Ch-9lndian National Movement
1. The Indian Natinal Congress fomed
2. 18S$-190S Moderate phase of lndian National ongress
3 1905 Partition of Bengal
4 1906 Foundation of IndianMustim League (IML)
5. 1907 Surat Split in Congress
6 1914-1918 First WorldWar
7 1915 Advent of Mahatma Gandhi in India
1916 Lucknow Pact
9 1917 Champaran Satyagraha
10. 1919 Rowlatt Act Passed
11. April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
12. January 1921 Non- Co-operation Movement launched
13. February 1922 Suspension of Non- Cooperation Movement after Chauri- Choura
incident
14. 1928 Visit of Simon Commission
15. December 1929 Lahore Session of Congress
16. 26 January 1930 Independence Day Celebration
17. March-April 1930 Dandi March against Salt Lavw
18. 1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact, Congress attends the 2nd Round Table
Conference
19. 1939-1945 World War II
20. 1942-45 Quit Indian Movement Gandhi gives slogan "Do or Die"
21. August l4 and August 15, Independence come, Partition and creation of Pakistan
1947
Facts to learn
1) Four moderate leaders of INC: Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C.
Bonnerji, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramanyam lyer
2) Three Extremist leaders on INC: Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and BipinChanda Pal
(known as Lal, Bal, Pal)
3) The Slogan raised by Tilak: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it
4) Two provision of the Rowlatt Act?
) Police could arrest anyone on suspicion 2) Arrested person could be sent to jail without trial for two years
Long Answer Questions:
Q1 Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s- 1880s?
Ans: 1)The Arms Act was passed in 1878 disallowing Indian form possessing arms. 2) In the same year the
Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in and effort to silence those who were critical of the govermment.
3)The Act allowed government to confiscate the assets of newspaper published anything that was found
objectionable". 4) In 1983, there was a furor over the attempt by the government to introduce the llbert Bill
The bill provided for the tríal of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between
British
and Indian Judges in the country. But when white opposition forced the government to withdraw the
bill,
Indians were enraged.
Q?What economic impact did the First World War had
on lndia?
Ans: it kod to a huge rise in the detense expenditure of the
Oovemment of India. The government n tum
Increased taxes on individual incomes of business profits. Increased nilitary
expenditure and the demands
for war supplies ked to a sharp rise in prices which created great
difficulties for the common people.
On the other hand, business groups reaped fabulous profits the war. The war
created a demand for industrial
Goods jute bags, cloth and rails) and caused a decline of imports from other
countries into India.
Q3 What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask
for?
Ans: In 1940 the Muslim league had moved a resolution demanding
*"Independent states" for Muslims in the
north-western and castern areas of the country. The resolution didnot mention
partition of Pakistan.
Q4How was politics of the Radicals (extremist) within the Congress
different from that of the
Moderates?
Moderates
Extremist
1) It's the early phase of INCfrom 1885 to 1905. It's from 1905 onwards.
2) These followed constitutional methods of struggle. They
followed extreme methods of agitation.
3) They aimed fulfillment of their demands.
They aimed attainment of Swaraj.
4) These leaders were Dada Bhai Naoroji, S. N
These leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin
Banerjee, Firoz shah Mehta. Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
05 What wasNon- Cooperation movement? Who
started it? Where were its programmes? Why was
itcalled off?
Ans: Non- Cooperation movement: (1920-22), organized by
Gandhi ji to induce the British government of
India to grant self- government, or swaraj, to India. It was one of
Gandhi's first organized acts of large- scale
disobedience movement. Thousands of students left government-controlled
schools and colleges. Many
lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf
Ali gave up their practices. British
title were surrendered and legislature boycotted. People lit
public bonfires of foreign cloth. It was called off
after a violent incident at Chauri- Chaoura in which a mob
alive. attacked a police station burning 22 policemen
Q6. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?
Ans: In March 1930 Gandhiji declared that he would
lead a march to break the salt law according to this law
the state and had Monopoly over salt manufacturing and
sale Mahatma Gandhi along with other leaders
reasoned that it is sent to tax salt since it is an important
item of a food.
Q7. Discuss those developments of 1937 - 47
periods that led to the creation of Pakistan?
Ans: From the late 1930s the league began viewing
the Muslims as a separate "nation" from the
Hindus. In
developing this notion maneuvered the history of tension
between some Hindu and Muslim groups in 1920s
and 1930s is the provincialelections of 1937 the league that Muslims were a
minority and they would
always have to play second fiddle and in any
democratic structure. It featured that Muslims may even go
unrepresented. The Congress rejection of the leagues desire to
form a joint Congress - league government in
he United provinces in 1937 also annoyed
the league. In 1940 the Muslim league moved a
resolution
demanding "Independent States" for Musims in the north - western and easten areas of the country. The
resolution did not merntion partition or Pakistan. It was after 1946 that Muslim League demanded separate
country for Muslims.
Q8. Who launched Khilafat Movement? Why?
