76. What is the constitutional debate around "One Nation One Election"?
What amendments
would it require?
Answer:
The concept proposes simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
Constitutional issues:
Curtailment/extension of legislative terms
Federal structure concerns
No-confidence motions
Amendments required:
Articles 83, 85, 172, 174
Possibly Article 356 (President’s Rule)
It would require special majority + State ratification.
77. What was decided in the Delhi services case (2023)?
Answer:
In Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2023):
Control over “services” (except police, public order, land) lies with elected Delhi government
Reinforced principle of representative democracy and federalism
78. What did the Supreme Court hold in State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (2024)?
Answer:
The Court allowed:
Sub-classification within SC/ST reservations
Significance:
Promotes substantive equality
Ensures benefits reach most backward within reserved classes
79. What constitutional issues arise from the Places of Worship Act, 1991?
Answer:
Issues:
Freezes religious status as of 15 August 1947
Challenges based on:
Article 25 (freedom of religion)
Judicial review
Supreme Court:
Has emphasized maintaining status quo
Matter pending
80. What is the current status of the CAA challenge?
Answer:
The Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 is under challenge on grounds of:
Violation of Article 14 (equality)
Violation of secularism (basic structure)
Status:
Pending before Supreme Court (hearings ongoing)
⚖️ ADMINISTRATIVE LAW & GOVERNANCE (Q81–90)
81. What guidelines did the Supreme Court lay down on bulldozer demolitions (2024)?
Answer:
The Court emphasized:
Prior notice
Opportunity of hearing
Proportionality of action
Held that arbitrary demolitions violate:
Article 14 (equality)
Article 21 (life and dignity)
82. What are the concerns regarding UAPA designation of individuals as terrorists?
Answer:
Concerns:
Lack of prior hearing
Executive discretion
Due process violations
Raises issues under:
Article 14 (arbitrariness)
Article 21 (fair procedure)
83. What did the Supreme Court say about Governors delaying Bills (Tamil Nadu case, 2025)?
Answer:
The Court held:
Governors cannot sit indefinitely on Bills
Must act within reasonable time
Can return, assent, or reserve—but not delay arbitrarily
84. What are concerns regarding Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?
Answer:
Issues:
Independence of Data Protection Board
Executive control
Limited remedies
Raises concerns about:
Privacy (Article 21)
Accountability
85. What principles were reiterated regarding tribunal independence (2024)?
Answer:
Supreme Court reiterated:
Separation of powers
Security of tenure
Transparent appointments
Tribunals must function like independent judicial bodies
86. What did the Supreme Court rule regarding ED arrests?
Answer:
The Court held:
Grounds of arrest must be communicated to accused
Linked to:
Article 21 → fair procedure
Protection against arbitrary arrest
87. What are limitations on central agencies (CBI/ED) regarding federalism?
Answer:
Issues:
Misuse against States
Political bias
Court emphasized:
Federal balance
Rule of law
Need for accountability
88. What reforms were suggested to reduce court pendency (2024–25)?
Answer:
Suggestions:
Increase judges
Use technology (e-courts)
Case management systems
Faster disposal mechanisms
89. What principles were applied in NEET-UG 2024 paper leak case?
Answer:
Court applied:
Limited judicial review
Avoid interference unless arbitrariness proven
Focus:
Integrity of examination system
Fairness vs practicality
90. What is the debate around Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025?
Answer:
Issues:
Property rights
Religious freedom
State control
Status:
Under challenge
Interim orders to maintain balance
⚖️ MIXED / PROBLEM-BASED (Q91–100)
91. A State ordinance conflicts with Central law (Concurrent List) without Presidential assent.
Validity?
Answer:
Invalid due to repugnancy (Article 254)
Without Presidential assent, State law cannot prevail
92. Civil servant dismissed without hearing. Remedies?
Answer:
(a) Constitutional:
Article 311 violation
Writ of mandamus/certiorari
(b) Administrative:
Violation of natural justice (audi alteram partem)
93. Licence refused without reasons. Grounds to challenge?
Answer:
Violation of natural justice
Arbitrary (Article 14)
Absence of reasoned decision
94. Tribunal replacing High Court without independence. Valid?
Answer:
Invalid
Violates:
Judicial independence
Basic structure
(L. Chandra Kumar, Madras Bar Assn.)
95. Licence condition unrelated to statute. Doctrine?
Answer:
Irrelevant consideration / improper purpose
Action ultra vires
Remedy: Judicial review
96. Re-promulgation of ordinance without placing before Parliament. Valid?
Answer:
Invalid
Violates Constitution
Case: D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar
97. Trace evolution of Article 21.
Answer:
A.K. Gopalan → narrow interpretation
Maneka Gandhi → fair, just, reasonable procedure
Expanded rights include:
Right to privacy
Right to livelihood
Right to environment
Right to legal aid
Right to dignity
Right to speedy trial
98. Distinguish between void and voidable administrative actions.
Answer:
Void → null from beginning
Voidable → valid until set aside
Effect:
Void actions can be challenged anytime
Voidable require formal challenge
99. What is position on defection for nominated members?
Answer:
Nominated members are exempt for 6 months
After that, defection law applies
100. Government contract awarded arbitrarily. Grounds of challenge?
Answer:
Constitutional (Art 14):
Arbitrariness
Lack of transparency
Administrative law:
Wednesbury unreasonableness
Proportionality
Violation of natural justice
Case: Tata Cellular v. Union of India