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Forced Note2

The document discusses forced oscillations in damped oscillators driven by external periodic forces, detailing the governing equation and the general solution comprising transient and steady-state terms. It explains the behavior of phase with frequency, highlighting the characteristics at low frequencies, resonance, and high frequencies, along with the corresponding amplitude and phase relationships. An example is provided to illustrate the concepts, showing how amplitude peaks near resonance and the phase shifts from 0° to 180°.

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amanmia80
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6 views3 pages

Forced Note2

The document discusses forced oscillations in damped oscillators driven by external periodic forces, detailing the governing equation and the general solution comprising transient and steady-state terms. It explains the behavior of phase with frequency, highlighting the characteristics at low frequencies, resonance, and high frequencies, along with the corresponding amplitude and phase relationships. An example is provided to illustrate the concepts, showing how amplitude peaks near resonance and the phase shifts from 0° to 180°.

Uploaded by

amanmia80
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Forced Oscillations: Transient, Steady-State, and Phase–

Frequency Behavior

1. Governing Equation

A damped oscillator driven by an external periodic force obeys

mẍ + bẋ + kx = F0 cos(ωt), (1)

or, dividing through by m,


F0
ẍ + 2γ ẋ + ω02 x = cos(ωt), (2)
m
q
where ω0 = k/m is the natural frequency and γ = b/(2m) is the damping constant.

2. General Solution

The motion is composed of two parts,

x(t) = xtransient + xsteady . (3)

(a) Transient Term (Natural Response)


q
xtransient (t) = A0 e−γt cos(ω1 t + ϕ), ω1 = ω02 − γ 2 . (4)
This oscillates at the natural frequency ω1 with amplitude decaying exponentially (e−γt ).
It represents the free vibration of the system; after a few damping times (t > 3/γ) it
becomes negligible.

(b) Steady-State Term (Forced Response)

A particular solution that persists for all time is

xsteady (t) = A cos(ωt − ϕ), (5)

where
F0 /m
A= q , (6)
(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + (2γω)2
2γω
tan ϕ = 2 . (7)
ω0 − ω 2
This oscillates with the driving frequency ω and lags the force by phase ϕ.

1
3. Total Motion and Physical Meaning

x(t) = A0 e−γt cos(ω1 t + ϕ1 ) + A cos(ωt − ϕ2 ). (8)


At early times both terms are present (beats occur due to ω1 ̸= ω); for large t the transient
dies and the steady-state remains:

x(t → ∞) = A cos(ωt − ϕ). (9)

Example. For m = 1 kg, k = 25 N/m, b = 0.5 N·s/m, F0 = 3 N:

ω0 = 5 rad/s, γ = 0.25.

x(t) = A0 e−0.25t cos(4.99t + ϕ) + 1.2 cos(5t − π/2).


The first term decays; the second remains—motion synchronizes with the 5 rad/s drive.

4. Derivation of the Phase Angle Expression

Starting from
mẍ + bẋ + kx = F0 cos(ωt),
assume x = A cos(ωt − ϕ). Substitution gives

m(−ω 2 A cos(ωt − ϕ)) + b(−ωA sin(ωt − ϕ)) + kA cos(ωt − ϕ) = F0 cos(ωt).

Expanding cos(ωt − ϕ) and sin(ωt − ϕ) and grouping coefficients of cos ωt and sin ωt leads
to
(k − mω 2 )A sin ϕ + bωA cos ϕ = 0,
from which
bω 2γω
tan ϕ = = 2 . (10)
k − mω 2 ω0 − ω 2

5. Behavior of Phase with Frequency


• Low frequencies (ω ≪ ω0 ): ω02 − ω 2 ≈ ω02 ⇒ tan ϕ ≈ 0, so ϕ ≈ 0◦ . The displace-
ment is in phase with the force.

• Resonance (ω = ω0 ): denominator → 0 ⇒ tan ϕ → ∞ ⇒ ϕ = 90◦ . The displace-


ment lags by 90◦ ; velocity is in phase with the force—maximum power transfer.

• High frequencies (ω ≫ ω0 ): tan ϕ ≈ −2γ/ω ⇒ ϕ ≈ 180◦ . The displacement is


opposite in phase to the driving force.

Frequency Phase Angle ϕ Physical Meaning


ω ≪ ω0 ϕ ≈ 0◦ Displacement in phase with force
ω = ω0 ϕ = 90◦ Velocity in phase with force
ω ≫ ω0 ϕ ≈ 180◦ Displacement opposite to force

2
The phase–frequency curve rises smoothly from 0◦ to 180◦ :

2γω
!
ϕ(ω) = tan−1 2
.
ω0 − ω 2

High-Q (lightly damped) oscillators show a steeper transition near resonance.

6. Amplitude and Phase Combined with Example


F0 /m 2γω
A(ω) = q , tan ϕ = .
(ω0 − ω 2 )2 + (2γω)2
2 ω02− ω2

Parameter Below Resonance At Resonance Above Resonance


Amplitude Low Maximum Low
Phase Lag 0◦ 90◦ 180◦
Power Increases Maximum Decreases

Worked Example. Given m = 0.5 kg, k = 200 N/m, b = 3 N·s/m, F0 = 4 N:


q
ω0 = k/m = 20 rad/s, γ = 3.

ω (rad/s) A (m) ϕ (deg) Description


5 0.010 4 In phase
20 0.065 90 Resonance
40 0.012 168 Opposite phase

Amplitude peaks near 20 rad/s; the phase shifts continuously from 0◦ to 180◦ .

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