Data Gathering Instrument

State the data gathering instrument used. If the data gathering instrument is a survey questionnaire made or constructed by you as researcher,

you need to present here the following: how the questionnaire was constructed, the content of the questionnaire, who validated it and how it was validated,

the conduct of dry run – when, where and who were the respondents for the dry run, the reliability analysis and its result, how it should be administered

including the ethical considerations on its administration, and the scoring to be used for the questionnaire.

For the reliability of the instrument, the following is a sample:

Table 1. Reliability.

Variable Number of Items Cronbach’s Alpha

Name of Variable 1 7 .70

Name of Variable 2 5 .83

Name of Variable 3 10 .92

Name of Variable 4 10 .83

Name of Variable 5 8 .74

Note: An acceptable Cronbach’s alpha (α) is .70 or higher.

For scoring and interpretation, the following is a sample:

The scoring and interpretation used for the questionnaire is presented in Table 1.

Table 2. Scoring and interpretation for __________.

Response Scale Verbal Response Mean Score Interpretation

5 Strongly Agree 4.50 – 5.00 Very High

4 Agree 3.50 – 4.49 High

3 Neutral 2.50 – 3.49 Moderate

2 Disagree 1.50 – 2.49 Low

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.49 Very Low

Reminder: Do not use the term “self-constructed questionnaire”. Take note that “the questionnaire cannot construct itself”! Instead, you may use

“researcher-made questionnaire” or simply, “survey questionnaire”.

If the questionnaire to be used is adopted, explain how you acquired the questionnaire including whether it is in the public domain, in the

journal article, or given to you by the author and had the permission to use the questionnaire from the copyright owner (author, publisher or both). You

also need to discuss the content of the questionnaire, its reliability, how to administer the questionnaire, and the scoring and interpretation used by the

author of the questionnaire.

Discuss here the actual data gathering procedure, for example, how you had distributed, administered and retrieved your data gathering

instrument (if using a survey questionnaire). You may start the discussion here with asking permission from concerned authorities regarding the actual

conduct of data gathering through letters or personal visits to concerned offices. Include details such as period (days or months) covered in the data

gathering, where and how this was conducted, who were involved, time spent by a respondent in answering the questionnaire or in an interview, retrieval

of the questionnaire and response rate, and the like.

Do not include here your library works; this is not the data gathering that is mentioned here. The data that need to be discussed how these

were gathered are those data that were subjected for statistical analysis. Do not also repeat the contents of Data Gathering Instrument.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This section contains the statistical tools used corresponding to the research questions in the statement of the problem. There is no need to

define or explain the statistical tools. There is also no need to state the formula, especially if using statistical software. Just state the statistical tool and its

particular use in your present study.

(The following is an example.)

The following statistical tools were used in the study: (Sample only: See if these are applicable for your study.)

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to determine the profile … in terms of … .

Mean. This was used to assess the … with regard to … .

Independent Samples T-Test. This was used to determine the significant differences on … when grouped according to … .

One-way Analysis of Variance. This was used to determine the significant differences on … when grouped according to … .

Pearson’s Correlation. This was used to determine the significant relationship between … and ….

Simple Linear Regression. This was used to determine the significant effect of … to ….

Multiple Linear Regression. This was used to determine which among … significantly affect ….

Mediation Analysis using Regression and Sobel Test. This was used to determine the significant mediation of … on the effect of … to ….

A Very Important Note: Different research designs may require contents of Chapter III that are different from those presented here.
Ethical Considerations

State/Discuss in only one paragraph how did you address issues of voluntary participation, anonymity, truth, accuracy, and privacy.

Note:

6.4.6 Undergraduate students shall only be allowed to do the research that: 1) maintains minimal risk; 2) fulfils the criteria for an expedited
review; 3) is non-therapeutic or non-interventional; 4) will not compromise the security, and wellbeing of student-researchers. Further, should proposed
research divert from the above criteria, research ethics review of undergraduate students shall be endorsed by the Research Panelist in their research
defense activity.
Lifted from University Research Manual
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Subtitle One (for example: Profile of the Respondents)

Note: The subtitles here should correspond to your statement of the problem (SOP) but should be short and not exactly the same as in the

SOP. A brief introductory statement for each section may also be made.

For each table of data, the following should be the order of presentation or organization: (1) introduce the table and its content, (2) present the

table, (3) analyze or discuss the main contents of the table and give your own interpretation, and (4) explain findings in the light of relevant theories and

concepts and relate with findings of previous researches. Tables should be numbered consecutively using Arabic numeral and continuously from Chapter I

to Chapter V. (For example: )

Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of sex.

Table 3. Distribution of respondents by sex.

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 50 50

Female 50 50

Total 100 100

As seen in Table 3, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or

research literature in relation to your findings). Literature that may be mentioned here should have been included as well in Chapter II.

Table 4 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of … .

Table 4. Distribution of respondents by profile variable name.

Profile Variable Name Frequency Percent

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

and so on …

Total 100

It can be deduced from Table 4 that … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant

conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings).

2. Subtitle Two (e.g. Assessment on … short title from Statement of the Problem No. 2, single space if subtitle will consume two lines)
 Table 5 shows the assessment on _____ in terms of test variable name.

Table 5. (Sample) Assessment on _____ in terms of test variable name.

Test Variable Name Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation

1. Item or statement 1

2. Item or statement 2

3. Item or statement 3

and so on …

Composite Mean

As shown in Table 5, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or

research literature in relation to your findings). The discussion of contents, interpretation and literature support, usually starts with the composite mean,

and then some items or statements with higher means and then those with lower means.

Table 6 provides the overall assessment on _____.

Table 6. Overall assessment on _____ (if applicable or necessary).

Overall Construct Name Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation

Test Variable 1

Test Variable 2

Test Variable 3

and so on …

Overall

As shown in Table 6, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or

research literature in relation to your findings).

3. Subtitle Three (e.g. Differences on … )

Table 7 shows the differences on ____ when grouped according to ____ (profile/grouping variable with two categories only).

Table 7. Differences on _____ when grouped according to profile variable name .

Variable t-value p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation

Test Variable 1

Test Variable 2

And so on …

Overall (if necessary or

It was clearly shown in Table 7 that there is significant difference on ___ in terms of ____ when grouped according to ___ as indicated by p-

value of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance. State also which group/category has higher assessment/mean than the other. (Then, analyze and
interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings. You have to do this for each

variable/scale/construct with significant difference.)

However, with a p-value of ___ which is greater than .05, there is no significant difference on ___ in terms of ___ when grouped according to

___. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings.)

Note that p-values should be written without “0” before the decimal, e.g. .007 instead of 0.007. Do not also write p-value as .000, instead write it as

<.001. Decision on the null hypothesis (Ho) should be either “Reject” or “Fail to reject” (or “Do not reject”; or “Retained”; but do not use “Accept”).

Interpretation should be either “Significant” or “Not significant”.

If you have used Mann-Whitney U-test instead of Independent Samples t-test, the following is a sample tabular presentation of results: