MAT3003 — Probability, Statistics & Reliability

MODULE 3 · COMPLETE EXAM GUIDE WITH ALL SOLUTIONS

Joint Distributions · Marginals · Conditionals · Regression · Correlation
VIT Bhopal University | Winter Semester 2025–26

Section 1 — Joint Probability Distributions: Concepts & Conditions

Section 2 — Integration Formulas (Power, Exponential, Log, Trig, Sech)
Section 3 — Double Integration: Visual Intuition & Limit-Setting Strategy
Section 4 — Marginal & Conditional Distributions
Section 5 — Independence of Random Variables
Section 6 — Regression Lines & Correlation Coefficient
Section 7 — All Assignment-3 Questions Solved (Q1–Q9, Exam Style)
Section 8 — Quick Formula Reference Card (Print & Keep)
SECTION 1 — Joint Probability Distributions

1.1 Definition
When two random variables X and Y are studied together, we describe them using a joint PDF f(x,y) defined over
a region R in the xy-plane.

1.2 Conditions for a Valid Joint PDF

Non-negativity f (x , y )≥ 0 for all ( x , y )

Normalization ∞ ∞

∫ ∫ f (x , y )dy dx=1
−∞ −∞

Probability of region b d
P(a< X <b , c<Y < d)=∫ ∫ f (x , y)dy dx
a c

★ Exam: FIRST STEP in every Module 3 problem: write ∬ f(x,y) dx dy = 1 and solve for the constant k.

1.3 Common Regions in Your Problems

Region Condition Shape / Vertices

Q1 (Set-3) x>0, y>0, x+y<1 Triangle: (0,0),(1,0),(0,1)

Q2 (Set-3) 0<x<π/2, 0<y<π/2 Square — constant limits

Q3 (Set-3) 0<x<1, 0<y<x Triangle: (0,0),(1,0),(1,1)

Q4 (Set-3) 1<x<3, 0<y<2 Rectangle — constant limits

Q5 (Set-3) 0<x<1, 0<y<x Triangle: (0,0),(1,0),(1,1)

SECTION 2 — Essential Integration Formulas

These are formulas whose derivations are long — memorise the results directly. Apply them without re-deriving
in the exam.

2.1 Power, Exponential and Logarithm Integrals

∫ xⁿ dx x
n+1
∫ xⁿ dx= +C , n ≠ −1
n+1

∫ eˣ dx ∫ eˣ dx=eˣ+C

∫ e^(ax) dx ❑ 1 ❑
∫ e ax dx= e ax + C
a

∫ e^(−ax) dx ❑ 1 ❑
∫ e −ax dx=− e − ax +C
a

∫ aˣ dx a
x
∫ aˣ dx= +C , a>0 , a ≠ 1
ln a

∫ 1/x dx 1
∫ dx=ln∨x∨+C
x

∫ 1/(ax+b) dx 1 1
∫ dx= ln∨ax+ b∨+C
ax +b a

()
∫ 1/(x²+a²) dx 1 1 x
∫ dx= arctan +C
x ²+a ² a a

2.2 Trigonometric Integrals

 ∫ sin x dx ∫ sin (x)dx=− cos(x )+C

∫ cos x dx ∫ cos (x )dx =sin(x )+C

∫ sec²x dx ∫ sec ²(x )dx =tan( x)+C

∫ sin x [0,π/2] π /2

∫ sin (x)dx=[− cos(x )]¿ 0 ¿ π /2=1

0

2.3 Hyperbolic: sech(x)

This appears in Practice Set-2 Q6. The integral of sech(x) over all reals equals π.

Definition 2
sech(x )= −x
eˣ+ e ❑

∫ sech(x) dx ∫ sech( x)dx=arctan (sinh x )+C

∫ over all ℝ ∞

∫ sech (x )dx =π ⟹ A= 1π for A·sech( x )¿ be a valid PDF

−∞

★ Exam: For A·sech(x) to be a PDF: A·π = 1 → A = 1/π. Then P(X<1) = (1/π)·arctan(sinh(1)).

2.4 Variable-Limit Integrals (Critical for double integrals)

When the upper limit is a variable (e.g. x or 1−x), treat the outer variable as a constant and integrate normally.

