Prerana Educational & Social Trust ®

PES Institute of Technology & Management

.IN
C
N
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SY
Design & Construction of Highway Pavements
U
Module 5
VT

Pavement Construction
Quality Control & Evaluation

Studied smart, not hard — thanks to [Link]

 DCHP
BCV613D Pavement Evaluation

.IN
 Pavement evaluation is a technique used to

C
assess the condition of the pavement with

N
respect to
SY
U
1. Structural safety
VT

2. Pavement surface characteristics

Department of Civil Engineering 2 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Pavement Evaluation
To carry out pavement evaluation engineers need to

.IN
have knowledge about

C
1. Types of failures in pavement

N
2. Causes of pavement failure
3. Inspection methods SY
U
4. Maintenance requirement of pavement
VT

5. Repair techniques for pavement

Department of Civil Engineering 3 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Distresses - Flexible Pavement
1. Cracking

.IN
A. Alligator Cracking

C
B. Fatigue Cracking

N
2. Rutting
3. Local Depression SY
U
4. Potholes
VT

5. Bleeding
6. Shoving & Swelling
Department of Civil Engineering 4 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. A. Alligator Cracking

.IN
Causes
1. Poor quality surface course

C
2. Tensile stresses at base of

N
surface course

Remedies SY
U
1. Overlay
VT

2. Full depth patch

Department of Civil Engineering 5 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. B. Fatigue Cracking (Longitudinal)

.IN
Causes
1. Poor quality of construction

C
2. Shrinkage of asphalt

N
concrete
SY 3. Poor subgrade
U
Remedies
VT

1. Crack Sealing
2. Proper sub surface drainage

Department of Civil Engineering 6 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. B. Fatigue Cracking (Traverse)

.IN
Causes
1. Poor quality of construction

C
2. Shrinkage of asphalt

N
concrete
3. Poor subgrade
SY
U
Remedies
VT

1. Crack Sealing
2. Proper sub surface drainage

Department of Civil Engineering 7 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Rutting

.IN
C
N
SY
U
Causes Remedies
VT

1. Improper Design 1. Surface patch

2. Lack of compaction 2. Overlay
3. Wheel Path
Department of Civil Engineering 8 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Local Depression

.IN
Causes

C
1. Settlement in lower layers

N
2. Improper Construction

SY Remedies
U
1. Surface patch / Overlay
VT

2. Stabilization of subgrade

Department of Civil Engineering 9 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4. Potholes

.IN
Causes

C
1. Continued deterioration

N
2. Poor Surface Quality

Remedies SY
U
1. Surface patch
VT

2. Injection

Department of Civil Engineering 10 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5. Bleeding

.IN
Causes

C
1. High asphalt content

N
2. Excessive sealant for surface

SY
treatment
Remedies
U
1. Overlay
VT

2. Asphaltic surface treatment

(Chip Seal)

Department of Civil Engineering 11 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 6. Shoving & Swelling

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 12 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Distresses - Rigid Pavement
1. Scaling of rigid pavement

.IN
2. Spalling of concrete

C
3. Pumping

N
4.
5.
Fatigue cracking
Shrinkage cracking
SY
U
VT

6. Faulting

Department of Civil Engineering 13 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Scaling of Rigid Pavement

.IN
Causes
1. Poor construction practice

C
2. Chemical impurities

N
3. Improper surface finish

Remedies SY
U
1. Overlay
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 14 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 2. Spalling of Concrete

.IN
Causes
1. Wheel load repetitions

C
2. Improper joint construction

N
3. Higher stress at edges and
SY joints
U
Remedies
VT

1. Proper mix design

2. Local Repair / Filling

Department of Civil Engineering 15 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 3. Pumping

.IN
Causes
1. Excessive or very heavy load

C
2. Improper pavement

N
thickness
3. Voids in subgrade
SY
U
Remedies
VT

1. Sufficient thickness
2. Proper sub surface drainage

Department of Civil Engineering 16 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 4. Fatigue Cracking

.IN
Causes
1. Load repetitions

C
2. Varying weather conditions

N
3. Age effect
SY Remedies
U
1. Uniform thickness
VT

2. Proper mix design

Department of Civil Engineering 17 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5. Shrinkage Cracking

.IN
Causes
1. Hydration of concrete

C
2. Improper Construction

N
3. Ambient temperature

Remedies SY
U
1. Proper Curing
VT

2. Use of admixtures

Department of Civil Engineering 18 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 6. Faulting

.IN
Causes
1. Relative settlement

C
2. Improper and uneven compaction

N
SY Remedies
U
1. Reinforced joints
VT

2. Grinding

Department of Civil Engineering 19 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Pavement Condition Survey
Surface Evaluation

.IN
 Unevenness of the road surface represented in

C
terms of mm per km

N
SY
 Roughness is measured using 5th wheel bump
U
integrator
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 20 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5th Wheel Bump Integrator

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 21 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5th Wheel Bump Integrator

.IN
 Assembly consists of a single tyre wheel

C
 It is mounted with the help of a metal rectangular

N
SY
frame U
 Springs are provided for suspension
VT

 Tyre pressure is maintained at 2.1 kg/cm2

Department of Civil Engineering 22 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5th Wheel Bump Integrator

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 23 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 5th Wheel Bump Integrator
 Assembly consists of an integrator for measuring

.IN
unevenness

C
 The wheel assembly is towed to a jeep

N
 The jeep travels at a standard speed of 32kmph
SY
 Bumps corresponding to the length of travel is
U
recorded and displayed
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 24 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Benkelman Beam Method

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 25 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Benkelman Beam Method
 Deflectometer is connected to a truck with

.IN
8170kg rear axle load

C
 Dual wheel truck is positioned at the specified

N
point
SY
 Truck is driven at a speed of 8-10 meters per
U
VT

second for a distance of 2.7m

 Dial gauge readings are recorded
Department of Civil Engineering 26 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Benkelman Beam Method

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 27 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Benkelman Beam Method
 Truck is further moved to a distance of 9m and

.IN
the dial gauge readings are recorded.

C
 Test has to be carried out at a temperature of

N
3-30oC
SY
 Based on the dial gauge readings, deflection is
U
VT

calculated

Department of Civil Engineering 28 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Benkelman Beam Method

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 29 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Falling Weight Deflectometer

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 30 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Falling Weight Deflectometer
 Falling weight deflectometer is used to assess

.IN
whether the pavement is being overloaded.

C
 FWD may be built as an attachment and towed

N
SY
by a vehicle or may be constructed over a vehicle
itself.
U
VT

 FWD is designed to impart impulse on pavement

surface to record/observe behavior of pavement
Department of Civil Engineering 31 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Falling Weight Deflectometer

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 32 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Falling Weight Deflectometer
 The load is produced by dropping weight on the

.IN
pavement

C
 300mm diameter circular plate is used for highway

N
pavement and for Airport pavements 450mm diameter
SY
 Deflection sensors are mounted at some specific
U
intervals of 0, 200, 300, 450, 600, 900, 1200 &
VT

1500mm and deflections are recorded

Department of Civil Engineering 33 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Ground Penetrating Radar

.IN
A typical GPR unit

C
consists of

N
SY
 Control Unit U
 Antenna
VT

 Power supply

Department of Civil Engineering 34 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Layers of Pavement
1. Subgrade

.IN
2. Granular sub base

C
3. Cement treated sub base

N
4. Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)
5. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) SY
U
6. Dry Lean Concrete (DLC)
VT

7. Paving Quality Concrete (PQC)

Department of Civil Engineering 35 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D 1. Subgrade

.IN
 Materials

C
 Soil Survey & Investigations

N
 Acceptable Limits SY
U
 Construction & Maintenance
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 36 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Materials

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 37 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Materials

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 38 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Materials
The following type of soils are considered unsuitable for

.IN
subgrade construction

C
N
 Materials from swamps marshes and bogs wetland


Organic soils OL, OI and OH
SY
U
Materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion
VT

 Materials in frozen condition

 Clays having LL > 70 and PI > 45

Department of Civil Engineering 39 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Materials
 Expansive soils with swell index > 50%

.IN
 Materials with salts that results in leaching of

C
embankment

N
 Materials with Sulphate (SO2) exceeding 0.5% by mass
SY
 The size of coarse materials in the mixture shall not
exceed 75mm
U
 For embankments and 50 mm when placed in
VT

subgrade

Department of Civil Engineering 40 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Soil Survey & Investigation

.IN
Following test results / data to be submitted 7 days before

C
the commencement of subgrade construction

N
 Soil classification test data
 CBR Report SY
U
VT

 Moisture content & Dry density relationship

Department of Civil Engineering 41 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Acceptable Limits
 The surface receiving the subgrade material shall be

