CHAPTER 1

Magnetic Circuits

Introduction :

Magnetic flux lines always form closed loops. The closed path followed by the
flux lines is called a magnetic circuit. Thus, a magnetic circuit provides a path
for magnetic flux, just as an electric circuit provides a path for the flow of electric
current. In general, the term magnetic circuit applies to any closed path in space,
but in the analysis of electro-mechanical and electronic system this term is
specifically used for circuits containing a major portion of ferromagnetic materials.
The study of magnetic circuit concepts is essential in the design, analysis and
application of electromagnetic devices like transformers, rotating machines,
electromagnetic relays etc.

Magnetomotive Force (M.M.F) :

Flux is produced round any current – carrying coil. In order to produce the required
flux density, the coil should have the correct number of turns. The product of the
current and the number of turns is defined as the coil magneto motive force (m.m.f).

If I = Current through the coil (A)

N = Number of turns in the coil.
Magnetomotive force = Current x turns

So M.M.F = I X N
The unit of M.M.F. is ampere–turn (AT) but it is taken as Ampere(A) since N
has no dimensions.

Magnetic Field Intensity:

Magnetic Field Intensity is defined as the magneto-motive force per unit length of the
magnetic flux path. Its symbol is H.

Where l is the mean length of the magnetic circuit in meters. Magnetic field intensity is also
called magnetic field strength or magnetizing force.
Permeability :-

Every substance possesses a certain power of conducting magnetic lines

of force. For example, iron is better conductor for magnetic lines of force than air (vaccum) .
Permeability of a material (μ) is its conducting power for magnetic lines of force. It is the ratio
of the flux density. (B) Produced in a material to the magnetic filed strength (H).

Reluctance :

Reluctance (s) is akin to resistance (which limits the electric Current).

Flux in a magnetic circuit is limited by reluctance. Thus reluctance(s) is a measure of the

opposition offered by a magnetic circuit to the setting up of the flux.

Reluctance is the ratio of magneto motive force to the flux. Thus

Its unit is ampere turns per webber (or AT/wb).

Permeance:-

The reciprocal of reluctance is called the permeance (symbol A).

Permeance (A) = 1/S wb/AT

Turn T has no unit.

Hence permeance is expressed in wb/A or Henerys(H).

B.H. Curve :
Place a piece of an unmagnetised iron bar AB within the field of a
solenoid to magnetise it. The field H produced by the solenoid, is called
magnetising field, whose value can be altered (increased or decreased) by
 changing (increasing or decreasing) the current through the solenoid. If we
increase slowly the value of magnetic field (H) from zero to maximum value,
the value of flux density (B) varies along 1 to 2 as shown in the figure and the
magnetic materials (i.e iron bar) finally attains the maximum value of flux
density (Bm) at point 2 and thus becomes magnetically saturated.

Fig. 2.1
Now if value of H is decreased slowly (by decreasing the current in the
solenoid) the corresponding value of flux density (B) does not decreases along
2-1 but decreases some what less rapidly along 2 to 3. Consequently during the
reversal of magnetization, the value of B is not zero, but is '13' at H= 0. In other

wards, during the period of removal of magnetization force (H), the iron bar is
not completely demagnetized.

In order to demagnetise the iron bar completely, we have to supply the

demagnetisastion force (H) in the opposite direction (i.e. by reserving the
direction of current in the solenoid). The value of B is reduced to zero at
point 4, when H='14'. This value of H required to clear off the residual
magnetisation, is known as coercive force i.e. the tenacity with which the
material holds to its magnetism.

If after obtaining zero value of magnetism, the value of H is made more

negative, the iron bar again reaches, finally a state of magnetic saturation at
the point 5, which represents negative saturation. Now if the value of H is
increased from negative saturation (= '45') to positive saturation ( = '12') a
curve '5,6,7,2' is obtained. The closed loop "2,3,4,5,6,7,2" thus represents one
complete cycle of magnetisation and is known as hysteresis loop.
 CHAPTER 02
COUPLED CIRCUITS
It is defined as the interconnected loops of an electric network through the
magnetic circuit.

There are two types of induced emf.

(1) Statically Induced emf.
(2) Dynamically Induced emf.

Faraday’s Laws of Electro-Magnetic :

Introduction → First Law :→
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in it.
OR
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux an emf is induced in it.
Second Law :→
It states that the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkages.
OR
The emf induced is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux and
number of turns
Mathematically :
d
e 
dt
e∝N
Or

Where e = induced emf

N = No. of turns
φ = flux
‘- ve’ sign is due to Lenz’s Law

Inductance :→
It is defined as the property of the substance which opposes any change in Current & flux.
Unit :→ Henry
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule:→
It states that “hold your right hand with fore-finger, middle finger and thumb at right angles
to each other. If the fore-finger represents the direction of field, thumb represents the
direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger represents the direction of
induced emf.”

Lenz’s Law : →
It states that electromagnetically induced current always flows in such a
direction that the action of magnetic field set up by it tends to oppose the vary
cause which produces it.
OR
It states that the direction of the induced current (emf) is such that it opposes the
change of magnetic flux.

(2) Dynamically Induced emf :→

In this case the field is stationary and the conductors are rotating in an uniform magnetic
field at flux density ‘B” Wb/mt2 and the conductor is lying perpendicular to the magnetic
field. Let ‘l’ is the length of the conductor and it moves a distance of ‘dx’ nt in time ‘dt’
second.