∫₀ˣ y dy x

∫ y dy =( y2² ) ¿ 0 ¿ x= x2²
0
∫₀^(1−x) (1−x−y) dy 1−x
(1− x)²
∫ (1 − x − y )dy = 2
← use directly ∈Q 1
0

∫_y^1 x dx 1

∫ x dx= 1−2 y ²
y
SECTION 3 — Double Integration: Visual Intuition

✖ Avoid: Most marks in Module 3 are lost due to WRONG LIMITS. This section fixes that.

A double integral sums f(x,y) over a 2D region R. You can slice R into vertical strips (dy dx) or horizontal strips (dx
dy). Both give the same numerical answer — pick whichever gives simpler limits.

3.1 The 5-Step Method — Use This Every Time

1. DRAW the region R: Sketch it on rough paper. Mark vertices. Mark boundary curves.
2. List boundary curves: Write equations of all boundary lines/curves.
3. Choose order dy dx or dx dy: Pick the order that gives simpler limit expressions.
4. Outer limits = CONSTANTS: The outer variable ranges between two fixed numbers.
5. Inner limits = FUNCTIONS: The inner variable's bounds are functions of the outer variable.

3.2 Limits for Each Region in Your Problems

Region Order Outer Limits Inner Limits Appears In

x+y<1, x>0,y>0 dy dx (vertical) x: 0 → 1 y: 0 → (1−x) Q1,Q2 hint

x+y<1, x>0,y>0 dx dy (horizontal) y: 0 → 1 x: 0 → (1−y) Q1 alt.

0<y<x, 0<x<1 dy dx (EASIER) x: 0 → 1 y: 0 → x Q3, Q5

0<y<x, 0<x<1 dx dy y: 0 → 1 x: y → 1 Q3 marginal of Y

1<x<3, 0<y<2 dy dx x: 1 → 3 y: 0 → 2 Q4

0<x<π/2, 0<y<π/2 either x: 0 → π/2 y: 0 → π/2 Q2

✔ TRIANGLE SHORTCUT: For x+y<1, the TOP boundary is y = 1−x. For y<x, the TOP boundary is y = x. These give your
inner limits immediately.

3.3 How to Change Order of Integration

Sometimes the inner integral can't be evaluated with one variable order — switch to the other. Steps: (1) Draw
region. (2) Re-read limits from the new direction.

Switching order 1 1 1 y

∫∫ f ( x , y)dy dx=∫∫ f (x , y )dx dy

0 x 0 0
SECTION 4 — Marginal & Conditional Distributions

4.1 Marginal PDFs

Marginal of X y max ( x)

f X (x )= ∫ f (x , y )dy ( y−limits depend on x)

y min (x)

Marginal of Y x max ( y)

f Y ( y)= ∫ f (x , y)dx (x−limits depend on y)

xmin (y )

⚠ Note: For region x+y<1: f_X(x) uses y from 0 to (1−x). For region y<x: f_X(x) uses y from 0 to x, but f_Y(y) uses x from
y to 1.

4.2 Conditional PDF

f(y | X = x) f (x , y)
f {Y ∨X }( y∨x)= , f (x )≠ 0
f X (x) X

f(x | Y = y) f (x , y)
f { X ∨Y }(x∨ y)= , f ( y)≠ 0
f Y ( y) Y

4.3 Conditional Probability

P(a<Y<b | X=x) b

∫ f {Y ∨X }( y∨x )dy
a

✔ Verification: conditional PDF must integrate to 1 over its valid range. Check this to catch errors.
SECTION 5 — Independence of Random Variables

Definition & Test

X, Y independent f (x , y )=f X (x )· f Y ( y) for all(x , y)∈the region

Three Methods
Method 1 — Factorisation (Fastest)
If f(x,y) = g(x)·h(y) (purely a product, no mixed sums) AND the region is a RECTANGLE → Independent.

Method 2 — Compute and Multiply

Compute f_X(x) and f_Y(y). Multiply. If equal to f(x,y) → Independent.

Method 3 — Region Shortcut (Instant)

✖ Avoid: INSTANT: Triangle or non-rectangular region ⇒ NEVER independent. Only rectangular regions CAN be
independent.

