NETWORK ANALYSIS LABORATORY MANUAL
[Link]. THIRD SEMESTER
EC-305
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
NAME OF STUDENT:-
ENROLLMENT NO. :-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
NETWORK ANALYSIS(EC-305)
List of Experiment
[Link]. Experiment Date Sign Remark
To study and verify
1 Thevenin’s Theorem
To study and verify Norton’s
2 Theorem.
To study and verify
3
Superposition Theorem.
To study and verify Maximum
4 power transfer theorem.
To study and verify
5
Reciprocity theorem.
To study frequency response of
6
Series resonance circuits.
To study frequency response of
7
Parallel resonance circuits.
To perform short circuit test on
8 two port network.
EXPERIMENT 1: VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the current flowing through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-15)V 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ,2.2KΩ,3.3KΩ Each 1
2,7KΩ
3 Ammeter (0-5)mA (0- 1
4 voltmeter 5)V 1
5 Bread board ------ 1
6 Connecting wires ------ As required
THEORY:
Thevenin`s theorem:
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source Vth in series
with a single impedance Zth. Vth is the Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals on open
circuit condition, Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by Voc. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance. It
is the driving point impedance at the terminals when all internal sources are set to zero too.
If a load impedance ZL is connected across output terminals, we can find the current through it IL = Vth/
(Zth + ZL).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Find the Thevenin’s voltage (or) open circuit voltage.
4. Replace voltage source by internal resistor.
5. Determine the Thevenin’s resistance.
6. Find IL by using Thevenin’s formula.
7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
8. switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit.
Thevenin
Circuit diagram To find Rth
1.0k 3.3k 1.0k 3.3k
XMM1
5V 2.2k 2.7k R th 2.7k
To find IL
To find Vth
1.0k 3.3k 1.0k 3.3k
2.2k
5V v 2.7k 5V + 2.7k
A (0-5)mA
-
Equivalent circuit
R th
RL
2.2k
V th
+
A (0-5)mA
-
Tabulation
Vth Rth IL(mA)
theoretic practic theoretic practic theoretic practic
al al al al al al
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.
Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
EXPERIMENT 2: VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem and to find the current flowing through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-15)V 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ,2.2KΩ,3.3KΩ Each
2,7KΩ 1
3 Ammeter (0-5)mA (0-
1
4 voltmeter 5)V
1
5 Bread board ------
1
6 Connecting wires ------
As
required
THEORY:
Norton’s theorem:
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single current
source. Isc in parallel with a single impedance Zth. Isc is the current through the terminals of the
active network when shorted. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance.
Current through RL= Isc Zth/( Zth+ZL)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Find the Norton’s current (or) short circuit current in load resistance.
4. Replace voltage source by internal resistor.
5. Determine the equivalent’s resistance.
6. Find IL by using Norton’s formula.
7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
8. switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit
CIRCUIT DIARAM: NORTON’S THEOREM
10K 8K
To find I sc
I sc
+
4.7K 5. 6K
5V 5V 4. 7K A (0-500)mA
-
XMM1 To find I L
To find R th 10K 8K
10K 8K Rt h
4.7K 5. 6K
5V
+
4. 7K
Norton`s Equivalent circuit
RL= 5.6K
I sc
A (0-500)mA
-
Tabulation:
Theoretical Practical
Isc Rth Isc Rth
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified.
Theoretical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
EXPERIMENT 3. VERIFICATION OF SUPER
POSITION THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem and determine the current following through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-15)V 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ,220Ω,470Ω Each
1
3 Ammeter (0-1)mA,mc
(0-5)mA mc 1
1
5 Bread board ------
1
6 Connecting wires ------
A
s
Software used; MULTISIM requir
ed
Superposition theorem
In a linear circuit containing more than one source, the current that flows at any point or the voltage that
exists between any two points is the algebraic sum of the currents or the voltages that would have been
produced by each source taken separately with all other sources removed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
3. Determine the current through the load resistance.
4. Now one of the sources is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by
ammeter.
5. Similarly, the other source is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by
ammeter.
6. Compare the value obtained with the sum of I1&I2 should equal to I
7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
8. switch off the supply
9. Disconnect the circuit.
Circuit diagram
Superposition
To find I1 w hen 12V source is acting alone
220 ohm 470 ohm 220 ohm 470 ohm
1K
+
A (0-20)mA
-
TO find I 2 When 10V source is acting alone
To find I w hen two sources are acting
220 ohm 470 ohm 220 ohm 470 ohm
10 V 12V 10 V
1K 1K
+ +
A (0-20)mA A (0-20)mA
- -
Tabulation:
V(volt) I1(mA) I2(mA) I(mA)
V1 V2 theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical
Calculation:
RESULT: Thus the superposition theorem was verified
4. VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To find the value of resistance RL in which maximum power is transferred to the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 Resistor 1KΩ,2.2 KΩ 1
2 Ammeter (0-10) 1
mA
3 Bread board 1
----
4 Connecting wires - As
required
5 RPS -----
1
6 DRB - (0-
1
30)V
Software used; MULTISIM (0-10)KΩ
Maximum power transfer theorem:
Maximum power transfer to the load resistor occurs when it has a value equal to the resistance of the network
looking back at it from the load terminals.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By giving various values of the resistance in DRB, note the ammeter
reading.
