⚡ Electrical Lab Viva: The Master Guide

This document is a compilation of all experiment summaries, key formulas, and the
complete bank of viva questions practiced during the session. Use this for your final
revision.

Part 1: The "Cheat Sheet" Summary

Experiment Key Principle / Law The "Golden Rule" Vital Formula

1. KCL & KVL KCL: Conservation Ammeter → Series ∑I = 0

of Charge. (Ideal 0Ω)

∑V = 0
KVL: Conservation Voltmeter → Parallel
of Energy. (Ideal ∞Ω)

2. Thevenin’s Replaces linear To find Rth : ​

IL =
​
Vth
Rth +RL
​

circuit with One

​ ​

Voltage Source (
Vth ) + Series
Voltage Source →
​

Resistor (Rth ).
Short (Wire)
​

Current Source →
Open (Break)

3. Norton’s Replaces linear IN is found by IL = IN ×

​ ​
RN
RN +RL
​

circuit with One

​

Shorting the output

Current Source ( terminals (Isc ). ​

IN ) + Parallel
​

Resistor (RN ).
​

Note: RN = Rth .
​ ​

4. Total response = NEVER use Itotal = I1 + I2 + ...

​ ​ ​

Superposition Sum of responses Superposition to

from each source calculate Power directly
acting alone. (P = P1 + P2 )
​ ​
 because P = I 2 R is
non-linear.

5. Max Power Max power is Efficiency at max power Pmax =

Vth2 ​

4Rth
​ ​

delivered when is exactly 50%. Half the

​

Load Res. = power is wasted in the

Source Res. ( source resistance.
RL = Rth ).
​ ​

6. AC Power Active (P ): Useful Inductor: Current Lags S 2 = P 2 + Q2

Work (Watts) Voltage.

PF = P /S
Reactive (Q): Capacitor: Current
Stored Energy Leads Voltage.
(VAR)

Apparent (S ):
Total (VA)

1
7. Resonance Series Resonance Impedance is Min ( fr =
​

2π LC
​

occurs when Z = R ).
​

XL = XC .
​ ​

Current is Max.

Power Factor is 1
(Unity).

Part 2: The Complete Viva Quiz Bank

Here are all the questions you practiced, with the Correct Answers highlighted.

Topic 1: KCL & KVL

1. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) is based on the Law of Conservation of...
[ ] Energy
[x] Charge
 2. To measure potential difference without drawing current, a Voltmeter is
connected in...
[ ] Series
[x] Parallel
3. An ideal Ammeter is assumed to have ______ resistance.
[x] Zero
[ ] Infinite
4. KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages in a ______ is zero.
[x] Closed loop
[ ] Node
5. If you calculate a current value and the result is negative, it means...
[x] Actual current flows in the opposite direction
[ ] The calculation is wrong
6. A junction or 'node' is defined as a point where ______ or more elements
meet.
[ ] Two
[x] Three
7. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is based on the Law of Conservation of...
[ ] Charge
[x] Energy
8. A network that contains no source of EMF is called a ______ network.
[ ] Active
[x] Passive
9. Experimental values often differ from theoretical ones due to the ______
of wires.
[x] Internal resistance
[ ] Insulation
10. To avoid damage, an Ammeter must never be connected in...
 [x] Parallel (This causes a short circuit)
[ ] Series

Topic 2: Thevenin’s Theorem

11. Thevenin's Theorem is applicable to which type of networks?
[ ] Non-linear
[x] Linear and Bilateral
12. Another name for Thevenin's Voltage (Vth ) is... ​

[x] Open Circuit Voltage (Voc ) ​

[ ] Short Circuit Voltage

13. To calculate Rth , Voltage Sources must be replaced by a...
​

[x] Short Circuit

[ ] Open Circuit
14. In the Thevenin equivalent circuit, Rth is connected to Vth in...
​ ​

[x] Series
[ ] Parallel
15. Why is Thevenin's theorem useful?
[x] Allows easy calculation when Load (RL ) varies ​

[ ] Eliminates Ohm's Law

16. To calculate Rth , Current Sources must be replaced by a...
​

[x] Open Circuit

[ ] Short Circuit
17. If Vth = 10V , Rth = 5Ω, RL = 5Ω, what is IL ?
​ ​ ​ ​

[x] 1 A (10/(5 + 5))