The area swept by the conductor = l. dx

Hence the flux cut = ldx. B
Change in flux in time ‘dt’ second =

E = Blv
If the conductor is making an angle ‘θ’ with the magnetic field, then
e = Blv sinθ
(1) Statically Induced emf :→
Here the conductors are remain in stationary and flux linked with it
changes by increasing or decreasing.
It is divided into two types .
(i) Self-induced emf.
(ii) Mutually-induced emf.
(i) Self-induced emf : → It is defined as the emf induced in a coil due to the
change of its own flux linked with the coil.

If current through the coil is changed then the flux linked with its own turn
will also change which will produce an emf is called self-induced emf.
Self-Inductance :→
It is defined as the property of the coil due to which it opposes any change
(increase or decrease) of current or flux through it.
Co-efficient of Self-Inductance (L) :→
It is defined as the ratio of weber turns per ampere of current in the coil.
OR
It is the ratio of flux linked per ampere of current in the coil.

1st Method for ‘L’ :→

Where L = Co-efficient of self-induction

N = Number of turns
φ = flux
I = Current
2nd Method for L :→
We know that

⇒ LI = Nφ
⇒ −LI = −Nφ

Where L = Inductance

e = 1 volt
L = 1 Henry

A coil is said to be a self-inductance of 1 Henry if 1 volt is induced in it.

When the current through it changes at the rate of 1 amp/ sec.

3rd Method for L :→

Where A = Area of x-section of the coil

N = Number of turns
L = Length of the coil
(ii) Mutually Induced emf :→
It is defined as the emf induced in one coil due to change in current in other
coil. Consider two coils ‘A’ and ‘B’ lying close to each other. An emf will be
induced in coil ‘B’ due to change of current in coil ‘A’ by changing the
position of the rheostat.

Mutual Inductance :→
It is defined as the emf induced in coil ‘B’ due to change of current in coil ‘A’
is the ratio of flux linkage in coil ‘B’ to 1 amp. Of current in coil ‘A’.

Co-efficient of Mutual Inductance (M):

Coefficient of mutual inductance between the two coils is defined as the
weber-turns in one coil due to one ampere current in the other.

1st Method for ‘M’ :→

N2 = Number of turns
M = Mutual Inductance
φ1 = flux linkage
I1 = Current in ampere

2nd Method for M :→

We know that

⇒ MI2 = N2 φ1
⇒−MI1 = N2 φ1
Where

eM = −1 VOLT
Then M = 1 Henry
A coil is said to be a mutual inductance of 1 Henry when 1 volt is induced
when the current of 1 amp/sec. is changed in its neighbouring coil.

3rd Method for M :→

Co-efficient of Coupling :
Consider two magnetically coupled coils having N1 and N2 turns respectively.
Their individual co-efficient of self-inductances are

The flux φ1 produced in coil ‘A’ due to a current of I1 ampere is

Suppose a fraction of this flux i.e. K1φ1 is linked with coil ‘B’

Similarly the flux φ2 produced in coil ‘B’ due to I2 amp. Is

Suppose a fraction of this flux i.e. K2φ2 is linked with coil ‘A’

Multiplying equation (1) & (2)

Where ‘K’ is known as the co-efficient of coupling.

Co-efficient of coupling is defined as the ratio of mutual inductance
between two coils to the square root of their self- inductances.

Inductances In Series (Additive) :→

Let M = Co-efficient of mutual inductance

L1 = Co-efficient of self-inductance of first coil.
L2 = Co-efficient of self-inductance of second coil.
EMF induced in first coil due to self-inductance

Mutually induced emf in first coil

EMF induced in second coil due to self induction

Mutually induced emf in second coil

Total induced emf

E=eL1+eL2+em1+em2

If ‘L’ is the equivalent inductance, then

Inductances In Series (Substnactive) :→

Let M = Co-efficient of mutual inductance

L1 = Co-efficient of self-inductance of first coil
L2 -= Co-efficient of self-inductance of second coil
Emf induced in first coil due to self induction

Mutually induced emf in first coil

Emf induced in second coil due to self-induction

Mutually induced emf in second coil

Total induced emf

e = eL + e L + eM + eM
1 2 1 2

Then

Inductances In Parallel :→

Let two inductances of L1 & L2 are connected in parallel

Let the co-efficent of mutual inductance between them is M.
I-i1+i2
If ‘L’ is the equivalent inductance

Equating equation (3) & (5)

When mutual field assist.

When mutual field opposes.

Exp. -01 :
Two coupled cols have self inductances L1= 10×10-3H and L2= 20×10-3H. The
coefficient of coupling (K) being 0.75 in the air, find voltage in the
second coil and the flux of first coil provided the second coils has 500 turns
and
the circuit current is given by i1 = 2sin 314.1A.
Solution :
M=K√𝐿1𝐿2
M = 0.75 √10×10−3 × 20×10−3
⇒M =10.6×10−3H
The voltage induced in second coil is
𝑑𝑖1
V2=M
𝑑𝑡
=10.6×10-3 × 2×314 cos 314dt.
The magnetic circuit being linear,

Exp. 02
Find the total inductance of the three series connected coupled [Link]
the self and mutual inductances are
L1 = 1H, L2 = 2H, L3 = 5H
M12= 0.5H, M23 = 1H, M13 = 1H
Solution:
LA = L1 + M12 + M13
= 1 + 20.5 +1
= 2.5H
LB = L2 + M23 + M12
= 2 + 1 + 0.5
= 3.5H
LC = L3 + M23 + M13
=5+1+1
= 7H
Total inductances are
Lea = LA + LB + Lc
= 2.5 + 3.5 + 7
= 13H (Ans)