Summary for Your Problems

Problem Reason Verdict

Q1: k(1−x−y) on triangle Triangle region; mixed term NOT independent

Q2: sin(x)sin(y) on square Rectangle AND f = g(x)·h(y) INDEPENDENT ✓

Q3: kxy on triangle y<x Triangle region NOT independent

Q4: k(3x+y) on rectangle 3x+y ≠ g(x)·h(y) NOT independent

Q5: f=2 on triangle y<x Triangle region (even for constant f) NOT independent

Q6: uniform on unit square By definition INDEPENDENT ✓

SECTION 6 — Regression Lines & Correlation

6.1 Compute These Five Sums First

Σx, Σy Σx=Σxᵢ , Σy=Σyᵢ , n=number of points

Σx², Σy² Σx ²=Σxᵢ ² , Σy ²=Σyᵢ ²

Σxy Σxy=Σxᵢyᵢ

Means x̄ =Σx/n , ȳ =Σy /n

6.2 Regression Coefficients

b_yx (Y on X) nΣxy − Σx·Σy
b { yx }=
nΣx ² −( Σx)²

b_xy (X on Y) nΣxy − Σx·Σy

b { xy }=
nΣy ² −(Σy)²

6.3 Regression Line Equations

Y on X line y − ȳ =b{ yx }(x − x̄ )

X on Y line x − x̄ =b{ xy }( y − ȳ)

6.4 Correlation Coefficient

r nΣxy − Σx·Σy
r=
√ [nΣx ²−(Σx)²]·[nΣy ² −( Σy)²]
 From b values r ²=b{ yx }· b{ xy }⟹ r =± √ b { yx }· b{ xy }

✔ Sign of r = sign of b_yx. Both regression lines pass through (x̄, ȳ) — substitute to verify!
SECTION 7 — All Assignment-3 Questions: Fully Solved

★ Exam: Each solution uses exam-style presentation. Follow this exact format in your paper.

Q1 — f(x,y) = k(1−x−y) on triangle x+y<1, x>0, y>0

Find k, P(X < 1/2, Y > 1/4), marginals f_X and f_Y, and test independence.
Step 1: Find k (normalization)
Region: triangle. Vertical strips: x: 0→1, y: 0→(1−x).

1 1−x

∫ ∫ k (1− x − y )dy dx=1

0 0

Inner integral (x treated as constant):

1−x

∫ (1 − x − y )dy =((1− x) y − y2² )₀{ 1− x }=(1− x)² −

(1 − x )² (1 − x)²
=
0 2 2
Outer integral:

( )
1
(1 − x )² (1 − x )³ k
k· ∫ dx=k· − ₀¹= =1
0 2 6 6

∴ k =6
Step 2: Find P(X < 1/2, Y > 1/4)
Sub-region: x: 0→1/2, y: 1/4→(1−x). Valid since x<1/2 ⟹ 1−x > 1/2 > 1/4.

1
2 1−x

P=∫ ∫ 6(1− x − y )dy dx

0 1
4

Inner integral — evaluate [(1−x)y − y²/2] from y=1/4 to y=1−x:

At y = 1−x: (1−x)² − (1−x)²/2 = (1−x)²/2
At y = 1/4: (1−x)/4 − 1/32
1−x
(1− x)² 1 − x 1 x ² 3 x 9
∫ (1 − x − y )dy = 2
−
4
+ = −
32 2
+
4 32
1
4

Outer integral:

1
2
x² 3x 9
P=6· ∫ − + dx
0 2 4 32

¿6· ( x6³ − 38x ² + 932x ) ¿ 0 ¿ 1/2

¿6· ( 481 − 323 + 649 )=6 · 192

13 13
=
32
✔ Result: P(X < 1/2, Y > 1/4) = 13/32

Step 3: Marginal distributions

1−x
( 1− x )²
f X ( x )= ∫ 6(1 − x − y )dy =6 · =3(1 − x )² ,0< x<1
0 2

1− y
f Y ( y)= ∫ 6(1 − x − y )dx=3(1 − y )² , 0< y <1
0

Step 4: Test independence

f X (x )· f Y ( y)=3 (1− x)² ·3 (1− y)²=9(1 − x )²(1 − y )²

f (x , y )=6 (1− x − y)≠ 9(1 − x)²(1− y)²

✔ Result: CONCLUSION: X and Y are NOT INDEPENDENT.
Q2 — f(x,y) = sin(x)sin(y) on [0,π/2]×[0,π/2]
Show it is a valid PDF; find marginals; prove X and Y are independent.
Step 1: Normalization check

π /2 π /2 π/2 π/2

∫ ∫ sin (x)sin( y )dy dx=∫ sin( x )dx · ∫ sin( y )dy

0 0 0 0

¿ [− cos( x )]₀{ π /2 }·[−cos ( y )]₀{ π /2}

¿(0+1)(0+1)=1 ✓ ∧f ( x , y )≥ 0 on [0 , π /2]×[0 , π /2]

✔ Result: Both conditions satisfied ⇒ valid PDF.

