Exploring the World of Science - Level I

Exploring the World of Science - Level I

Chapter 1 Ecosystems

Section 1.1 Parts of an Ecosystem

(1) 1. For each statement below, write (P) for population, (C) for community, and
(E) for ecosystem.
a. all the populations that live in the same place at the same time
b. all the organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the
same time
c. an environment that includes all the organisms as well as the nonliving
components
d. a herd of deer living in a forest
e. all the birds, trees, and squirrels in a forest
f. all the grass on a lawn

(2) 2. Fill in the blanks.

a. The nonliving components of an ecosystem form the ______ factors.
b. Organisms in an ecosystem form the _______ factors.
c. Sunlight, temperature, and rain are all examples of ______ factors in an
ecosystem.
d. The bacteria, fungi, and worms in the soil are its ______ factors.

(3) 3. Label the diagram below that represents the water cycle.

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(4) 4. Fill in the blanks.

a. Carbon enters the living parts of an ecosystem as ___ gas from the
air.
b. During photosynthesis, plants convert and water to sugars and .
c. During , oxygen is used, and carbon dioxide is released back into the
air.
d. Carbon in the body of dead organisms is converted to carbon dioxide by
_____.
(5) 5. Fill in the blanks.
a. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in _______ convert _______ gas to a form that
plants can use.
b. Plants take in the usable nitrogen through their __________; _________
get nitrogen by eating plants.
c. When dead organisms __________, nitrogen is returned to the soil.

(6) 6. [G1] What is a population?

(7) 7. [G1] What is an ecosystem?

(8) 8. [G1] What are biotic factors?

(9) 9. [G2] How do living things contribute to the water cycle?

(10) 10. [G2] What is one way by which plants contribute to the water cycle?

(11) 11. [G2] Which gases are part of the carbon-oxygen cycle?

Section 1.2 Energy in Ecosystems

(12) 12. Fill in the blanks.

a. An organism that traps energy from sunlight and uses it to make food is a
________.
b. The substance within a producer that traps energy from sunlight is
________.
c. Plants, some protists, and some bacteria are examples of ________.
d. Part of the sugars produced during photosynthesis is stored as ________.

(13) 13. Specify the type of consumer described in each o f t h e cases below.
a. rabbits, cows, and deer
b. animals that eat meat
c. humans, bears, and robins
d. animals that eat plants
e. frogs, spiders, and dogs
f. consumers that eat both plant and animal material

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(14) 14. [G1] What is a producer?

(15) 15. [G1] How are consumers classified?

(16) 16. [G1] What method do scientists use to illustrate how food energy flows from
one organism to another?

(17) 17. [G1] What is a food web?

(18) 18. [G1] What is the role of decomposers in an energy pyramid?

(19) 19. [G2] What would happen to a mice population if the population of its predator
decreases?

Section 1.3 Populations Interact

(20) 20. Answer the following questions.

a. A lion is eating a zebra. Name the predator and the prey.
b. A frog eats a dragonfly and is eaten by a heron. Name the organism that is
both a prey and a predator.

(21) 21. Which of the following statements show cooperation between organisms?
A. A pod of orca whales circles a school of fish and brings them closer
together to be scooped up and eaten.
B. Badgers and coyotes use different hunting methods to catch a prey.
C. Bees live in colonies.
D. A pack of coyotes is resting in the shade.
E. Ants build an ant bridge to move from one leaf to another.

(22) 22. Circle the examples in which competition occurs or is most likely to occur.
A. A population of deer has plenty of food.
B. One tree has a larger root system, takes in more water, and grows faster
than another tree.
C. A lion and a tiger are chasing a zebra.
D. Hawks hunt during the day, while owls hunt at night.
E. Resources are limited in a certain area where organisms live.

(23) 23. Which of the following are examples of mutualism?

A. Ants carry aphids from plant to plant so aphids can suck fluids for food,
and then ants feed on honeydew left behind by aphids.
B. A bee spreads pollen and helps a plant reproduce when collecting nectar for
food.
C. A bird builds its nest on a tree branch.
D. Bacteria in cow intestines get a safe place to live and help cows digest the
grass they eat.
E. A lion chases a heard of zebras to catch one of them for food.

