1.
Define thread priority
Thread priority defines the importance of a thread for CPU execution.
Higher priority threads are executed first (range: 1–10).
Default is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY).
It helps in scheduling multiple threads efficiently.
Example:
class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t = new Thread();
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
Diagram:
High Priority → Executed First
Low Priority → Executed Later
2. Define thread Synchronization
Synchronization controls access of shared resources by multiple threads.
It prevents data inconsistency and race conditions.
Only one thread executes synchronized block at a time.
Example:
class Table {
synchronized void print(int n) {
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
[Link](n*i);
}
}
Diagram:
Thread1 ─┐
├─> [Synchronized Method] → Safe Output
Thread2 ─┘
3. Thread
A thread is a lightweight process used for multitasking.
Threads share memory but run independently.
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
[Link]("Thread running");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new MyThread().start();
}
}
Diagram:
Process
├─ Thread1
└─ Thread2
4. UDP Server Socket
UDP is connectionless communication using datagrams.
No guarantee of delivery or order.
Example:
import [Link].*;
class UDPServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(9876);
byte[] b = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(b, [Link]);
[Link](dp);
[Link](new String([Link]()));
}
}
Diagram:
Client ---> Datagram ---> Server
(No connection)
5. Networking
Networking connects computers to share data/resources.
Uses protocols like TCP/IP.
Example (simple connection):
import [Link].*;
class NetDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
InetAddress ip = [Link]("localhost");
[Link](ip);
}
}
Diagram:
PC1 ---- Router ---- PC2
6. Multithreading
Multithreading executes multiple threads simultaneously.
Improves performance and CPU utilization.
Example:
class A extends Thread {
public void run() { [Link]("Thread A"); }
}
class B extends Thread {
public void run() { [Link]("Thread B"); }
}
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new A().start();
new B().start();
}
}
Diagram:
Process
├─ T1
├─ T2
└─ T3
7. TCP/IP Client Socket
TCP is connection-oriented and reliable.
Client connects to server using socket.
Example:
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Socket s = new Socket("localhost", 1234);
OutputStream out = [Link]();
[Link]("Hello Server".getBytes());
}
}
Diagram:
Client ===== TCP Connection ===== Server
8. JDBC
JDBC connects Java with database to execute SQL queries.
Example:
import [Link].*;
class JDBCEx {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Connection con = [Link](
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test","root","1234");
Statement st = [Link]();
ResultSet rs = [Link]("SELECT * FROM student");
while([Link]())
[Link]([Link](1));
}
}
Diagram:
Java App → JDBC → Database
9. Thread Life Cycle
Thread moves through states: New → Runnable → Running → Waiting → Terminated.
Example:
class Life extends Thread {
public void run() {
[Link]("Running");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Life t = new Life();
[Link]();
}
}
Diagram:
New → Runnable → Running → Waiting → Dead
10. JDBC Architecture
JDBC uses drivers to connect application to database.
Example:
[Link]("[Link]");
Connection con = [Link](url,"root","1234");
Diagram:
App → JDBC API → Driver → Database
11. HTTP Communication
Client sends request, server sends response using HTTP protocol.
Example:
import [Link].*;
class HTTPDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL url = new URL("[Link]
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
Diagram:
Client → HTTP Request → Server
Client ← HTTP Response ← Server
12. IP Address Class
IP address identifies devices in network.
Class A, B, C are commonly used.
Example:
import [Link].*;
class IPDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
InetAddress ip = [Link]();
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
Diagram:
IP = Network ID + Host ID
Example: [Link]
13. Short Notes
1) Firewall
Firewall protects network by filtering traffic.
Example (conceptual):
Diagram:
Internet → Firewall → Private Network
2) Proxy Server
Proxy acts as intermediary between client and internet.
Example:
[Link]("[Link]","[Link]");
[Link]("[Link]","8080");
Diagram:
Client → Proxy → Internet