3. Calculate the power and plot the power Vs resistance graph.
4. Note the maximum power point corresponding resistance from the graph.
Circuit diagram
Max power transfer theorem
Theoretical calculation
(0-10)mA
1.0k
+ - To find R th
A 1.0k
5V 2.2k RL 2.2k R th
Theoretical value:
Tabulation:
Resistance Current I (mA) Power =I2RL
(RL)
Theoretical calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the value of unknown resistance in which the maximum power is transferred to the load was found.
Theoretical load resistance =
Practical load resistance =
Maximum power =
5. VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-15)V 1
2 Resist 100Ω,470 Each
Ω, 1
or 820Ω,
3 100Ω
1
4 Ammeter (0-30)
mA, 1
5 Bread board
---- A
Connecting -- s
Software used; MULTISIM requir
wires ---- ed
--
THEORY:
Reciprocity theorem
In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volt in a branch gives rise to a current I, in another
branch. If V is applied in the second branch the current in the first branch will be I. This V/I are called transfer
impedance or resistance. On changing the voltage source from 1 to branch 2, the current in branch 2 appears in
branch 1.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
3. Find ratio of input voltage to output current.
4. Interchange the position of the ammeter and power supply. Note down the
Corresponding ammeter readings
5. Verify the reciprocity theorem by equating the voltage to current ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Reciprocity theorem
To find I
940 ohm 100 ohm 940 ohm 100 ohm
+
(0-30)V 470 ohm 100 0hm A (0-30)mA
470 ohm 100 ohm
-
(0-30)V
To find I
940 ohm 100 0hm
100 ohm
(0-30)V +
470 ohm
A (0-30)mA
-
Tabulation:
Practical value :( circuit -I)
V(volt) I(mA) Z=V/I
Practical value :( circuit -I)
V(volt) I(mA) Z=V/I
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the reciprocity theorem was verified
6. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM:
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 Function generator 0- 1
2MHz
2 Resistor 1
1KΩ,
3 Voltmeter 1
(0-5) V
4 capacitor 1
1µ F
5 Bread 1
---
6 board -- As
required
7 Connecting wires ----
-- 1
Decade inductance box
(0-100)mH
Software used; MULTISIM
FORMULA USED:
Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC))
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.
3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.
4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.
5. Tabulate your observation.
6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
Circuit diagram:
Series resonance
1.0uF
50 mH
L
C
Fn. gen
R 1.0k V (0-5)V
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.
Practical value =
Theoretical value =
7. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM:
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC parallel electrical network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1 Function generator 0-3MHz 1
2 Resistor 1KΩ, 1
3 Voltmeter (0-5) V 1
4 capacitor 1µ F 1
5 Bread --- 1
--
6 board As
---- required
7 Connecting wires --
1
Decade inductance box (0-100)mH
Software used; MULTISIM
FORMULA USED:
Parallel resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.
3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.
4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.
5. Tabulate your observation.
6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
Circuit diagram
Parallel resonance
Fn. gen R C L
V (0-5)V 1.0uF
1.0k 50 mH
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.
Practical value =
Theoretical value =
8. TO PERFORM SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON GIVEN NETWORK
AIM: To calculate and verify 'Z' parameters of two-port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board, Five resistances, Connecting
Leads. Voltmeter , Ammeter
Software used; MULTISIM
THEORY: In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be
expressed in terms of input & output currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1, I2)
V1& V2 are dependent variables whereas I1 & I2 are independent variables. Thus,
V1 = Z11I1+ Z12 I2 -----(1)
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22 I2 ----(2)
Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12 & Z21 are the
reverse & forward transfer impedances.
PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ‘ON’ the experimental board.
b) First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P
Voltage & I/P Current.
c) Secondly, open I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P
Voltage & O/P current using multi-meter.
d) Calculate the values of Z parameter using Equation
(1) & (2). e) Switch ‘OFF’ the supply after taking the
readings.
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
(1) When O/P is open circuited
i.e. I2 = 0 Z11 = V1/I1
Z2
1 =V2 /I1
Circuit Diagram
Result: