Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

Video #1: 5.1.1 Rotational Kinetic Energy (4:23)

5.1: Daily Video 1In this video, we will define a rigid system and describe its angular displacement in
radians. We'll also define average angular velocity and acceleration

Radians

● Radians Are a unit of measurement for angles

____________________________________________________________________

are length radius

They are defined as ________________________ over _________________________.

Angular Displacement

●
angle rudinal
Angular displacement is measure by ______________ in __________________

● Is the measurement of the angle, in radians, through which a point on

Angular Displacement _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
a rigid system rotates about a specific axis

● Shine
Each point on the disk rotates with the _________________________________________
angular displacement because we
treat it as a _________________________________.
rigid body

Rigid Body

● A Rigid Body
____________________________________________________________________
A system of points where all points are fixed relative to each other
● All parts of a rigid body
____________________________________________________________
Rotate through the same angle in a given time frame
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Direction of Rotation

Angular Velocity

Is the average rate at which angular position changes with

● Average Angular Velocity __________________________________________________________
respect to time
● Variable Omega W
________________

●
radys
Units __________________

Angular Acceleration

● Is the average rate at which angular velocity changes

Average Angular Acceleration _______________________________________________________
with respect to time
●
alpha a
Variable ________________

●
rays
Units __________________
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Example

SO 2rad
At 101
Wavy 1
Wavy
291
Wavy 0.2rad

Takeaways

Variable
Unit rad AD Q Q
variable w

unit rads
waus
1
Variable α

unit rate day It

 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

Video #2: 5.1.2 Rotational Kinematics (6:02)

5.1: Daily Video 2 In this video, we will make graphs to find relationships between angular
displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Review From Unit 1

velocity slope

displacement area

Change
invelocity area
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

5
Let’s Apply this to Angular Quantities

Angularvelocity slope

AngularAcceleration Slope
Angulardisplacement area
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Example Problem #1

2 3 5113 18113

Δ0 16.5radiant

Example Problem #2

0 25 1 5 radys
2 55 0 rag
5 8 trade

Takeaways

• Angular velocity is the slope of an angular position vs time graph

• Angular acceleration is the slope of angular velocity vs time graph
• Angular displacement is the area under and angular velocity vs time graph
• Change in angular velocity is the area under an angular acceleration vs time graph
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

Video #3: 5.1.3 Rotational Kinematics (7:36)

5.1: Daily Video 3In this video, we will use previously made graphs to derive a symbolic expression for
rotational kinematics.

Let’s Review

Three Graphs of Rotational Motion

heteration
Slopeincreases speedincrease constant

Kinematics Equations for Rotational Motion

●
O
Ootwottku w
●

●wota. w
wo 2 0 00
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

w Wo t to

a E
αᵗ

Ito
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

9
Example #1

O Wo 0
to
3 w 5rads
w Wotαt
5 0 213
1 67rada
f
Takeaways

[Link] wot't
w wo za 0 00

Video #4: 5.1.4 Rotational Kinematics (6:30)

5.1: Daily Video 4 In this video, we will compare the motion of two spinning objects using graphs of
their motion.

Review

constantangularacceleration
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

10
Example #1

0 0 0 4262
0 [Link]
0
9 0 0 4 g
0 182
0 0
0 Of 24 W 0
w
constant
a constant 0 90A
t 2 t 6
Example #2

2 0.5radle 2 0.75 rads

Δb 8rad DO 6rad
Takeaways

• We can use out constant acceleration equations to show functional dependence between
variables
• We can use graphs to compare the motion of spinning objects
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #5: 5.2.1 Connecting Linear and Rotational Motion (4:50)

5.2: Daily Video 1In this video, we will relate linear distance traveled to angular displacement.

Radians and Displacement

Example Problem #1

As rΔO
15 10.13 21T
0.817m

Example Problem #2

10 4 21rad Ss rso
1 98 25.13rad 2395791
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Takeaways

• Angular displacement is the measurement of the angle, in radians, through which a point
on a rigid system rotates about a specified axis
• Linear distance can be related to angular displacement
• Linear distance is proportional to radius Δs rso
• Larger radius menas larger linear distance traveled
• Smaller radius mena smaller linear distance traveled

Video #6: 5.2.2 Connecting Linear and Rotational Motion (5:36)

5.2: Daily Video 2 In this video, we will use equations to relate linear velocity and tangential
acceleration to angular velocity and angular acceleration, respectively.

