2.

Grammar & Language Mechanics

Sound grammar is the basis of effective writing and speaking.

Core Grammar Topics:

 Tenses: Present, Past, and Future

 Voice: Active & Passive
 Reported Speech: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative
 Modal Verbs to show various aspects of possibility, obligation and permission
 Phrases & Clauses: Introduction, Types, Functions, Characteristics
 Subject-Verb Agreement
 Error Correction & Editing Passages

Writing Skills

Good writing is pushed through real-life formats, and examined for its organization, clarity, creativity,
and correctness.

Must-Practice Writing Types:

 Formal Letter: Official communication

 Informal Letter: Personal expression
 Essay Writing: Narrative, descriptive, and argumentative
 Story Writing: Through twists, dialogues and morals
 Notice Writing: Precise and informative
 Report Writing An unbiased gathering and summarization of facts

Example of a Leave Application

Subject: Request for Leave
Dear [Recipient’s Name],
I am writing to formally request leave from [start date] to [end date]. The reason for my leave is [brief
explanation of the reason, e.g., personal reasons, medical emergency, family function, etc.].
During my absence, I have made arrangements for [colleague’s name] to handle my responsibilities. I
will ensure a smooth handover of my duties and can be reached at [your contact information] if any
urgent matters arise.
I would be grateful if you could grant me leave for the mentioned period. Thank you for your
understanding and consideration.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Your Designation]
[Your Contact Information]
Examples:
1. Write an application letter to your class principal for a sick leave.
2 May, 2024
Melamchi, Sindhupalchok
The Principal
Shree Janajagriti Secondary School
Melamchi-11, Sindhupalchok
Dear Sir,
With due respect, I beg to state that due to my health condition, I won't be able to attend my regular
classes for a week. It is because last night, I suddenly felt unwell and was rushed to the hospital. Later, I
was diagnosed with pneumonia. The doctor advised me to take bed-rest for a week.

Therefore, I kindly request you to grant me a leave for a week from 2-11 May. I will attend my regular
classes from 12th May. I assure you that I will complete all the pending tasks once I get back to regular
class. I hope you will consider my application. I look forward to your cooperation. Thanking you in
anticipation!

Yours faithfully,
Anuska Tamang
Grade: 10
Roll no.: 1
2. Suppose there is a wedding ceremony of your elder sister at your home. Write an application to
your class teacher asking for few days leave.
7 March, 2024

The Class Teacher-

Shree Jajajagriti Secondary School
Melamchi-11, Sindhupalchok
Subject: Leave application for attending wedding ceremony.

Dear Sir
I am writing to request a leave of three days from school, from March 7 to 10 to participate in my elder
sister's wedding ceremony at our home.

As my sister's wedding is a significant and joyous occasion for our family, I am eager to be an active part
of the preparations and celebrations. I understand the importance of my school attendance, but I assure
you that I will catch up on missed lessons promptly and ensure that my studies remain unaffected. I
kindly request you to grant me leave so that I can contribute to and value this memorable family event. I
promise to return to school with renewed dedication and make up for any missed assignment.
Sincerely yours
Ash Bahadur Tamang
Grade 10
Roll-2
3. Suppose you are Pasang Tamang and working in Sindhu Bikash Bank now. You need to take an
urgent leave due to your personal circumstances. Write a letter asking leave for three days.
5 Feb. 2024
The Manager
Sindhu Bikash Bank
Melamchi, Sindhupalchok
Subject: Leave Application

Dear Sir/Madam;

My name is Pasang Tamang, and I work as an employee at Sindhu Bikash Bank. I am writing this letter to
request a leave of absence for three days starting from 9th Feb. to 11th Feb.
I need to attend an urgent mission during this time. I assure you that I will complete all my pending
works before I leave and will make sure that my responsibilities are taken care of in my absence.

I understand the importance of my duties at the bank, and I apologize for any inconvenience my leave
may cause. I will be reachable in case of any emergency. I kindly request you to grant me this leave, and
I will be back on the date of return to resume my work.

Thank you for considering my request.