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(24) 24. Which of the following are examples of commensalism?

A. Cattle egrets follow water buffalo cattle so the cattle egrets can catch and
feed on the insects.
B. A tropical flower grows high on a tree trunk where light is available.
C. While collecting nectar for food, a bee spreads pollen and helps a plant
reproduce.
D. Barnacles secure transportation on the backs of sea turtles.
E. A clownfish hides in the tentacles of a sea anemone and cleans them from
parasites.

(25) 25. [G2] What is a predator?

(26) 26. [G1] What is a prey?

(27) 27. [G1] What is cooperation?

(28) 28. [G1] What is competition?

(29) 29. [G1] What is symbiosis?

(30) 30. [G1] What is mutualism?

(31) 31. [G1] What is commensalism?

(32) 32. [G1] What is parasitism?

(33) 33. [G2] Orchid vines climb up tree trunks to reach the light they need for
photosynthesis. What kind of symbiosis is this?

Section 1.4 Changes to Ecosystems

(34) 34. Which of the following are natural ways by which an ecosystem can change?
A. volcanic eruption
B. forest fire
C. beavers building dams
D. people having a picnic
E. birds building nests

(35) 35. Which of the following are human activities that cause changes to
ecosystems?
A. cutting down forests
B. sewage leakage into a river
C. volcanic eruption
D. burning coal and oil
E. heavy rainfall

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(36) 36. Which of the following resources is always abundant and less likely to become
depleted?
A. fossil fuels
B. fresh water
C. sunlight
D. metals
E. trees

(37) 37. Fill in the blank.

a. The addition of harmful materials to the environment is _______.
b. Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of __________________________ pollution.
c. When gases produced by burning coal and oil dissolve in water vapor in the
air, ______ forms.
(38) 38. Fill in the blanks.
a. When chemicals a r e dumped in a river, they cause _________________________
pollution.
b. When polluted water flows through the soil, it can cause __________________________
pollution.
c. Areas that are designated for the disposal of solid waste are ____.

(39) 39. [G1] What is climate change?

(40) 40. [G1] What is pollution?

(41) 41. [G2] What is one factor that can limit the size of a population?
(42) 42. [G2] Which daily activity can help reduce air pollution in a certain city?

(43) 43. [G2] How can burning of fossil fuels lead to a warmer climate?

(44) 44. [G2] How do invasive species affect populations in an ecosystem?

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Chapter 2 Life Processes and Characteristics

Section 2.1 Cell Structure and Processes

(45) 1. Place a check mark (✓) next to the statements that make up the cell theory.
___ a. All living things are made up of one cell.
___ b. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
___ c. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
___ d. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
___ e. Living things made up of many cells are multicellular.

(46) 2. Which statements are true about the structure of a cell?

A. A cell is surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters and
leaves the cell.
B. Every cell has a nucleus that contains the chromosomes.
C. All eukaryotic cells obtain the energy they need through chloroplasts.
D. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus or any other organelle.
E. A cell is filled with a jelly-like material called the cytoplasm.

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(47) 3. Match each cell type to its possible function based on its shape.

1. absorbing water

a. skin cells

2. carrying messages

b. muscle cells

3. capturing sunlight

c. nerve cells

4. covering the body

d. root cells

5. allowing movement

e. leaf cells

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(48) 4. [G1] What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

(49) 5. [G1] What are the two types of passive transport?

(50) 6. [G1] What is one example of molecules taken into the cell by active transport?

Section 2.2 Cell Division and Reproduction

(51) 7. Answer the following questions based on the diagram below.

a. Give a title to the diagram.

b. What do letters A and D in the diagram represent?

(52) 8. Name the phases of mitosis represented in the diagrams below.

a.

b.

c.

d.

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(53) 9. Fill in the blanks.

a. In vegetative reproduction, _______________ parent(s) is (are) involved.
b. Yeasts and hydras reproduce asexually by _______________.
c. Regeneration that leads to the formation of a new organism is a form of
____.