Let’s Review

Linear and Angular Relationship

how muchthesystem
lineardistance
hashiration E it ii
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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• Dividing by t means we are

looking at the rate of change

• Theta over time gives angular velocity

Sero verw Afro

O w
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video

●
• Each sticker makes one full rotation
every time the wheel turns once

●
• The blue sticker travels more
linear distance than the orange
sticker

Video Continued

●
• Each sticker makes one full rotation
every time the wheel turns once

●
• The blue sticker travels more
linear distance than the orange
sticker

Video Continues

distance
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Example

Record notes/conclusions below:

• The green crayon is a greater radial distance
from the rotation point
• Everything on the ruler has the same 90
degrees in angular displacement
• Both crayons turned the same angular
displacement in the same time
• They have the same angular velocity
• The green crayon moved a greater linear
distance
• It has a greater linear velocity
• The angular velocity of both crayons
changes the same amount in the same time
• They have the same angular acceleration
• The green crayon reached a faster linear
speed in the same time
• It has a greater linear acceleration
Takeaways

• Because all points in the same rotating system turn together, they all move
the same angular displacement, so they all turn with the same angular
velocity, and they all have the same angular acceleration
• Points on the same rotating object might have different linear displacement ,
tangential velocity, and tangential acceleration depending on how far the atert
points are form the axis of rotation

Video #7: 5.2.3 Connecting Linear and Rotational Motion (8:35)

5.2: Daily Video 3In this video, we will quantitatively compare linear and angular quantities within a
rigid system.

Example #1
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

16

Astor
2
17
10 464
0.75rad s
4474
6rad aterd 0.75
1.21
Astrab
L2 6 2.4m
9.2m
Example 2

C Wo 10.47
We 15.71
2 0.262
2 20
0 [Link]
v A A
110 kdtklondo
rwveEaaaun W ftp.y
[Link] u 5ttray 5 821261.8
52mn
4511 age
Takeaways

Sero verw aera

G Outwot that W Wotαt who't 2 0 00
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #8: 5.3.1 Torque (8:40)

5.3: Daily Video 1 In this video, we will define torque and qualitatively compare the torques applied on
a rigid body.

Let’s Talk Forces!

• Something must have caused it to change its motion

• We say it has exerted a torque

Think of how to Get a Wheel to Rotate

Ineedto exerta force

hope

What about Now?

• The wheel wont rotate

because the torques cancel
each other out

• It would be exerting a smaller

torque
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Doorknobs

• The turning effect is

dependent on the radial
distance

Final Statement of Torque

T IF
tau

Terfsino

Which Force is Providing the Largest Torque?

F3 is not exerting a torque,

because there is no perpendicular
component. Because the torque is
proportional to ref, and each F is
the same: we must look at where
each force is applied. Because F2
is farther from the axis of rotation,
F2 is applying the larger torque
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Takeaways

• Torques are turning effects of forces

• Torques are directly proportional to the perpendicular component of the force applied
and the distance of the force form the axis of rotation
• To maximize, torque, apply the force perfectly perpendicular to the radial axis at the
farthest distance from the axis of rotation

Video #9: 5.3.2 Torque (8:18)

5.3: Daily Video 2In this video, we will learn the difference between force diagrams and free-body
diagrams.

Let’s Review Free Body Diagrams

• FBDs are a visual representation of all the forces acting on an

object.
• All forces are shown as acting on the center of mass of the object

g fr
So, What are Force Diagrams?

• Force diagrams show the forces acting on a rigid object

•
• But at the point of contact
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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• Simply shows all the forces that are

acting on the box while at rest on the
ramp

• Fg acts on the center of mass

•
• Fn is the force of the incline on the
box
It needs to start at the surface
and point perpendicular to the
surface
• Ff acts between the incline and the
box and is parallel to the surface

Rotating Object

● • For objects that are rotating are no different

Free Body Diagrams _________________________________________________________

• Require a bit more thinking

● Force Diagrams _____________________________________________________________

A Wheel is on a Ramp

• There must not be a torque

acting on it

• Friction
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Example

w̅

• And where they are acting. The

force of gravity acts on the
center of mass of the wheel
• The normal force from the
surface acts at the point of
contact with the wheel and
perpendicular to the surface

Takeaways

• Each diagram includes the forces acting on an object or a rigid body

• However, in FBDs the forces are all shown as acting on the center of mass of the object
Usually represented as a dot
• Force diagrams show the forces acting on an object at the point of contact

Video #10: 5.3.3 Torque (10:45)

5.3: Daily Video 3In this video, we will quantitatively compare the torques exerted on an object.

