically least desirable
2. Lead to monoculture stand
VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development
3. Costly/expensive
4. Prune to increase soil erosion
5. One-sided nutrient cycling

2. SEED-TREE METHOD

Consist of leaving enough good seed –producing trees scattered over an area to trees adequate stocking
in a predicted period of time. The purpose of leaving selected trees (mother trees) is to ensure even
distribution of seed over the area and the suitability of these trees to area being intolerant. Seed trees can
be harvested after a regeneration is established or may be left indefinitely. Forest produced is even-aged
stand and highly applicable to mangrove forest and pine forest.
The seed-tree method is employed cut clear except for certain trees called seed trees left standing
singly or in group for the purpose of furnishing seed to restock the cleared area. After a new crop is
established the seed trees may be removed or left indefinitely.

Considerations in practicing seed tree method.

1. Climate should be favorable for seed dissemination. Wind direction is also considered.
2. Reproduction cutting should be done during fruiting season.
3. Proper selection of mother trees (based on phenotype and genotype characteristics)

Factors in determining the number of seed trees and its distribution.

1. Group Seed-tree Method
Selected seed trees appears either in strips or group. In this way, trees are protected from
wind throw.
2. Reserved Seed-tree
Chosen tree for regeneration are of good seeding and with ability to grow satisfactory
through the next cutting cycle or rotation in terms of height and diameter.

3. Individual Seed Trees

These are trees chosen to be left but occur singly in the area.

ADVANTAGES.
1. Better or uniform distribution of seed occurs as compared to clearcutting
2. Better composition is allowed
3. No limitation on area cut
4. Logging cost is low
5. Better aesthetics produced than clearcutting

DISADVANTAGES.
1. Control of spacing and timing of the new crop is difficult
2. Limited to wind-firm trees
3. Soil protection is difficult
4. Limited to light- seeded trees
5. Difficulty of controlling rodents, seedbed conditions and growing condition.
6. When seed trees are harvested seedlings may be damage
7. When trees re not harvested there is monetary loss.

Characteristics of seed trees

1. Wind-firm/wind resistant
2. Rapid of vigorous growth
3. Free from or clear of lower branches
4. Moderately open crown
5. Highly capable of self-pruning
6. Stocky, tapering boles with well-developed root system
7. With wide and deep crowns
8. Height (should be short but not stunted)
9. Matured enough to produce abundant fertile seed
10. Should belong to the co-dominant and dominant crown classes
11. Prolific seeder

Number and distribution of seed trees

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development
After the kind of seed tree has been determined the number per hectare must be decided. The
principal factors to be considered are:

1. The amount of viable seeds produced per tree

2. The probable proportion of seed trees which will survive
3. The percentage of the seeds that will grow to established seedlings
4. The distance to which seeds can be dispersed in sufficient quantity to ensure full stocking

3. SHELTERWOOD METHOD

There is a gradual removal of the entire stand in series of partial cuttings which extend over a fraction
of the rotation (not commonly use in the Philippines). This is use as a means of increasing the efficiency of
use of the growing stock. The resulting stand is even-aged and the trees furnishes seeds to the area and
afford protection to the young seedlings until such time that the shelter becomes a hindrance to the growth
of the seedlings. Hence, removal of these becomes recommendable.

Kinds of Cuttings in Shelterwood.

1. Preparatory cut.
Cutting activity to prepare the area for reproduction. This improves condition for regeneration and
establishment of seedlings. Usually done in dense stands where prospective seed bearers are freed to allow
enlargement of crowns conductive to seed production.

2. Seed Cutting.
This is to open enough vacant growing space in a single operation to allow the establishment of
regeneration carried out during seed year. Trees cut are the least desirables and this include intermediate,
overtopped and co-dominants or any trees too poor to retain for further growth.
3. Final Cut

Modification of Shelterwood

1. Uniform Method. Application is uniformly over the entire stand.

2. Strip Shelterwood.

Application is by strip or the stand is cut in strips and advance gradually across the area.

1 2 3

Seed cut 1954 Seed cut 1959 Seed cut 1964

Removal cutting 1959 Removal cut 1964 Removal cut 1969

Final cutting 1964 Final cut 1969 Final cut 1974

This starts from one side of the stand; a seed cutting is conducted on the first strip. A few years
after, removal cutting is made on the first strip and seed cutting is made on the next strip.

3. Group Shelterwood Method.

Employed in stands where there are patches of advance regeneration that results from thinning.
These clumps of regeneration are enlarged by removal of trees around them.

Advantages
1. allows ultimate control of site conditions for the regeneration of even-aged stands.
2. Best method for heavy-seeded trees.
3. Provides better control on composition, amount and distribution.
4. Applicable to both tolerant and intolerant species.
VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development
5. Provision of good soil protection.
6. High aesthetic qualities.
7. No biological constraints on its applicable in large areas.
Disadvantages
1. Increased logging cost.
2. High technical skill
3. Unavoidable damage to residual stand and reproduction occurs during logging.

High Forest Method

The selection method (Selective Logging System)

The term selective logging system is applied to any silvicultural program at the creation or
maintenance of uneven-aged stands. This is applied in uneven-aged stands.

SELECTIVE LOGGING SYSTEM (SLS)

The removal of mature, over mature and defective trees in such a manner as to leave uninjured
number and volume of healthy residual trees of the commercial species and other tree species necessary to
assure a future crop of timber and forest cover for protection and conservation of soil and water.

Rational of selective Logging System

1. Cheapest means of restocking the dipterocarp forest.

2. Due to stand structure, reproduction and growing habits, and responses to increased light after
logging leads itself to;

a. Short viability of seeds

b. Irregular flowering habit
c. Requires partial shade early growth
d. Abundant vines and lianas
3. Early maturity of residual growing stock than seedlings.

Phases of Selective Logging System

The method involves three steps to be conducted to ensure natural regeneration;

1. TREE MARKING
Ensures the needed number of trees for the future crop and seed trees that shall be left and
protected from logging damages.

Objectives

1. Acquaint and licensees on the kind, condition and quality of trees need for residual growing stock.
2. Facilitate forecasting of future crop yield based on recorded marked trees which include species,
diameter class, and of lengths.
3. To have a basis for the imposition of regulatory fines and penalties.

Preliminaries before Tree marking

1. Establishment of set –up boundaries

This serve as guide in determining number of trees to be cut or marked and limits in actual tree
marking.

Factors to consider;
a. Probable location of spar tree, gin poles, or log landing
b. Accessibility from logging road network.
2. Pre-marking Sampling

Sampling check of 5% estimate is conducted to get the number of trees of the commercial species
and the number and volume of species commonly cut corresponding to 70% of the number of trees
in 20-60 cm. diameter group plus 40% of the trees 70 cm. in diameter.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY & ENGINEERING

….setting trends towards sustainable development

3. Computation of the Marketing Goal

a. Separate from each plot the trees belonging to the class taking note of the species, diameter class
and number of trees in certain diameter.
b. Get the total of trees in the 20-70 cm. diameter class from each plot.
c. Get the sum of the number of these trees in all the plots in the set-up.
d. Divide the total number of trees in all the plots in the set-up by the total number of lots to get
average number of trees per plot in the 20-70 cm. diameter classes.
e. Since one plot is 1/10 hectare in area multiply the average number of trees per plot (item d) by ten
(10) to get the number of trees on a per hectare basis.

2. RESIDUAL INVENTORY

This evaluates result of the tree marking after logging operation whether or not loggers exercised
care in avoiding damages to marked trees and to determine the condition, size, and number of healthy
trees left.

Objectives

1. Determine the extent and causes of damages done on the residuals so that necessary corrective
measures can be done.
2. Have an appraisal of growing stock for yield production, mortality and basis for silvicultural
treatments/ operations and management.

3. TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENTS

These are treatments applied before or after logging or harvesting and thinning of salable products
on a forest area for the purpose of securing maximum quantity, quality, composition, growth rate and
condition consistent with other resources and used needs within the limits of available facilities and funds.
Cultural operation involved are weeding, cleaning and liberation cutting.

Objective

1. To grow in every hectare of forest land the maximum volume of quality saw logs, pulpwood, add
other uses of wood on a sustained yield at the shortest possible time.

Where TSI is Conducted

1. With in a young stand 5 – 10 years or more after logging.

Application of TSI shall be discourage in stands 1 – 4 years after logging as this will only encourage
growth of secondary species.
2. Supplemental planting may be conducted/employed in open areas around spar trees, landing area,
etc. immediately after logging with fast growing species.

3. Inter or under planting may also be done where reproduction of residuals are quite inadequate.

Reconnaissance Activities before TSI

Knowing the area and having the basic information like terrain, climatic condition, species
composition or vegetation types and other eco-physiographic factors available or existing in the area
provides a good reference on how Timber Stand Improvement activities can be employed.

Purposes:
1. To find accessible and fertile areas where growth is favorable and cultural treatments can
be applied.
2. To find areas requiring planting either whole part or in part.
3. To prescribe cultural treatments suitable to portions of the logged-over area.
4. To find the micro-geographical relationships of trees through sampling work to provide a
clue in the intensity or degree of crown opening to be conducted.
5. To determine the amount of work to be done in relation to funds and personnel needed

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence and Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”