Step 2: Marginals

π /2 π /2
f X ( x )= ∫ sin (x)sin( y )dy=sin(x )· ∫ sin ( y)dy=sin(x)· 1=sin( x ),0< x< π /2
0 0

f Y ( y)=sin( y ) ,0< y< π /2(by symmetry )

Step 3: Independence

f X (x )· f Y ( y)=sin (x)· sin( y )=f (x , y )✓

✔ Result: CONCLUSION: X and Y are INDEPENDENT.

Q3 — f(x,y) = kxy on 0<x<1, 0<y<x

Find k; compute marginal density functions.
Step 1: Find k
Region: 0<x<1, 0<y<x. Vertical strips: y from 0 to x.

1 x

∫∫ kxy dy dx =1
0 0

Inner integral:

∫ xy dy=x· x2² = x2³

0

Outer integral:

1
x³ 1
k· ∫ dx=k· =1 ⟹ k =8
0 2 8
Step 2: Marginal of X (integrate out y: y from 0 to x)

x
x²
f X ( x )=∫ 8 xy dy=8 x· =4 x ³ , 0< x <1
0 2
Step 3: Marginal of Y (integrate out x: x from y to 1)

1
f Y ( y)=∫ 8 xy dx=8 y·
y
( x2² )ₗ ¹=4 y (1− y ²), 0< y <1
✔ Result: CONCLUSION: NOT independent (triangle region; also 4x³·4y(1−y²) ≠ 8xy).

Q4 — f(x,y) = k(3x+y) on 1<x<3, 0<y<2

Find k; find P(X+Y < 2); examine independence.
Step 1: Find k
Rectangle region. x: 1→3, y: 0→2.
3 2

∫∫ k (3 x+ y)dy dx=1
1 0

Inner integral:

∫ (3 x+ y)dy=(3 xy + y2² )₀²=6 x +2

0

Outer integral:

3
k· ∫ (6 x+2)dx=k· [3 x ²+2 x]₁³=k (27+6 −3 − 2)=28 k=1
1

1
∴k=
28
Step 2: Find P(X+Y < 2)
Sub-region: x+y<2 ∩ {1<x<3, 0<y<2}. For x≥2: 2−x≤0, no y valid. So x: 1→2, y: 0→(2−x).

2 2−x
3x+ y
P=∫ ∫ dy dx
1 0 28
Inner integral:

2−x
(2 − x)² 5x²
∫ (3 x + y )dy =3 x (2 − x )+ 2
=2+ 4 x −
2
0

Outer integral:

2
1
P= · ∫ 2+ 4 x −
28 1
5x²
2
1
dx= · 2 x +2 x ² −
28 (
5x³
6
1 13 13
₁²= · =
28 6 168 )
Step 3: Find marginal distributions
Marginal of X (integrate out y, y: 0→2):

2
f X ( x )=∫
0
3x+ y
28
dy= (
3 xy y ²
+
28 56 ) 6 x 4 3 x+ 1
¿ 0 ¿ 2= + =
28 56 14
, 1< x< 3
Marginal of Y (integrate out x, x: 1→3):

3
f Y ( y)=∫
1
3 x+ y
28
dx= (
3 x ² xy
+
56 28 )
¿ 1¿ 3= + (
27 3 y 3
− −
y
56 28 56 28
=
y+ 6
14
, 0< y< 2 )
Step 4: Independence test
3x+y cannot be written as g(x)·h(y). Therefore X and Y are NOT independent.

✔ Result: CONCLUSION: k = 1/28, P(X+Y<2) = 13/168, f_X(x)=(3x+1)/14, f_Y(y)=(y+6)/14, X and Y NOT independent.