Reminder of Torque

exerted
change

component
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

22
Example

Titz
riffrife
3 120 4 Fe
F 90 N
Example

terfsint
OnlyFA is perfectly
perpendicular
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Example

• W is the point of
rotation, r=0, torque =0
• If we add a force at Y,
it is simply increasing
the total torque

Vortonly

Example

• Is the torques are equal, the distance to

the axis of rotation is inversely
proportional to the force exerted
• That means the student with the larger
mass, and therefore, applying a larger
But Why??
force, should decrease the distance
between them and the support (move
closer)

Takeaways

• Forces that can cause an object’s rotational

motion to change, we can say it exerts a torque
T fF rFsino
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #11: 5.4.1 Rotational Inertia (7:50)

5.4: Daily Video 1 In this video, we will define rotational inertia and determine the rotational inertia of a
system of objects about an axis.

Let’s Talk Newton’s 2nd Law

• If the mass increases, a larger force is needed to

cause the same acceleration

• A torque must be exerted

Example

• It was harder to get it to rotate

• All the mass is located the same distance from the axis of rotation

• So, it must be easier to get it to rotate

• The mass is spread throughout

• The symbol is I
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

25
What about this?

• It will take a larger torque because the

radius is now larger

Massive larger inertia

Sample Question

1 mr
1 1 0.57
1 0.25Kym
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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What if we add a second mass?

Hota nr

[Link]
KoS 1 1 1.25kgm
Takeaways

• Rotational inertia is a rigid body’s resistance to changes in rotational motion

• Rotational inertia is proportional to the mass of the rotating rigid object and the squared
rotation radius of the rotating rigid object
• For rigid rotating bodies, I=mr^2

Video #12: 5.4.2 Rotational Inertia (10:24)

5.4: Daily Video 2In this video, we will qualitatively determine the rotational inertia of various rigid
bodies.

Rotational Inertia

• The mass of the body

• The size of the body
• The distribution of the mass in the
body
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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So, how do we explain this?

hoop

• It was harder to get it to rotate

• All the mass is located the same
distance from the axis of rotation

solidsphere
• So, it must be easier to get it to rotate
• The mass is spread throughout

mass distance

• Mass the same distance away

The Coefficient Depends on Mass Distribution

• Smallest coefficient (2/5)

• Largest coefficient (1)

Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Sample Question

α
• Now that the mass is now distributed throughout, which means that
the solid disk has a smaller rotational inertia

Another Example

total
disk clay

tymar her

IMR t ER
MR
Takeaways

• Rotational inertia is proportional to the mass of the rotating object and the
radius squared of the rotating object.
• For rigid bodies, rotational inertia also depends on the distribution of the mass
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #13: 5.4.3 Rotational Inertia (8:06)

5.4: Daily Video 3 In this video, we will compare the rotational inertia of a rigid body when it rotates
about its center of mass to when it rotates about any other axis.

Spinning Ruler

rigidbody's

mass massdistribution

of
Center mus

mass distribution

Parallel Axis Theorem

• New rotational • Distance the new

inertia axis point is from
the center of
mass
• Rotational • Mass of the
inertia about rotating rigid body
the center of
mass
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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A Spinning Rod

I In Md
1 Md an MEMET
ML IME
ME

Example

1 cmtMd

4m12 m

time'ttime
748mA
7m
Takeaways

• Rotational inertia is a rigid object’s resistance to changes in rotational motion

• For an extended rigid object, it is proportional to the object’s mass and size
• A rigid body’s rotational inertia is smallest when the axis of rotation is at the center of
mass of the object
• If the axis of rotation is moved , use the parallel axis theorem to determine the new
rotational inertia

1 kmtMd
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #14: 5.5.1 Rotational Equilibrium and Newton’s First Law in Rotational Form

5.5: Daily Video 1In this video, we will explore the conditions that cause a system to be in rotational
equilibrium.

Let’s Review

Defining Translational Equilibrium

net zero

• The acceleration is zero

• Speeding up
• Slowing down
• Changing direction
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Defining Rotational Equilibrium

nettorque zero

nettorque zero

• The angular acceleration is zero

• Angular velocity increasing

• Angular velocity decreasing
• Angular velocity vector changing direction

Rotational Equilibrium Graphs

 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Takeaways

• Rotational equilibrium occurs when the net torque acting on a system is zero
• You can recognize rotational equilibrium by identifying a system that has zero angular
acceleration

Video #15: 5.5.2 Rotational Equilibrium and Newton’s First Law in Rotational Form
(7:36)

5.5: Daily Video 2 In this video, we will show how to mathematically describe a system in rotational
equilibrium by finding the net torque.

Calculating Net Torque

counterclockwise t
clockwise
t

T rFsinO
T rF whensinD
ET [Link] RE BE

triF RE BF 0

Let’s Practice!
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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EE r FtrE BE O

river
F FF O

82 FF 20 5 15

Takeaways

• When solving for systems in rotational equilibrium:

T O Add CCW torques and subtract CW torques
Set the sum=0
Substitute t=rFsintheta as necessary
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #16: 5.5.3 Rotational Equilibrium and Newton’s First Law in Rotational Form
(7:14)

5.5: Daily Video 3 In this video, we will discuss the applications of Newton's first and second laws for
rotating systems.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

• 1st law: velocity is • 1st law: angular velocity is

constant if net force=0 constant is net torque=0

• No speeding up • No speeding up
• No slowing down • No slowing down
• No changing • No changing direction
direction
• 2nd law: • 2nd law:

Example

Summarize the example in the space below:

• There is a pulley with 2 objects of equal mass

• System should be in rotational equilibrium
Newtons 1st law
• Constant motion the entire time, the pulley rotates at a constant angular velocity except
when it hits the table. This is an example fo constant angular velocity
• If not in rotational equilibrium, there is a net torque with angular acceleration

Takeaways

• 1st law: constant angular velocity occurs when there is no net torque
• 2nd law: when there is a net torque, the angular velocity must change
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #17: 5.6.1 Newton’s 2nd Law in Rotational Form (12:33)

5.6: Daily Video 1 In this video, we will explore the relationship between applying a net torque to a
system and how the system's angular velocity changes.

Example

I
rfsindbcc [Link]
80

rBsindoC
7CCv EE Ty
C T 5Et
EYE net true cow
Z
Wo
0.3
1
52 0.6
F 7
4
5

EEEEFFiao
9 11
[Link] 10.6k4Msystemspeediup

Et 0.3Nm
Takeaways

• When a net torque is exerted on an object/system , the angular velocity will change
• The angular velocity will increase in magnitude (speed up) when the angular acceleration
and angular velocity are in the same direction
• The angular velocity will decrease in magnitude (slow down) when the angular direction
and angular velocity are in the opposite direction
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #18: 5.6.2 Newton’s 2nd Law in Rotational Form (11:48)

5.6: Daily Video 2In this video, we will conduct an experiment to help us understand the relationships
between angular acceleration, torque, and rotational inertia.

Data Set #1

T pulleyF

lsys brass t brassat rod

2 M Rps kmruntoo

0.00525kgm
Draw the line of best fit. What is the relationship?

at
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Data Set #2- Constant Torque

0.0755mm

linear
inverse

linearize

Linearization

Inverse
squared
Inverse squared
Square root
Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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axisvalues

linear relationship
drawbestfitline

Data Analysis

1981 0.0089N
0.00505kg m
0.0091N

0.00525kgm
α
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Takeaways

at 2 A

Video #19: 5.6.3 Newton’s 2nd Law in Rotational Form (12:28)

5.6: Daily Video 3 In this video, we will practice using Newton's second law in rotational form to
analyze an Atwood's machine with a massive pulley.

Ideal, Massless Pulleys

Fy Fg imaasys

Mig May
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

41
Pulleys- Rotational Motion

ET IF rpF mpr α Ft Fg may Mig mass

Atantasy rx x F2 M2asy Ma
Et rpFt rE mprp
ay
FT
Fi Empasys

M9may
Fi
Impasys
Mzasy
tmg
F tempan
[Link] nt EE 1T
Pulley with Mass

● Pulley with Mass:

○ asys= ___________________________________

● Ideal Pulley:

●
I
○ asys= ___________________________________

For Rotational Motion:

fi lt
α

Takeaways

• Solving multi object systems containing a massive pulley requires the inclusion of Newton’s
second law for rotation
• The solutions for a system with an ideal pulley and a system with a massive pulley should
be the same— apart from the inclusion of a term with the mass of the pulley
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Video #20: 5.6.4 Newton’s 2nd Law in Rotational Form (11:34)

5.6: Daily Video 4In this video, we will practice using Newton's second law in rotational form to analyze
a modified Atwood's machine with a massive pulley.

Let’s Practice: Modified Atwood Machine with Pulley

Show Work:
EEE Ft Fg [Link]
2 Ipα
Fly Fg Ft m asy terrine Firmasutff
Ip Idish t2Mptp2 Ffr MFn F Fg mcg
EF2 Fte Fte measy α [Link] Firmantams

EF2 Et rpF rpFt 19may masystMichag

Fn Fg mprp
stympasys

Ft Filmpasy

Modified Atwood with Massive Pulley Atwood’s with Massive Pulley

I t t
𝞪 =_________________________
[Link] t
𝞪 =_________________________
 Daily AP Physics 1 Notes: Unit 5: Torque and Rotational Dynamics

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Takeaways

• Problems involving massive pulleys will require the application of newtons 2nd law in its
standard form, as well as Newton’s second law for rotation
• Complicated problems can be solved by following the same fundamental procredures used
to solve simpler problems
Sum the forces for objects in system moving in linear motion, then set =ma
Sum the torques for rotating objects in system , set =Ia
Remember alpha=asys/r