(54) 10. During sexual reproduction, two parents produce gametes that fuse to produce
a new organism.

a. What is the reason why gametes are produced by meiosis and not mitosis?
A. Gametes should have half the number of chromosomes of body cells.
B. Gametes of males and females should be identical to each other.
C. Gametes should have double the number of chromosomes of body cells.
D. Gametes should have a different shape than body cells.
E. Gametes have a higher energy requirement to survive and divide.

b. Specify the phase of meiosis described in each statement.

a. Chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell:
b. The chromosomes of each pair separate to opposite sides of the cell:
c. Doubled chromosomes line up at the cell’s center:
d. The chromosome copies split and move to opposite sides of the cell:

(55) 11. [G1] What are some functions of cell division?

(56) 12. [G1] What happens in a cell during interphase?

(57) 13. [G1] What are the phases of mitosis?

(58) 14. [G1] What is a chromosome?

(59) 15. [G1] What is asexual reproduction?

(60) 16. [G1] What is sexual reproduction?

(61) 17. [G1] What is meiosis?

Section 2.3 Heredity and Classification

(62) 18. Fill in the blanks.

a. DNA contains instructions to build _______.
b. DNA is called a _____________ because it looks like a twisted ladder.
c. DNA contains sugars, phosphates, and _______.
d. The sequence of bases in ______ determines the order of building blocks
molecules that make up a protein.

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(63) 19. Use the terms in the box below to label the diagram.

chromosome base DNA gene

(64) 20. Label the diagram of the classification system below.

Domain:

A: ______
B: ______
C: ______
D: ______
E: ______
F: ______
G: ______

(65) 21. Which statements best describe organisms of the kingdom Plantae?
A. All plants are multicellular.
B. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight by photosynthesis.
C. Nonvascular plants can grow very tall.
D. Ferns and mosses reproduce with spores.
E. Gymnosperms form seeds in flowers, and angiosperms form seeds in cones.

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(66) 22. Animals are multicellular organisms that obtain their energy by consuming
other organisms.

a. What are the two groups of animals?

A. gymnosperms
B. angiosperms
C. vertebrates
D. vascular
E. invertebrates

b. Identify the type of animal described in each case.

a. They breathe with gills:_____
b. They live in water when young and on land when adults:_____
c. They give birth to live offspring: :_____
d. They have feathers and wings:_____
e. They lay eggs with a leathery shell:_____

(67) 23. [G1] What happens during DNA replication?

(68) 24. [G1] What are genes?

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Chapter 3 Energy All Around

Section 3.1 Energy Forms and Transformations

(69) 1. Match each form of energy to its corresponding example of use.

a. light energy 1. battery

b. chemical energy 2. music
c. sound energy 3. phone screen
d. electrical energy 4. book falling off a desk
e. thermal energy 5. computer
f. mechanical energy 6. heaters

(70) 2. Fill in the blanks.

a. The energy of a moving object is __________ energy.
b. The energy of an object due to its position or shape is __________ energy.
c. As an object moves faster, its kinetic energy __________.
d. The energy of a stretched rubber band is __________ energy.
e. Chemical energy stored in food is a type of __________ energy.

(71) 3. Fill in the blanks.

a. The energy that comes from the movement of the particles in matter is
__________.
b. The measure of the hotness or coldness of something is __________.
c. A form of energy that flows between objects that have different temperatures
is called __________.
d. Thermal energy flows from an object having a temperature to an object
having a temperature until they reach the same __________.

(72) 4. Label the pendulum to show where it has potential energy or kinetic energy,
where potential energy changes to kinetic energy, and where kinetic energy
changes to potential energy.

(73) 5. [G1] What is energy?

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(74) 6. [G1] What is the law of conservation of energy?

(75) 7. [G2] The picture below illustrates heat flow between two objects a hot body,
and a cold body. T1 , T2 , and T3 represent the different temperatures
measured throughout this experiment.

a. Compare T1 , T2 , and T3 .

b. Describe heat flow between these two objects in case 1 and case 2.