Sincerely,
Pasang Tamang

5. Invitation Letter

An invitation letter is a formal request for someone to attend an event, gathering, or function. It typically
includes essential details such as the date, time, location, and purpose of the event. The tone and style
of an invitation letter can vary depending on the nature of the event and the relationship between the
sender and the recipient. Here are some key components of an invitation letter:

1. Greeting: A polite opening addressing the recipient by name.

2. Introduction: A brief statement introducing the event and its purpose.

3. Event Details: Clear information about the date, time, location, and any specific instructions or
requirements (e.g., dress code).
 4. RSVP Information: Instructions on how to confirm attendance, including contact details and any
deadlines.

5. Closing: A polite closing statement expressing hope that the recipient can attend, along with any
additional remarks or gratitude.

6. Signature: The sender’s name, title (if applicable), and contact information.

Examples:

1. Write a letter to your friend to invite him in your birthday party.

15 July, 2023

Melamchi, Sindhupalchok

Dear Maya,

I hope you are well. I am also well. You will be happy to know that 20 July is my birthday. It is my 15th
birthday. On the occasion, our drawing room will be decorated nicely. My friends and guests will arrive
at 5 p. m. At 6 p. m. I along with my friends will stand around a table where a beautiful birthday cake will
be placed. I will blow out candles and cut the cake. All my friends and guests will be then entertained
with delicious foods and birthday cake. I invite you in my birthday celebration. Your presence will give
me more and more pleasure.

With best regards to you and your parents.

Your loving friend

Pritu.

4. Message of Congratulations
A message of congratulations is written when someone makes progress, gets promoted, receives a
title or honor, or gains popularity due to their work. Friends, family members, and relatives write
these messages to express their happiness and pride in the person's achievements.
Here are some considerations to keep in mind while writing a message of congratulations:
1. Plan Your Message: Before starting, take a moment to brainstorm and organize your thoughts.
[Link] Expressive Phrases: Include phrases like "HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS" and
"CONGRATULATIONS" in your message.
3. Include a Photo: Place a small box for a photo of the person being congratulated just below the
heading.
4. Highlight the Name: Write and highlight the name of the person you are congratulating in bold
letters.
5. State the Achievement: Clearly mention why the person is being congratulated.
6. Provide Supportive Evidence: Include other supportive details that contributed to the person's
success.
7. Future Wishes: Extend your wishes for their future success with phrases like "Keep up the spirit!"
or "Wishing you a bright future."
8. Include Your Details: Write your name and/or your organization's name and address at the
bottom of the message.
9. Presentation: Place the message in an attractive message box and decorate it appropriately.
2. Your elder brother got 4 GPA in the SEE examination held in the year 2080. Write a message of
congratulations to be published in a newspaper wishing him a nice time ahead.

CONGRATULATIONS
Heartfelt congratulations to my elder brother, Sudit Tamang, for achieving an 4 GPA in the SEE
examination of 2080! Your hard work and dedication have truly paid off.
Wishing you continued success and a bright future ahead. Enjoy this well-deserved achievement!
With pride,
Suman Tamang

