Basic Electronics
Instructor: Babak Emdadi
Week 3
Source Transformation Technique:
We know that there are two practical sources, namely, voltage source and current
source. We can transform (convert) one source into the other based on the
requirement while solving network problems.
The technique of transforming one source into the other is called as source
transformation technique. Following are the two possible source transformations:
Practical voltage source into a practical current source
Practical current source into a practical voltage source
Practical voltage source into a practical current source:
The transformation of a practical voltage source into a practical current source is
shown in the following figure:
Practical voltage source consists of a voltage source (VS) in series with a resistor
(RS). This can be converted into a practical current source as shown in the figure. It
consists of a current source (IS) in parallel with a resistor (RS).
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The value of IS will be equal to the ratio of VS and RS. Mathematically, it can be
represented as:
𝑉𝑠
IS =
𝑅𝑠
Practical current source into a practical voltage source:
The transformation of practical current source into a practical voltage source is
shown in the following figure.
Practical current source consists of a current source (IS) in parallel with a resistor
(RS). This can be converted into a practical voltage source as shown in the figure. It
consists of a voltage source (VS) in series with a resistor (RS).
The value of VS will be equal to the product of IS and RS. Mathematically, it can be
represented as:
Vs = IsRs
Video: Source Transformation: Current to Voltage (2 min):
[Link]
Kirchhoff’s Laws:
a) Kirchhoff’s Current Law
b) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
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a) Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents leaving (or
entering) is equal to zero.
- M is the number of branches that are connected to a node.
Example: Write KCL equation at node P of the following figure.
Solving method:
In the above figure, the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 are entering node P. So,
consider negative signs for these three currents.
In the above figure, the branch currents I4 and I5 are leaving from node P. So,
consider positive signs for these two currents.
The KCL equation at node P will be:
Video: Kirchhoff's current law (6 min):
[Link]
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b) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of voltages around a
loop or mesh is equal to zero.
A Loop is a path that terminates at the same node where it started from. In contrast,
a Mesh is a loop that doesn’t contain any other loops inside it.
Mathematically, KVL can be represented as:
- N is the number of network elements in the loop (mesh).
Example: Write KVL equation around the loop of the following circuit.
Solving method:
The above circuit diagram consists of a voltage source, VS in series with two resistors
R1 and R2. The voltage drops across the resistors R1 and R2 are V1 and V2
respectively.
Video: Kirchhoff's voltage law (6 min):
[Link]
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Current Division Principle:
When two or more passive elements are connected in parallel, the amount of current
that flows through each element gets divided(shared) among themselves from the
current that is entering the node.
The above circuit diagram consists of an input current source IS in parallel with two
resistors R1 and R2. The voltage across each element is VS. The currents flowing
through the resistors R1 and R2 are I1 and I2 respectively.
- The KCL equation at node P will be:
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From equations of I1 and I2, we can generalize that the current flowing through any
passive element can be found by using the following formula.
IN is the current flowing through the passive element of Nth branch.
IS is the input current, which enters the node.
R1, R2,…, RN are the impedances of 1st branch, 2nd branch, …, Nth branch
respectively.
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Voltage Division Principle:
When two or more passive elements are connected in series, the amount of voltage
present across each element gets divided (shared) among themselves from the
voltage that is available across that entire combination.
The above circuit diagram consists of a voltage source, VS in series with two resistors
R1 and R2. The current flowing through these elements is IS. The voltage drops across
the resistors R1 and R2 are V1 and V2 respectively.
The KVL equation around the loop will be:
Substitute V1 = ISR1 and V2 = ISR2 in the above equation:
Substitute the value of IS in V1 = ISR1:
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From equations of V1 and V2, we can generalize that the voltage across any passive
element can be found by using the following formula.
VN is the voltage across the Nth passive element.
VS is the input voltage, which is present across the entire combination of a
series of passive elements.
R1, R2…, R3 are the impedances of 1st passive element, 2nd passive element…,
Nth passive element respectively.
If you have any question or concern about this session, please ask me via Teams.
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