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Section 3.2 Light and Sound

(76) 8. Label the illustration using words from the box below.

opaque transparent translucent

no light passes
some light passes through all light passes through
through

(77) 9. Refer to the picture below to answer the following questions.

a. What is the bouncing back of a light ray called?

b. Apply the law of reflection to draw the reflected ray in each case.

c. Name the colors reflected by each of the following.

i. white sheet of paper:
ii. red sheet of paper:
iii. black sheet of paper:

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(78) 10. Fill in the blanks.

a. Light travels _______ in water than in air.
b. A light ray bends _______ the normal when passing from air into water.
c. A light ray bends_______ the normal when passing from water into air.
d. The greater the difference in the speed of light between media, the _______
light refracts.

(79) 11. Sound can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Order the mediums
through which sound can travel according to the speed of sound in each, from
the slowest to the fastest.

_______ < _______ < _______

(80) 12. Fill in the blanks.

a. As sound travels through a medium, the _______ is spread out over a larger
area.
b. The process describing the bouncing of sound off a hard surface creates an
_______.
c. Bats and dolphins use sound reflection to locate objects in a process called
_______.
d. People see lightning before they hear thunder because light travels _______
than sound in the air.

Section 3.3 Electricity and Magnetism

(81) 13. Which statements describe the electric charge of atoms?

A. Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.
B. Electrons and protons make up the nucleus of an atom.
C. An atom is charged because the number of protons is equal to the number
of electrons.
D. When an atom loses a proton, it becomes positively charged.
E. When an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged.

(82) 14. Fill in the blanks.

a. The buildup of positive or negative charge is called _______.
b. Objects that have like charges ________ each other.
c. Objects that have opposite charges ________ each other.

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(83) 15. The pictures below show two electrical circuits. Use the phrases from the box
below to describe these circuits. Some phrases will not be used.

Name
Pathways
Functioning

(84) 16. [G1] What are the types of electric charges?

(85) 17. [G1] What is an electric circuit?

(86) 18. [G1] Define resistance.

(87) 19. [G1] What is an electrical conductor?

(88) 20. [G1] What is an electrical insulator?

(89) 21. [G1] What is a series circuit?

(90) 22. [G1] What is a parallel circuit?

(91) 23. [G1] How do poles of two magnets interact?

(92) 24. [G1] What is an electromagnet?

(93) 25. [G2] A bar magnet is cut into three pieces, as shown in the figure below.

S 1 2 3 4 5

Which numbers are the south pole? Which numbers are the north pole?

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Chapter 4 Force and Motion

Section 4.1 Forces in Everyday Life

(94) 1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Forces that can act only between objects that are touching are called _____
forces.
b. Forces that can act between objects that are not touching are called _____
forces.
c. Forces are measured with a tool called a _____.
d. Forces are expressed in a unit called _____.

(95) 2. Which statements describe friction?

A. Friction resists the motion of touching surfaces that tend to slide against
each other.
B. Friction acts only on moving objects.
C. Friction depends on the texture of touching surfaces.
D. Friction depends on how tight touching surfaces are pressed together.
E. Friction between rough surfaces is smaller than that between smooth
surfaces.

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(96) 3. Complete the table below.

Force 1 is ______.
Force 2 is ______.

a.
Object floats on water.

a. Compare Force 1 to Force 2

using >, <, or =.
Force 2 _____ Force 1

b. Compare the density of the

object to that of water.
b. The object is_____ than water.
Object sinks in water.

a. Compare Force 1 to Force 2

using >, <, or =.
Force 2 _____ Force 1

b. Compare the density of the

c. object to that of water.
The object is_____ than water.

(97) 4. You push a box to the left with a force of 12 N. Your friend pushes the same
box with a force of 4 N.
Represent the box and the forces applied to it and calculate the net force on
the box in each case below.

Your friend is pushing the box to Your friend is pushing the box to
the right. the right.

Net force: ____ N to the _______ Net force: ____ N to the _______

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(98) 5. [G1] What is a force?

(99) 6. [G1] What are contact forces?

(100) 7. [G1] What is one example of non-contact forces?

(101) 8. [G1] What is the effect of friction on a moving object?

(102) 9. [G1] What is gravity?

(103) 10. [G1] What are the factors that affect the strength of gravity between two
objects?

(104) 11. [G1] What is weight?

(105) 12. [G1] What is a net force?

(106) 13. [G1] How are forces represented in a force diagram?