Ans: In 1920the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa. People were furious about
Indian Muslim were keen that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the
erstwhile Ottoman Empire. The leaders of the Khilafat agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now
wished to initiate a full- fledged movement
Q9 Write a short note on:
A) Rowllatt Act: It was passed and implemented in April 1919. This act curbed fundamental rights such as
the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Police could arrest anyone on suspicion and
arrested person could be sent to jail without trail for two years.
B) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre also known as the Amritsar massacre, took
Place on 13 April 1919, when General Dyer ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire on a crowd of
Unnamed civilian in Jallianwala Bagh Amritsar Punjab killing at least 400 people including women, men
and Children.
C)Dandi March: In 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law. The Salt
March related the general desire of freedom. Gandhijiand his followers marched for over 240 miles from
Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt
found on the seashore and boiling sea water to produce salt.
D) Quit India Movement: Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of mnovement against the
British in the middle of theSecond World War in 1942. The British must quit India immediately, he told
Them. Tothe people said, “do or die" in your effort to fight the British. Gandhiji and other leaders were
jailed at once but movement spread. It specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up their studies
to join it. Communications and symbols of state authority were attacked all over the country. In many areas
the people set up their own governments.
The Making of the National Movement:
nationalism 18705--1947
1. the desire of a group of people
who share the same race, culture,
independent country language, etc. to form an
2. a feelingof love or pride for your
own country; a feeling that your country is
other. better than any
Was there a feeling of Nationalism in Indians
Earlier? What do you think and why?
How did it develop later?
¢ The British conquest of territories, and
takeover of kingdoms
¢ Introduction of new laws and
administrative institutions
¢Changes in the lives of peasants and tribals
¢ Educational changes in the nineteenth
century
¢ Debates regarding the condition of women
¢ Challenges to the caste system
¢ Social and religious reform
¢The revolt of 1857 and its aftermath
¢The decline of crafts and growth of
industries
Dissatisfaction of the above.
English Education System
Railways and Post office
Bringing together of different regions( kingdoms which did not
consider themselves a
part of one nation) under one rule.
Printing Press
A big question was raised in the mind of Indians
Who did this land belong to
Who did the resources of this country belong to
Whowere the actual people of this landmass called India?
The British who were trying to control the
country, its people, its resources - did they
have the right to do so?-N0
And thus began the feeling of Nationalism
They worked with the idea that the people should be
sovereign -a modern consciousness and
a key feature of nationalism. In other words, they
believed that the Indian people should be
empowered to take decisions regarding their affairs.
Thus by the 1870s and 1880s lot of regional
political parties started coming up led by the Indians
who were English - Educated professionals
like lawyers
1. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
2. Bombay Presidency Association
3. The Indian Association
4. The Madras Mahajan Sabha
These were regional in nature but national in
thought and action
Feeling of Nationalism Fuelled by the British
Fuel was added to fire by the British making Arbitrary laws like
1 lhe Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing lndians from possessing arms.
2. The Vernacular press Act 1878 - allowed the government to confiscate the assets of
newspapers including their printing presses if the newspapers published anything that
was found "objectionable".
3. Withdrawal of the llbert Bill in 1883-The Bill allowed the trialof Europeans by Indian
Judges. Which made the Europeans Unhappy and hence the bill was withdrawn
And then the need for a national organization - The Indian National Congress was formed 1885.
72 delegates from allover the country met at Bombay in December 1885. The early leadership
Dadabhai Naoroj, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabj, wC. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerj,
Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania lyer, among others - was largely from Bombay and
Calcutta. Naoroj, a businessman and publicist settled in London,and for a time member of the
British Parliament, guided the younger nationalists. A retired British official, A.0. Hume, also
played a part in bringing Indiansfrom the various regions together.
For 20 years Moderate
Policy of Pleading, Prayers and Petitions
The Demands
a greater voice for Indians in the government and in administration.
• the Legislative Councils to be made more representative, given more power, and
introduced inprovinces where none existed.
• Indians be placed in high positions in the government.
• civilservice examinations to be held in India as wel, not just in London.
• the separation of the judiciary from the executive.
the repeal of the Arms Act
the freedom of speech and expression
reduction of revenue
cut in military expenditure
morefunds for irrigation,
They believed in the good intentions ofthegovernment
They thought of the citizens of Indla as a whole and not only of the elites
The Radicals 1890s
Lal, Bal, Pal -Bepin Chandra Pal,Bal Gangadhar Tlak and Lala Lajpat Rai began to explore more
radicalobjectives and methods.
people must fightforswaraj. Tilak raised the slogan, "Freedom is my birthright and Ishallhave
it" "Swaraj Mera Janm Siddh Adhikar Hal aus usko main lekar rahunga"
The Radicals felt a more strong approach was neededif theywanted the British to listen to
them.
lo flght for swara), theradicals advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of British institutions
and goods. Some individuals also beganto suggest that "revolutionary violence" would be
necessary tooverthrow British rule.