[ ] 10 A

Topic 3: Norton’s Theorem

18. Norton's Theorem replaces a circuit with a Current Source in ______ with a
resistor.
[ ] Series
[x] Parallel
19. To find Norton Current (IN ), what do you do to the load terminals?
​

[x] Short Circuit them

[ ] Open Circuit them
20. What happens to a resistor in parallel with the output if you short the
terminals?
[x] It is bypassed (Current is zero)
[ ] It burns out
21. Which formula is used to calculate Load Current (IL ) in Norton’s?
​

[x] Current Divider Rule

[ ] Voltage Divider Rule
22. Is Norton's Resistance (RN ) calculated differently from Thevenin's (Rth )?
​ ​

[x] No, they are calculated the same way

[ ] Yes

Topic 4: Superposition Theorem

23. Superposition is applicable ONLY to...
[x] Linear bilateral networks
[ ] Non-linear networks
24. To 'deactivate' a Voltage Source, replace it with...
[x] Short Circuit
[ ] Open Circuit
25. To 'deactivate' a Current Source, replace it with...
[x] Open Circuit
[ ] Short Circuit
26. Why can't Superposition be used to calculate Power directly?
[x] Power is Non-linear (I 2 R)
[ ] Power is always zero
27. If Source A pushes 5A right, and Source B pushes 2A left, total current is...
[x] 3 A (Right)
[]7A
28. What do you do with 'Dependent Sources' (diamond shape)?
[x] Do not touch them (Leave active)
[ ] Turn them off
29. Does Superposition work for Diodes?
[x] No, because Diodes are Non-linear
[ ] Yes
30. Minimum independent sources required for Superposition?
[x] Two or more
[ ] One
31. Can Superposition apply to AC circuits?
[x] Yes, if linear
[ ] No
32. Total current I3 is equal to...
​

[x] Algebraic sum (I1 + I2 )

​ ​

[ ] Product (I1 × I2 )
​ ​

Topic 5: Maximum Power Transfer

33. Maximum power is transferred when Load Resistance (RL ) equals...
​

[x] Source Resistance (RS ) ​

[ ] Zero
34. What is the Efficiency at Maximum Power Transfer?
[x] 50%
 [ ] 100%
35. Why is this theorem NOT used in power transmission?
[x] Efficiency is too low (wastes energy)
[ ] Too difficult
36. Formula for Maximum Power (Pmax )? ​

[x] Vth2 /(4Rth )

​ ​

[ ] V 2 /R
37. Shape of the Power vs Load Resistance graph?
[x] Inverted Parabola (Hill shape)
[ ] Straight line
38. What is 'Impedance Matching'?
[x] Making load resistance equal to source resistance
[ ] Making load zero
39. For AC circuits, the condition is...
[x] Conjugate (ZL = ZS∗ )
​ ​

[ ] Equal (ZL = ZS )
​ ​

40. If Source is 50Ω, Load should be...

[x] 50Ω
[ ] 100Ω

Topic 6: AC Power
41. Relationship between S, P, and Q?
[x] S 2 = P 2 + Q2
[]S = P +Q
42. In an R-L circuit, current...
[x] Lags
[ ] Leads
43. Unit of Reactive Power (Q)?
 [x] VAR
[ ] Watts
44. Wattmeter measures...
[x] Active Power
[ ] Apparent Power
45. Impedance (Z ) at Resonance?
[x] Minimum
[ ] Maximum
46. Power Factor (cos ϕ) definition?
[x] Active Power / Apparent Power
[ ] Reactive / Apparent
47. In an R-C circuit, Power Factor is...
[x] Leading
[ ] Lagging
48. Formula for Impedance in Series R-L?
[x] R2 + XL2 ​

[ ] R + XL ​

49. Power Factor of a pure resistor?

[x] 1 (Unity)
[]0

Topic 7: Series Resonance

50. Resonance occurs when...
[x] XL = XC
​ ​

[]R = 0
51. At resonant frequency, Impedance is...
[x] Minimum
[ ] Maximum
52. Power Factor at resonance?
[x] 1 (Unity)
[]0
53. Current vs Frequency graph shape?
[x] Bell shape
[ ] Straight line
54. Current at resonance is...
[x] Maximum
[ ] Minimum
55. Above resonant frequency, the circuit acts...
[x] Inductive
[ ] Capacitive
56. Relationship between VL and VC at resonance?
​ ​

[x] Equal Magnitude (VL = VC )

​ ​