(107) 14. [G1] What is the effect of balanced forces on a non-moving object?

(108) 15. [G1] What is the effect of balanced forces on a moving object?

(109) 16. [G1] How can unbalanced forces affect the motion of an object?
(110) 17. [G2] If an object of density 1.5 g/L is dropped in a gallon of oil of density 0.9
g/L, would it sink or float?

Section 4.2 Measuring Motion

(111) 18. A car moves 240 kilometers in 3 hours. Calculate its speed.

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(112) 19. Thegraph below represents the position of a person over 10 seconds. Refer to
the graph to answer the following questions.

a. What distance did this person cover during the first 4 seconds?

b. At what time is the person 2 meters away from the starting point?

c. During which time intervals was the person walking faster?

A. 0–3
B. 3–4
C. 4–9
D. 9–10
E. after 10 s

(113) 20. Label the

graph to show where the object is speeding up, slowing down, and
moving at constant speed.

(114) 21. [G1] What is speed?

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(115) 22. [G1] What is velocity?

(116) 23. [G1] What is acceleration?

(117) 24. [G2] A box pushed on a rough horizontal table eventually comes to a
complete stop. What should be done so that the box does not stop
sliding?

(118) 25. [G2] What does the slope of an x-t graph represent?

4.3 Work and Machines

(119) 26. Which statementsdescribe a simple machine?

A. A simple machine can change the direction of an applied force.
B. A simple machine can change the strength of an applied force.
C. One of the main types of simple machines is a lever.
D. An input force is the force applied to a machine and is called the load.
E. An output force is the force applied by a machine and is called the effort.

(120) 27. Thepicture below shows a worker using a simple machine to lift a box to a
certain height h.

Which statements describe this simple machine?

A. It is an inclined plane.
B. It is a lever.
C. The worker uses less force when pushing the box up this simple machine.
D. Without friction, the amount of work done in both cases is the same.
E. To push the box up this simple machine, more force is used over a smaller
distance.
(121) 28. Which statements describe a lever?
A. The bar of a lever pivots around a fixed point.
B. The point around which a lever pivots is called a fulcrum.
C. Based on the position of the fulcrum, two types of levers are described.
D. A broom is a tool that behaves as a lever.
E. Knives do not contain levers.

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(122) 29. Complete the table below to show how a wheel and axle works. Use words
from the box below.

Application of the force

Force strength to turn the
system
Distance covered

(123) 30. Fillin the blanks.

a. A simple machine that is made of a wheel with a rope that fits in a groove is
a ______.
b. A fixed pulley changes the ______ of the input force.
c. A fixed pulley does not decrease the _______ to lift an object.

(124) 31. [G1] What is work?

(125) 32. [G1] How is the work done by a force determined?

(126) 33. [G1] What is a simple machine?

(127) 34. [G1] What is effort?

(128) 35. [G1] What is load?

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Chapter 5 Earth’s Structure and Processes

Section 5.1 Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere

(129) 1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The blanket of gases surrounding Earth and supporting life is the ______.
b. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is ______.
c. The gas in the atmosphere that plants need in order to make their own food is
______.
d. The gas in the atmosphere that supports life is ______.

(130) 2. Fill in the blanks.

a. Air molecules are pulled by ______ because they have weight.
b. The force exerted by the weight of air molecules is called or ______
atmospheric pressure.
c. Air pressure decreases with increasing because gas molecules have less ______
pushing down on them by the molecules above.

(131) 3. Refer to the map of Kuwait below to answer the following questions.

a. What is the capital of Kuwait?

b. Name the city found north of Al Jahrah.
c. How many kilometers on land are represented by each unit shown on the map
scale?

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(132) 4. Refer to the topographic map below to answer the following questions.

a. What is the approximate elevation at the highest point of Able Hill?

A. 42 km
B. 42 m
C. 51 m
D. 24 m
E. 10 km

b. What is the approximate elevation at the highest point of Baker Hill?

A. 42 km
B. 42 m
C. 51 m
D. 24 m
E. 10 km

c. On which hill does the elevation change more gradually?

(133) 5. [G1] What do Earth’s landforms include?

(134) 6. [G1] What is a map?