Q5 — f(x,y) = 2 on 0<x<1, 0<y<x

Find marginals, conditional density, P(1/4 < X < 3/4 | Y = 1/2).
Step 1: Verify (normalization)

1 x 1

∫∫ 2 dy dx=∫ 2 x dx=[ x ²]₀¹=1 ✓

0 0 0

Step 2: Marginal of X

x
f X ( x )=∫ 2 dy=2 x ,0< x<1
0

Step 3: Marginal of Y (x from y to 1)

1
f Y ( y)=∫ 2dx =2(1− y ), 0< y <1
y

Step 4: Conditional PDF of X given Y = y

f (x , y) 2 1
f { X ∨Y }(x∨ y)= = = , y < x <1
f Y ( y) 2(1− y ) 1 − y
Step 5: P(1/4 < X < 3/4 | Y = 1/2)
Given Y=1/2, valid range of X is (1/2, 1). The condition 1/4<X<3/4 ∩ (1/2,1) = (1/2, 3/4).
 ¾ ¾
1 1 1
P=∫ dx=∫ 2 dx=2 ·(¾ −½)=2· =
½ 1 −½ ½ 4 2
✔ Result: CONCLUSION: P(1/4 < X < 3/4 | Y = 1/2) = 1/2

Q6 — P(XY < k) = k(1 − ln k) for 0 < k < 1

X,Y uniform on (0,1), f(x,y)=1. Prove the result.
Step 1: Split at x = k
For fixed x: XY<k ⇔ y < k/x. But y∈(0,1), so upper limit = min(k/x, 1).
If x≤k: k/x≥1 → upper = 1. If x>k: k/x<1 → upper = k/x.

k 1
k
P( XY < k )=∫ 1 dx+∫ dx
0 k x

Step 2: Evaluate

¿ k + k [ln x ]ₖ ¹

¿ k + k (ln1 − ln k)

¿ k + k (0 − ln k )

¿ k − k ln k=k (1 − ln k) ✓ (Proved)

Q7 — Regression Lines
n = 8, x-data: [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40], y-data: [4, 7, 21, 47, 53, 24, 12, 6]
Step 1: Computation Table
x y x² y² xy

5 4 25 16 20
10 7 100 49 70

15 21 225 441 315

20 47 400 2209 940

25 53 625 2809 1325

30 24 900 576 720

35 12 1225 144 420

40 6 1600 36 240

Σ=180 Σ=174 Σ=5100 Σ=6280 Σ=4050

Step 2: Means

x̄ =180 /8=22.50 ȳ=174/8=21.75

Step 3: Regression Coefficients

nΣxy − Σx·Σy 8× 4050 −180 × 174 1080

b { yx }= = = =0.1286
nΣx ² −( Σx)² 8× 5100 −180² 8400

1080
b { xy }= =0.0541
19964
Step 4: Regression Lines

Y on X : y −21.75=0.1286(x −22.50)

⟹ y=0.1286 x +18.8571

X on Y : x − 22.50=0.0541 ( y − 21.75)

⟹ x=0.0541 y +21.3234
Step 5: Correlation Coefficient
r =± √ b { yx }· b{ xy }=± √ 0.1286 × 0.0541=0.0834
✔ Result: r = 0.0834 → Weak positive linear correlation.

Q8 — Correlation Coefficient and Regression Lines

n = 10, x-data: [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27], y-data: [17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 21, 72]

⚠ Note: Note: Y=72 at x=27 appears to be an outlier. Solution computed as given in data.

Step 1: Computation Table

x y x² y² xy

18 17 324 289 306

19 17 361 289 323

20 18 400 324 360

21 18 441 324 378

22 18 484 324 396

23 19 529 361 437

24 19 576 361 456

25 20 625 400 500

26 21 676 441 546

27 72 729 5184 1944

Σ=225 Σ=239 Σ=5145 Σ=8297 Σ=5646

Step 2: Means

x̄ =225 /10=22.50 ȳ=239 /10=23.90

Step 3: Regression Coefficients

nΣxy − Σx·Σy 10 × 5646 −225 ×239 2685

b { yx }= = = =3.2545
nΣx ² −( Σx)² 10 ×5145 − 225² 825
 2685
b { xy }= =0.1039
25849
Step 4: Regression Lines

Y on X : y −23.90=3.2545(x − 22.50)

⟹ y=3.2545 x +−49.3273

X on Y : x − 22.50=0.1039 ( y − 23.90)

⟹ x=0.1039 y +20.0174
Step 5: Correlation Coefficient

r =± √ b { yx }· b{ xy }=± √ 3.2545 ×0.1039=0.5814

✔ Result: r = 0.5814 → Moderate positive linear correlation.