.IN
compacted to a minimum of 98% of MDD

C
 When the difference between the top of subgrade and

N
ground level is less than 0.3m, 100% relative density to
be achieved
SY
 Subgrade work shall not commence until the density of
U
VT

top 300 mm of embankment is verified by the engineer

Department of Civil Engineering 42 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Construction of Subgrade

.IN
1. Spreading and Moisture control

C
2. Compaction

N
3. Compaction Equipment
SY
U
4. Control strips Roller passes
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 43 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Quality Control
Type of Test Frequency

.IN
1. Soil Classification as per BIS 1489

C
A. Sieve Analysis
(Wet sieve analysis except for cohesion less soils)

N
B. LL, PL and PI as per IS2720
2. Standard Proctor Test
SY One test from each source
for one km length
U
3. Free Swell Index test
VT

4. Deleterious Content
A. Organic matter content by loss on ignition method
B. Total soluble sulphate content

Department of Civil Engineering 44 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Quality Control
Type of Test Frequency

.IN
5. CBR test (soaked or unsoaked as One test per km

C
specified) Comprising testing of 3 specimens

N
6. Moisture Content
SY At least 3 tests daily
U
At least 3 tests daily
VT

Average of 3 test results shall not be less

7. In-situ Density
than the specified degree of
compaction

Department of Civil Engineering 45 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Granular Sub Base (GSB)
 Primary purpose of GSB is to provide sub surface

.IN
drainage

C
 Materials used in GSB are

N
 Natural sand
 Moorum SY
U
 Gravel
VT

 Crushed stone
 Brick metal (or a combination of above)
Department of Civil Engineering 46 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Physical Properties for GSB

.IN
Climate LL PI Remarks

Annual rainfall Design Traffic up

C
<35 <10
>1000mm to 1msa

N
Annual rainfall
<1000mm
<40 SY <15
Design Traffic up
to 1msa
U
VT

Design Traffic
All Areas <25 <6
> 1msa

Department of Civil Engineering 47 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Construction of GSB
1. Subgrade Preparation

.IN
2. Spreading & Compaction
A. For a compacted layer thickness of 100 mm a static smooth wheel

C
rollers of 80 -100 kN shall be used

N
B. For a compacted layer thickness of 225 mm, the compaction shall be

SY
done by means of vibratory roller of minimum 80-100 kN static
weight
U
3. Rolling Operation
A. Each roller pass shall uniformly overlap not less that 1/3rd of the track
VT

made in the preceding pass

B. The speed of the roller shall not exceed 5 kmph
C. Desired density after rolling -100% of MDD
Department of Civil Engineering 48 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Cement-Treated Sub Base (CTSB)

.IN
 Stabilization is a process of increasing the strength

C
and stability of a material with the help of stabilizer

N
 Cement and lime are widely used stabilizers in
construction industry SY
U
VT

 Soil-cement is a highly compacted mixture of soil,

aggregate, cement and water
Department of Civil Engineering 49 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Cement-Treated Sub Base (CTSB)

.IN
 A smaller stabilizer content of 2-3% is used to

C
increase the CBR

N
 A slightly higher stabilization of 7-10% is used to
increase strength SY
U
VT

 Cement-modified, Cement-stabilized, Cement-treated

are the different names used
Department of Civil Engineering 50 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Factors Influencing Stabilization

.IN
1. Type of Soil

C
2. Quantity of Cement

N
3. Quantity of Water
SY
U
4. Mixing, Compaction & Curing
VT

5. Use of Admixtures
Department of Civil Engineering 51 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Quality Control of CTSB

.IN
Type of Test Frequency

1. Quality of cement and purity of Lime (IS:1514)

C
One test for each lot
(if used for pre-treatment)

N
SY
2. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test One test on a set of 3 specimens
(IS:4332 Part 5) per Km Length
U
3. Pulverization of Soil
At least 3 tests daily, well spread
VT

4. Placement Moisture Content (IS:2720 Part 2) over the day’s

work.
5. In-situ Density measurements (IS:2720 Part 28)
6. Thickness of compacted layer At random
Department of Civil Engineering 52 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Precautions for CTSB
1. Tensile strength of the stabilized material

.IN
2. Shrinkage characteristics

C
3. Volume changes resulting from temperature or

N
SY
moisture variations
4. The subgrade restraint
U
5. Stiffness and creep of the stabilized material
VT

6. External loadings such as those caused by traffic

Department of Civil Engineering 53 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Wet Mix Macadam
 WMM is a sub-base/base course in which clean,

.IN
crushed graded aggregates and granular material, like,

C
graded coarse sand are mixed with water and rolled to

N
a dense mass on a prepared surface
SY
 WMM construction is an improvement upon the
U
VT

conventional WBM and is intended to be as durable

alternative

Department of Civil Engineering 54 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Wet Mix Macadam - Requirements

.IN
Sl. No. Test IS Code Requirements

40 percent

C
1 Los Angeles Abrasion Value
(Maximum)

N
IS:2386 (Part IV)
30 percent

SY
2 Aggregate impact ValueU (Maximum)

Combined Flakiness and Elongation 35 percent

3 IS:2386 (Part I)
VT

indices (Maximum)

12 percent
4 Soundness test (Sodium Sulphate) IS:2386 (Part V)
(Maximum)

Department of Civil Engineering 55 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Wet Mix Macadam - Grading

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 56 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Wet Mix Macadam - Construction

.IN
1. Weather & Seasonal Limitations

C
2. Preparation of Surface

N
SY
3. Provision of Lateral Confinement of Wet Mix Layer
U
4. Preparation of Mix & Spreading
VT

5. Compaction

Department of Civil Engineering 57 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Wet Mix Macadam – QC Tests

.IN
Sl.
Test Requirements
No.

C
1 Gradation One test per 500 m3
subjected to minimum 2 tests per day

N
2 Plasticity Index

SY
3 Moisture Content Prior to Compaction One test per 250 m3
One test per 2000 m2
4 Density of Compacted Layer
U
subjected to minimum 4 test per day
VT

Aggregate Impact Value/Los Angeles One test per 1000 m3

5
Abrasion Value subjected to minimum 1 test per day
One test per 500 m3
6 Flakiness and Elongation Index
subjected to minimum 1 test per day
Department of Civil Engineering 58 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Dry Lean Concrete

.IN
 Any of the following types of cement may be used with

C
the approval of the Engineer

N
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) IS:8112, IS:12269
SY
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement ((PPC) IS:1489 (part 1)
U
VT

3. Portland Slag Cement (PSC) IS:455

Department of Civil Engineering 59 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D DLC – Aggregate Grading

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 60 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D DLC – Proportioning

.IN
 The concrete mix shall be proportioned with 14:1 Aggregate
–Cement Ratio with OPC & 12:1 with PPC or PSC

C
N
 The minimum cementitious materials content shall not be
less than 140 kg/cum of concrete SY
U
 Optimum moisture and density shall be established by
VT

preparing cubes with varying moisture contents

Department of Civil Engineering 61 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D DLC – Mineral Admixture

.IN
 15-30 % of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag or 25-50 %
by weight of cementitious material may be used

C
N
 The fly ash shall conform to IS:3812 (Part 1 ), and granulated

SY
blast furnace slag shall conform to 1S:12089
U
 Ordinary Portland Cement content shall not be less than 100
VT

kg/m3 of concrete

Department of Civil Engineering 62 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D DLC – Compressive Strength

.IN
 The average compressive strength of each consecutive group

C
of 5 concrete cubes shall not be less than 7 MPa at 7 days.

N
SY
 In addition, the compressive strength of any individual
U
VT

concrete cube shall not be less than 5.5 MPa at 7 days

Department of Civil Engineering 63 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D DLC – Construction Process

1. Batching & Mixing

.IN
2. Transporting

C
N
3. Placing
4. Compaction SY
U
5. Joints
VT

6. Curing
Department of Civil Engineering 64 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D Paving Quality Concrete

.IN
 Paving quality concrete is the surface course used in

C
rigid pavement construction

N
 It is a highly durable and high load bearing pavement
surface SY
U
VT

 Paving quality concrete is resistant to wear and tear as

well as weathering action
Department of Civil Engineering 65 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Cement
 Any of the following types of cement capable of achieving the

.IN
design strength may be used

C
i) Ordinary Portland Cement IS:269 (43 Grade and 53 Grade)

N
ii) Portland-Pozzolana Cement IS:1489 (Part 1)

SY
iii) Portland Slag Cement, IS:455
iv) Composite Cement (blended cements)
U
VT

 The minimum 28 days compressive strength of the cement

should not be less than 43 MPa.