(135) 7. [G1] What do contour lines in a topographic map indicate about elevation?

(136) 8. [G1] What is latitude?

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Section 5.2 Earth Layers

(137) 9. Which statements describe the lithosphere?

A. The lithosphere is broken into several giant plates.
B. Lithospheric plates are all made of continental crust.
C. Lithospheric plates are separated by oceans.
D. Convection currents in the mantle cause the motion of the plates.
E. The three types of plate boundaries are divergent, convergent, and transform
fault boundaries.

(138) 10. Fillin the blanks.

a. The plate boundary found where two plates move away from each other is a
______.
b. When plates move away from each other, material from the ______ moves up
toward the seafloor.
c. Divergent boundaries on land create a ______, which is a deep valley.

(139) 11. Refer to the figure below of a plate boundary to answer the following questions.

a. What type of plate boundary is shown in the figure?

b. What type of crust is crust B?
c. Name the landform that could be produced at this location.
d. What forms over a long time when an underwater volcano grows large enough
to emerge from under the ocean?
e. What landform forms when this process takes place on land?

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(140) 12. Transform fault boundaries are boundaries where two plates move past each other
in opposite directions.

a. Which of the following results from two plates moving past each other in
opposite directions?
A. a volcano
B. an earthquake
C. a mountain chain
D. plate subduction
E. an island

b. What is the name of a fracture in Earth’s crust where lithospheric plates move
relative to each other?
A. a volcano
B. a deep ocean trench
C. a fault
D. a mountain chain
E. a valley
(141) 13. Fillin the blanks.
a. The layer of molten metal in Earth’s core is the ______.
b. The ball of dense, solid iron in Earth’s core is the ______.
c. Convection currents in the outer core create Earth’s ______.
d. An instrument that detects Earth’s magnetic field is called a ___________.

(142) 14. [G1] What is Earth’s crust?

(143) 15. [G1] What is Earth’s mantle?

(144) 16. [G1] How does convection occur in the mantle?

(145) 17. [G1] What is Earth’s core?

(146) 18. [G1] What happens at a plate boundary?

(147) 19. [G1] What is a volcano?

(148) 20. [G1] What is an earthquake?

(149) 21. [G2] Which Earth layer is composed of dense solid iron?

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Section 5.3 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

(150) 22. Compare and contrast physical weathering and chemical weathering.
(151) 23. The illustration below shows a sand dune.

a. What is the agent of erosion that creates this landform?

b. Order the steps of the formation of this landform.

____ a. An agent of erosion blows and carries sand particles.

____ b. Sand particles pile up in new areas.
____ c. As the agent of erosion slows down, it deposits the carried particles.

(152) 24. Fillin the blanks.

a. Erosion by a flowing river creates a _____, which is a long, narrow, and deep
landform cut into the earth.
b. Deposition at the mouth of a river forms a ____.

(153) 25. Which statements describe wave erosion and deposition?

A. A sea cave is a landform carved by wave erosion.
B. A beach is a coastal feature formed from river deposition.
C. Ocean waves can cause erosion when they pound on rocks, break them, and
carry them away.
D. Ocean waves carry broken rocks and deposit them in new areas, forming
deltas.
E. A delta is a landform created by wave erosion.

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(154) 26. The illustration below shows a huge river of ice that flows slowly over land.

a. What is the name of this type of river?

b. What is the landform created by this river through erosion?
c. What is the landform created through deposition when this river melts?

(155) 27. [G1] How do wind, water, and plants cause physical weathering?
(156) 28. [G1] How do water, oxygen, and living things cause chemical weathering? Give
examples.

(157) 29. [G1] What is erosion?

(158) 30. [G1] What is deposition?

(159) 31. [G2] The picture below shows the changes of a mountain after millions of years.

millions of years ago now

What caused this change?

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Section 5.4 Earth History

(160) 32. Which statements about the organization of the geologic time scale are correct?
A. The geological time scale spans a few thousand years.
B. The geological time scale is a chart that organizes Earth’s history.
C. Slow geological processes are observed on a geological time scale.
D. The geological time scale is a chart that scientists use to visualize the surface
of Earth.
E. The geological time scale shows all the life forms existing on Earth today.