2. Short Skeleton Stories

The skeleton/outline is the basic framework of a story. It shows the main facts and incidents of the
story. When we go through the outline, we know what the story is like. All we have to do is to fill in all
the details relevant to the story and thus make up a readable story.
The following guidelines will be useful to make a readable story from the given outline.
First go through all the points; do not start writing until you finish reading.
Have a clear and definite idea of the plot of the story.
In order to make a natural sequence, you have to use certain connectives given under "essay writing".
If the story is longer, organize it into several paragraphs.
Connect the points in the story logically and sensibly leaving no points.
Your story will be lively if you present some dialogues in direct quotes.
Do not try to write in lengthy sentences and be careful of punctuation marks.
Begin your story with : once upon a time; long-long ago; once there + V2
Generally, we use past form of verb in story writing.
After you complete, revise it and correct spellings and grammar errors if there are any.
Write the moral of the story.
Do not forget to give a title.
Beginning of the story
 Once upon a time_______.
 Many years ago, there lived a_______.
 I heard this story when I was ___years old.
 I am going to tell you a story about ______and_____.
 Long ago in the mists of time_______.
 One day, not too long, it all happened.
 Once when the world was young at heart, it had all happened.
Ending of the story
 That is how the problem was solved at last.
 And that was the end of the story.
 The horror was over and they all were safe again.
 As every problem ends with solution, it also had a happy ending.
 Thus, it turned out alright in the end.
Examples:
1. Construct a readable story with the help of outlines given in the box below:
A wolf sees a lamb……. he wants to eat him up …….. he asks the lamb why he is making water dirty ………
the lamb says he is down from him ………. the wolf asks why he called him a thief a year ago …….. the
lamb replies "A year ago I was not born" ……… the wolf says, "Then it must have been your father" ……….
falls upon the lamb and eats him up.
The Wolf and the Lamb
A hungry wolf was walking along the bank of a river. He saw a lamb who was drinking water below him
on the bank. The wolf wanted to eat him up. He started to ask stupid questions. He asked the lamb,
"Why are you making the water dirty?" The lamb replied, "Sir, the water is flowing down from you to
me. How can I make water dirty? "The wolf asked again, "Why did you call me a thief a year ago?" The
lamb answered, "I was not born a year ago." The fox wanted to kill him. So, he said, "Then it must have
been your father." He jumped and attacked upon the lamb and ate him up.
Moral: An excuse is needed to harm others.
2. The Best of the Best Artist
Three artists compete…one paints a wreath (garland) of flowers…a bee comes and sits on the picture…
another paints a basket of fruits…an ox tries to seize it…the third paints a curtain… all the three pictures
placed before the judge…the judge tries to raise (lift) the curtain…the picture adjudged (believed to be)
the best…it deceives (tricks, misleads) a man…other only insect and animal…moral.
Once upon a time, when the world was so young, there was a beautiful city surrounded by green forests
and a river. There lived three artists together for many years. All of them were highly skilled and
competent. It was too difficult to decide who the best one was. One day, a competition was organized to
judge their skill. A judge was appointed to give the decision. Then, the artists were asked to draw the
pictures as per their preferences. As soon as the competition started, one of the artists painted a
garland of flowers. It was a real like flower. It attracted a bee in no time. The bee came and sat on it.
Similarly, the second artist painted a basket of fruits. It was also so alive that it seemed so natural. An ox
tried to snatch it when the ox saw it. Accordingly, the third artist painted a picture of a curtain. It too
seemed real alike. All of the three pictures were then placed before the judge to decide the best one. It
was the time to
decide. Therefore, the judge stood, went near the curtain, and raised it thinking that it was hung on the
door. Only then he knew that it was a picture. The judge then decided that the picture of the curtain is
the best because it deceived a man whereas the other pictures only tricked an insect and animal.
Moral: True art gives a sense of life to the things.
3. Develop a story from the following outlines. Also give a suitable title and moral.
An old lady becomes blind – calls in a doctor – agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not –
doctor calls daily – puts eyes on lady's furniture – delays the cure – everyday takes away furniture – at
last curse her – demands his fees – lady refuses to pay – saying cure not complete – doctor brings a
court case – judge asks why she will not pay – she says sight not properly restored – she cannot see all
her furniture – judge gives verdict in her favour – moral.
An old lady and clever doctor
There was an old lady who became blind. She called in a doctor for treatment. He examined her and
demanded huge amount of money for the treatment of her eye-sight. She agreed to pay the fee to the
doctor if her eye-sight became all right. But she said she would not pay anything if she was not cured.
The doctor accepted the term of payment. He was called upon to treat her everyday. The doctor was
lured looking at the valuable furniture in the lady's room. He began to take away the furniture thinking
that the lady couldn't see. He delayed his treatment to take all the furniture. After some days, she was
cured and the doctor demanded the money. She refused to pay saying her eye-sight had not been
restored yet. She told like that because she didn't find her valuable furniture in her home and she knew
all was taken by the doctor. The doctor brought the case into the court. He told everything to the judge.
Then the judge asked the lady why she would not pay. She replied that her eye-sight was not properly
restored because she couldn't see her all valuable furniture. The judge understood everything and gave
verdict in the favour of the old lady.
Moral: If you try to deceive others, you will be deceived.