Department of Civil Engineering 66 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Cement

.IN
 Minimum cement content shall be 360 kg/m3 for all type of
cements

C
N
 The OPC content, however, shall not exceed 450 kg/m3 of
concrete SY
U
 When fly ash is used, cement content may be 310kg and if
VT

GGBS is used, 250kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete

Department of Civil Engineering 67 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Water & Workability
 The maximum free water-cement or water-cementitious

.IN
material ratio of the concrete mix shall be 0.40

C
 The superplasticizers conforming to IS:9103-1999 are

N
generally desirable for road works and the quantity of

SY
admixtures shall be determined by trials
 The slump in the range of 20 to 30 mm for concrete laid
U
with slip form paver and 40 to 60 mm for concrete laid
VT

with fixed-form paver is reasonable

Department of Civil Engineering 68 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Admixture
 Chemical admixture may be used for any of the following

.IN
requirements

C
i) Improve workability

N
ii) Extension of setting time

SY
iii) Air entrainment U
 Admixtures should not have any adverse effect on the
VT

properties of concrete with respect to strength, volume

change, durability

Department of Civil Engineering 69 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Admixture

.IN
 Mineral admixture may be used in any of the following
proportion of replacement

C
N
i) Fly ash up to 25 percent

SY
ii) Ground granulated blast furnace slag up to 50 per cent
U
iii) Silica fume up to 10 percent
VT

iv) Metakaolin may be used up to 20 per cent

Department of Civil Engineering 70 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Fine Aggregate

.IN
Percentage Passing for
IS Sieve Designation
Grading Zone I Grading Zone II Grading Zone III

C
10 mm 100 100 100

N
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100
2.36 mm 60-95
SY 75 - 100 85 - 100
U
1.18 mm 30 - 70 55 - 90 75 - 100
VT

600 micron 15 - 34 35 - 59 60 - 79
300 micron 5 - 20 8 - 30 12 - 40
150 micron 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10

Department of Civil Engineering 71 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Coarse Aggregate

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 72 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Laying Temperature

.IN
 The ambient temperature above 35oC, relative humidity below
25 per cent and/or wind velocity of more than 15 km/h

C
N
constitute conditions necessitating precautions to be taken

SY
 When concrete is likely to be subjected to freezing and
U
thawing the use of air entraining agent is mandatory
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 73 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
There are four types of joints in CC Pavement (As per IRC: 57)
1. Expansion joint: Expansion joint provides the space into

C
N
which pavement can expand thus relieving compressive

SY
stresses due to expansion and inhibiting any tendency
U
towards buckling of concrete slabs
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 74 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 75 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
There are four types of joints in CC Pavement (As per IRC: 57)
2. Contraction joint: Contraction joint relieves tensile

C
N
stresses in the concrete and prevents formation of

SY
irregular cracks due to restraint in free contraction of
U
concrete. Contraction joints also relieve stresses due to
VT

warping

Department of Civil Engineering 76 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 77 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
There are four types of joints in CC Pavement (As per IRC: 57)
3. Longitudinal joint: Longitudinal joint relieves stresses

C
N
due to warping. These are commonly used for dividing the

SY
pavement into lanes when width of the slab becomes
U
more than 4.5 m
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 78 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
C
N
SY
U
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 79 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC - Joints

.IN
There are four types of joints in CC Pavement (As per IRC: 57)
4. Construction Joint: Construction joints are provided

C
N
whenever day’s construction operations start and

SY
stops/ends. These are full depth joints. It may also be
U
provided where paving stops for more than half an hour
VT

due to stoppage of work

Department of Civil Engineering 80 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Quality Control

.IN
 The minimum frequency of sampling of concrete shall

C
be one sample per 150 m3 (or part thereof) of concrete

N
 Each sample shall comprise of 3 test specimens of
beams SY
U
VT

 These shall be tested for 28 days strength

Department of Civil Engineering 81 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Quality Control

.IN
 The mean strength determined from any group of 4
consecutive samples at 28 days should exceed the specified

C
N
characteristic flexural strength by at least 0.3 MPa.

SY
 The strength of any sample is not less than the specified
U
characteristic flexural strength by 0.1 MPa
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 82 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 DCHP
BCV613D PQC – Quality Control

.IN
 The mean strength determined from any group of 4
consecutive samples at 28 days should exceed the specified

C
N
characteristic Compressive strength by at least 3 MPa.

SY
 The strength of any sample is not less than the specified
U
characteristic compressive strength by 1 MPa
VT

Department of Civil Engineering 83 PESITM - Shivamogga

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 .IN
C
N
End of
SY Thank you
U
Module 5
VT

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