INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTING
CONCEPTS
Basic Computer Concepts and Organization
with Ma’am Malyn
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Learning Objectives:
Identify the names and distinguishing
features of different kinds of input
and output devices
Describe how the CPU processes
data and instructions and controls
the operation of all other devices
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What is a Computer ?
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Computer
A Computer can be defined or described as a
machine or device which can work with information
such as to store, retrieve, manipulate, and process
data.
The term computer is derived from the
word “computare”. The word is derived from
a “Latin” word which means to calculate.
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Facts about
Computing
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1
The Early Years
Chinese
● The first counting device was the abacus, originally from
Abacus
Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the
place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how
much it was worth.
Roman Russian
6 Abacus Abacus
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Napier's bones (1600s)
Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by
John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of
numbers.
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Pascaline (1642)
Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called
Pascaline. This calculating machine could add and subtract two
numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition.
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Pascaline signed by Pascal
4 Difference Engine (1812)
Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", designed
a machine, the difference engine which would be steam -
powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed
instruction program.
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5 Ada Lovelace(1840s)
Ada Lovelace, world's first computer programmer,
provided the first algorithm intended to be processed by
Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine.
She suggested that a binary system should be used
for storage rather than a decimal system.
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Boolean logic(1850s)
George Boole developed Boolean logic which
would later be used in the design of computer
circuitry.
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Hollerith’s Tabulator(1890s)
Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-
card data-processing machine which was used to compile information
for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful
that he started his own business to market it. His company would
eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
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8 Vacuum Tube(1906)
The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist
Lee De Forest.
Triode vacuum tube
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9 Turing Machine(1943)
British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device,
the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical
operation and could read and write.
Model of Turing
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Machine
10 Harvard Mark I
Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed
a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the
Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic
operations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and
trigonometric functions.
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11 ENIAC
The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert, Jr.
at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums,
punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-
fifty-foot space.
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THE COMPUTER
AND COMPUTER
SYSTEMS:
HARDWARE,
SOFTWARE, AND
PEOPLEWARE
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Computer
- A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information
or data.
- It has the ability to store , retrieve, and process data. It contains
both hardware components and software applications.
System
- A system is a combination of components working together.
Computer System
- A computer system is a group of elements performing together
to process data.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
PEOPLEWARE
SOFTWARE
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HARDWARE
- It pertains to the computer’s physical devices.
- It is any part of the computer that can be seen and
touched.
- It is consists of interrelated electronic devices that are
used to manipulate the computer’s operation, input
devices, and output devices.
- the tangible objects used with programs in the
computer system
- refers to the physical components of the computer
system, like chips, disk drives, monitors, keyboards,
printers, & ports.
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System Unit
- Is the enclosure composed of the main
elements of a computer that are used to
administer data.
- The circuitry of the system unit
containing the primary components of a
computer with connectors into which
other circuit boards can be positioned is
recognized as motherboard.
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Motherboard
- is the printed circuit board in
the computer that holds the
microprocessor, expansion
slots, additional processor
chips, & wires that compose
the bus.
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Central Processing Unit
- is called the brain of the computer because all the inputs
from the devices comes to it and it processes the
information and sends the output to the device and
everything is stored it which helps on the functioning of
the PC.
- Is part of the computer that performs calculations and
controls the other parts of the computer.
- also called a central processor, main processor or just
processor
- Is an integrated circuit, contains I/O bus driver, ALU
(arithmetic logic unit), registers, & an instruction decoder
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or control unit to direct the operation of other parts.
Main CPU Components
◇ Control Unit: Directs operations and coordinates
data flow
◇ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles
mathematical calculations and logical comparisons
◇ Registers: Provide ultra-fast temporary storage for
data being processed
◇ Cache: Stores frequently used data for quick
access, with multiple levels (L1, L2, L3) for
efficiency
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Central Processing Unit
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Memory
- is the internal storage area in
the computer.
- Measured in megabytes (MB)
for most PCs or gigabytes
(GB) for high-end systems.
• RANDOM- ACCESS • READ-ONLY
MEMORY (RAM) MEMORY (ROM)
– also considered as the main – is the type of memory which permits
memory you to read data only.
– can BOTH write and read into it – thus, cannot be written to
– is volatile; thus, dependent on – non-volatile memory
electricity to maintain its contents. – e.g. contains instructions for
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Expansion Slots
- is portals that allow new signals to
enter the computer & directly read its
circuitry.
- any device that snaps into an
expansion slot is known generically
as an expansion card.
e.g. VIDEO ADAPTERS,
JOYSTICK ADAPTERS, etc.
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Power Supply
- aims at regulation, maintaining the voltage as close as
possible to the ideal that’s desired by the circuits inside your
PC.
- As it operates, the power supply of your PC attempts to
make the direct current that’s supplied to your computer as
pure as possible, as close to the ideal DC power as
produced by batteries.
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Ports
- enables the flow of information, into and out of a
computer.
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Input Devices
- Is use to enter and send data and instructions from the
user or from another computer system on the internet
while output devices send back the administered data to
the user or to another computer system.
Mouse
-Lets one select options from on-screen menus.
A mouse is used by moving it on a flat surface, pressing
its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling the wheel that
is located between the buttons.
* Trackball - is a alternatives to using a mouse.
* Touchpad – is also called a trackpad.
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Keyboard
- Is the most common input device that
accepts letters, numbers and commands
from the user.
Microphone
- Allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and
instructions. While there are available stand-alone
microphones for computers, most of the time, users buy a
headset – a combination of microphone and earphones – for
the sake of practicality
Digital Camera
- Allows one to take pictures then transfer the
photographed images to the computer or printer instead of
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storing the images on a traditional film.
PC Video Camera
- Is a digital video camera that enables users to
create a movie or take still photographs
electronically. With the PC video camera attached
to the computer, users can see each other as they
communicate via the computer.
Scanner
- Converts printed material
(such as text and pictures) into a form
the computer can use. There are
different types of scanners available; the
most common is the flatbed scanner.
Another type becoming common
nowadays is the hand-held or portable
scanners.
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Output Devices
- Is any hardware component that transmits
information to one or more people.
Printer
- Produces text and graphics on a physical
medium such as paper. The two types of printer
are the impact printer and the non-impact printer.
* Impact printer – makes contract with
the paper by pressing an inked.
* Non-impact printer – does not use a
striking device to produce characters on the
paper.
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HeadSet/Headphones
Is a hardware device that connects to a telephone or
computer, allowing the user to listen while keeping their hands
free.
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Projector
- Projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an
image (or moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection
screen. Most projectors create an image by shining a light through
a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can
project the image directly, by using lasers.
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Speaker
- Allows one to hear music, voice and other sounds. The signal
used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker
is created by the computers sound card.
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Monitor
- Displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen. Many monitors look
similar to a television. The three types of monitor available in the market
are the following:
* Cathode ray tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube containing an electron
gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end.
* Liquid crystal display (LCD)- is a flat-panel display that consist of a
layer of color or monochrome pixels.
* Light-emitting diode (LED) – is a flat-panel display that uses light –
emitting diodes for backlighting.
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Storage Devices
- A computer can be utilized with only
processing, memory, input, and output. To
make it very valuable a computer also
needs a place to hold program files and all
related files when they are not in use.
- The goal of using a storage is to keep data
permanently.
- Enables a user to store large amounts of
data in a relatively small physical space,
and makes sharing information with others
easy.
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Floppy Disks
- is the premier data exchange medium for
computers & most popular back up system.
DISK CAPACITY
5¼” 160KB, 180KB, 320KB,
360KB,
1.2MB
3½” 720KB, 1.44MB, 2.88MB
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Hard Disks
- (also known as a hard drive, HD, or
HDD) can be found installed in almost
every desktop computer and laptop.
- It stores files for the operating system
and software programs, as well as user
documents, such as photographs, text
files, and audio.
- The hard drive uses magnetic storage
to record and retrieve digital information
to and from one or more fast-spinning
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disks.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
- A solid state drive uses flash memory to
store data and is sometimes used in
devices such as netbooks, laptop, and
desktop computers instead of a traditional
hard disk drive.
- The advantages of an SSD over a HDD
include a faster read/write speed,
noiseless operation, greater reliability, and
lower power consumption. The biggest
downside is cost, with an SSD offering
lower capacity than an equivalently priced
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USB flash drive
- Also known as a thumb drive, pen drive, flash-
drive, memory stick, jump drive, and USB stick,
the USB flash drive is a flash memory data
storage device that incorporates an integrated
USB interface.
- Flash memory is generally more efficient and
reliable than optical media, being smaller, faster,
and possessing much greater storage capacity,
as well as being more durable due to a lack of
moving parts.
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Secure Digital (SD) card
- A common type of memory card, SD
cards are used in multiple electronic
devices, including digital cameras and
mobile phones.
- Although there are different sizes,
classes, and capacities available, they
all use a rectangular design with one
side "chipped off" to prevent the card
from being inserted into the camera or
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other device the wrong way.
Compact Disc
- Also known for short as a CD, is a form of
optical storage, a technology which employs
lasers and lights to read and write data.
- Compact discs were used purely for music
audio, but in the late 1980's they began to be
also used for computer data storage.
- Initially, the compact discs that were
introduced were CD-ROM's (read only), but
this was followed by CD-R's (writable compact
discs) and CD-RW's (re-writable compact
discs).
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Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
- DVD (an abbreviation of digital versatile disc) is
a digital optical disc storage format that can store any
kind of digital data and is widely used for software
and other computer files as well as video programs.
- DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact
discs while having the same dimensions.
◇ Capacity:
4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer – common)
8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer)
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Blu-ray Disc
- Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital
optical disc data storage format. It was
designed to supersede the DVD
format, and is capable of storing
several hours of video in high-
definition (HDTV 720p and 1080p).
◇ Capacity:
25 GB (single-layer)
50 GB (dual-layer)
100/200/300 GB (BDXL)
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SOFTWARE
- is a set of instructions, data or
programs used to operate computers
and execute specific tasks.
- programs and routines for a computer or
the program material for an electronic
device which make it run.
- may be downloaded and may be
temporarily stored in a physical medium
(e.g. diskette, hard disk, etc.)
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Classification of Software
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- controls the application processing and hardware
resources such as memory, disk space, & peripheral devices.
Category Examples
DOS, OS/2, Windows,
Operating Windows NT, UNIX, Novell, iOS
System
Norton, PC Tools, Anti-Virus, Editor, Disk
Utilities Scanner, Debugger
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2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- It is created to assist users with a specific task
- Some of the popular applications:
- perform word processing, manipulate
spreadsheets, manage database, and communicate
with other computers
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3. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- It is nothing more than a list of instructions used to compose
a step-by-step algorithm, the computer program.
- a recipe for a microprocessor or the step-by- step
instructions in a how-to manual.
- representation of the instructions in human- recognizable
form
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PEOPLEWARE
- Is the person who use computer to work about their jobs,
include individual people, teams of people, business
innovators and end users
- refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in
the development or use of computer software and
hardware systems.
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Category Examples of IT Careers
Technician Computer Technician
Encoder Data Encoder
Database Programmer, System
Programmer Programmer, Application
Programmer, Game Programmer
Analyst Programmer Analyst, System Analyst
Database Administrator, Network
Administrator Administrator
Manager EDP/MIS/ITS Manager, Project
manager
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Thank
You!
Any questions?
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