Q9 — Correlation Coefficient, Regression Coefficients and Lines

n = 5, x-data: [5, 8, 7, 6, 4], y-data: [3, 4, 5, 2, 1]
Step 1: Computation Table
x y x² y² xy

5 3 25 9 15

8 4 64 16 32

7 5 49 25 35

6 2 36 4 12

4 1 16 1 4

Σ=30 Σ=15 Σ=190 Σ=55 Σ=98

Step 2: Means
x̄ =30 /5=6.00 ȳ=15 /5=3.00
Step 3: Regression Coefficients

nΣxy − Σx·Σy 5 × 98 −30 ×15 40

b { yx }= = = =0.8000
nΣx ² −( Σx)² 5 ×190 − 30² 50

40
b { xy }= =0.8000
50
Step 4: Regression Lines

Y on X : y −3.00=0.8000(x −6.00)

⟹ y=0.8000 x +−1.8000

X on Y : x − 6.00=0.8000( y −3.00)

⟹ x=0.8000 y +3.6000
Step 5: Correlation Coefficient

r =± √ b { yx }· b{ xy }=± √ 0.8000 ×0.8000=0.8000

✔ Result: r = 0.8000 → Moderate positive linear correlation.
SECTION 8 — Quick Formula Reference Card

★ Exam: Print this page and keep it for revision!

Core Formulas
Normalization ∬ ∬ f (x , y )dx dy =1

Marginal f_X f X (x )= ∫ f (x , y)dy ( y−limits¿region)

Marginal f_Y f Y ( y)= ∫ f (x , y )dx (x−limits¿ region)

Conditional f ( y∨x )=f (x , y )/f X (x)

Independence X , Y independent ⇔ f (x , y )=f X (x )· f Y ( y)

b_yx nΣxy − ΣxΣy

nΣx ² −(Σx)²

b_xy nΣxy − ΣxΣy

nΣy ² −(Σy) ²

Y on X line y − ȳ =b{ yx }(x − x̄ )

X on Y line x − x̄ =b{ xy }( y − ȳ)

 r r =± √(b{ yx }· b { xy })

Integration Lookup
∫ xⁿ dx ∫ xⁿ dx=x { n+1}/(n+1)+ C

∫ e^x dx ∫ eˣ dx=eˣ+C

∫ e^(ax) dx ∫ e{ ax }dx=(1/a)e{ ax }+C

∫ e^(-ax) dx ∫ e{−ax }dx=−(1/a)e{−ax }+C

∫ aˣ dx ∫ aˣ dx=aˣ /ln(a)+C

∫ 1/x dx ∫ 1/ x dx=ln∨x∨+C

∫ 1/(ax+b) dx ∫ 1/(ax +b)dx=(1/a)ln∨ax +b∨+C

∫ 1/(x²+a²) dx ∫ 1/(x ²+ a ²) dx=(1 /a)arctan (x /a)+C

∫ sin x dx ∫ sin (x)dx=−cos(x )+ C

∫ cos x dx ∫ cos (x )dx =sin(x )+C

∫ sech(x) on ℝ ∫ sech( x)dx ¿−∞ ¿ ∞=π ⟹ A=1/ π for valid PDF

Common Mistakes to Avoid
✖ Avoid: WRONG LIMITS: Always draw the region first. Inner limits depend on outer variable for triangles.

✖ Avoid: TRIANGLE REGION: X and Y are NEVER independent for triangular regions.

✖ Avoid: REGRESSION MIX-UP: b_yx denominator is Σx²; b_xy denominator is Σy². Don't swap.

✔ VERIFY MARGINALS: Your marginal f_X(x) must integrate to 1 over its valid x-range.

✔ BOTH REGRESSION LINES pass through (x̄, ȳ). Substitute to verify.

✔ SIGN OF r: Use same sign as b_yx. If b_yx > 0, r > 0.

Best of luck in your exam!

MAT3003 · VIT Bhopal University · Winter 2025–26