FLUID MECHANICS
AIST Department of Marine Engg
INTRODUCTION
• Fluid mechanics is the science that deals with the action of forces
on fluids at rest as well as in motion.
• If the fluids are at rest, the study of them is called fluid statics.
• If the fluids are in motion, where pressure forces are not
considered, the study of them is called fluid Kinematics.
• If the fluids are in motion and the pressure forces are considered,
the study of them is called fluid dynamics.
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FLUID
• Matter exists in two states – the solid state and the fluid state.
• This classification of matter is based on the spacing between different molecules of
matter as well as on the behaviour of matter when subjected to stresses.
• Because molecules in solid state are spaced very closely, solids possess compactness and
rigidity of form. The molecules in fluid can move more freely within the fluid mass and
therefore the fluids do not possess any rigidity of form.
• Thus Fluid exist in two form:-
• Liquid
• Gas
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WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
• Liquids flow and take the shape of their
container but maintain a constant volume.
• Gases expand to fill the available volume.
• Liquids are incompressible
• Gas are compressible
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FLUID PROPERTIES
1. Mass Density
2. Specific Weight
3. Specific Volume
4. Specific Gravity
5. Viscosity
6. Surface tension
7. Vapour Pressure
8. Capillarity
9. Cavitation
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MASS DENSITY / DENSITY (ρ)
The “mass per unit volume” is mass density. Hence, it has units of
kilograms per cubic meter.
ρ=m/V,
Where,
ρ -Density(kg/m3)
m-Mass(Kg)
V-Volume(m3)
•The mass density of water at 4˚C is1000 kg/m3
AIST Department of Marine Engg
Density : Example problem
A quantity of helium gas at 0°C with a volume of 4.00 m3 has a mass of
0.712kg at standard atmospheric pressure.
Determine the density of this sample of helium gas.
Given : Solution :
V = 4.00 m3
m = 0.712 kg 𝜌 = 𝑚/𝑣
ρ=?
= 0.712
4.0
𝜌 =0.178 Kg/ m3
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SPECIFIC WEIGHT (Or) WEIGHT DENSITY
It is weight per unit volume of a fluid.
ɣ = W/V (N/m3)
Where,
ɣ -Specific Weight (N/m3)
W-Weight (N) and
V-Volume (m3)
But,
W=M x g
ɣ = M x g/ V
ɣ = 𝜌g
Water at 20 °C has a specific weight of 9810 N/m 3
AIST Department of Marine Engg
SPECIFIC VOLUME
• It is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by an unit mass
or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume.
• Specific Volume = Volume of the Fluid / Mass of the Fluid
= 1/mass of the fluid/volume of the fluid
=1/𝜌
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY (S)
• The ratio of density or Specific weight of a given liquid to the density
Specific weight of water at a standard reference temperature (4°C) is
defined as specific gravity, S.
SG = ρsubstance/ ρH2O
Where
SG = Specific Gravity of the substance
ρsubstance = density of the fluid or substance [kg/m3]
ρH2O = density of water -normally at temperature 4°C[kg/m3]
• The specific weight of water at atmospheric pressure is 9810 N/m3.
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SGair= ρgas/ ρair
Where
SGair= specific gravity of gas
ρgas= density of gas [kg/m3]
ρair=density of air (normally at NTP -1.204 [kg/m3])
•Normal Temperature =20˚C
•Normal Pressure =101.325 kN/m2
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Example: For oil of volume 6 m³ and weighs 47 kN
Solution:
specific weight of oil = W/V = 47x10³ / 6
= 7833 N/m³
specific weight of water = ρg = 1000 x 9.81
= 9810 N/m³
specific gravity = specific weight of oil /specific weight of water
= 7833 / 9810
= 0.7984
AIST Department of Marine Engg