(161) 33. Observe the figure below on rock layers.

a. Which layer is the oldest?

b. Which layer is the youngest?
c. What type of rock is shown in the figure?
(162) 34. Fill
in the blanks.
Sedimentary rock layers are not always horizontal because of movements in
Earth’s __________ and because of erosion followed by __________.

(163) 35. Which of the following statements explain how life changed on Earth?
A. Living things change over time to better survive in their environment due to
extinction.
B. Organisms that are less adapted to their environment are more likely to become
extinct over time.
C. The evolution of new species helps explain biodiversity.
D. Organisms can become extinct due to a natural disaster that changes their
environment.
E. All organisms that once survived on Earth are still living today.

(164) 36. Order the eventsthat lead to fossil formation. Number the first event 1.
___ The soft body parts of the organism decay, leaving the hard parts.
___ Minerals in the hard body parts of the organism are replaced with minerals
from the sediment.
___ Minerals with the shape of the hard parts of the organism harden and become
stone.
___ The body of a dead organism is caught in sediment.

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(165) 37. Which statements describe an index fossil?

A. Index fossils are from organisms that lived for millions of years without
changing.
B. Index fossils help determine the relative age of a rock layer.
C. Index fossils are used to match layers of rocks at different locations.
D. Index fossils are from organisms that lived in only one specific location.
E. Index fossils are fossils of living organisms that exist today on Earth.

(166) 38. [G1] What does extinct mean?

(167) 39. [G1] What information can be obtained from the study of fossils?

(168) 40. [G2] How can scientists determine which rock layer is the oldest in a series of
rock layers?

(169) 41. [G2] To which modern animal is an extinct animal whose fossil shows hooves on
the feet, flat teeth, and long tail most closely related to?

(170) 42. [G2] Where do fossils commonly form?

(171) 43. [G2] Coal was found in Antarctica. What does this indicate about Antarctica’s
past climate?

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Chapter 6 Space

Section 6.1 Earth’s Motion in Space

(172) 1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The spinning of Earth on its axis is ______; one result of this movement is the
alternation of ______.
b. The movement of one body in space around another is ______; this movement
of Earth around the sun and the tilt of Earth’s axis cause the ______.

(173) 2. Match each term to its description.

__ a. moon phase 1. the shape of the moon as seen from Earth

__ b. full moon 2. the shape of the moon when it is invisible from Earth

__ c. new moon 3. the shape of the moon when it is seen as a lit circle

(174) 3. Which statements describe an eclipse?

A. An eclipse is the partial or total blocking of the light of one celestial object by
another.
B. An eclipse occurs only when Earth is closest to the sun.
C. An eclipse of the moon is called a lunar eclipse.
D. A solar eclipse occurs when a new moon passes between the sun and Earth.
E. A lunar eclipse occurs when the sun passes directly between Earth and a full
moon.

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(175) 4. The diagram below represents the occurrence of an eclipse.

a. Label the diagram.

b. What type of eclipse is shown in the diagram?

c. Identify the type of eclipse that can be observed in the labeled areas on Earth.
Area A:
Area B:

d. Which two objects can be used to safely observe this type of eclipse?
A. eclipse glasses
B. mirrors
C. eyeglasses
D. regular sunglasses
E. hand lenses

(176) 5. Identify the type of lunar eclipse described in each case.

- The entire moon passes - Only a portion of the - The moon passes
through Earth’s umbra. moon enters the umbra; through Earth’s
- The moon can appear the rest of the moon penumbra.
red. remains in the penumbra. - The moon only slightly
- The moon has a darkens.
crescent-like shape.
a. b. c.

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(177) 6. Fill in the blanks.

a. The rise and fall of the level of ocean or seawater that occurs every day is called
a ______.
b. The water level rises for almost ______ hours and then falls for the next ______
hours in a regular pattern.
c. The main reason for this rise and fall of the level of ocean water is the pull of
_____.

(178) 7. For each position (A, B, C, and D) on Earth, identify whether it is a high tide or a
low tide.

A:
B:
C:
D:

(179) 8. [G1] What is a tide?

Section 6.2 The Solar System and the Universe

(180) 9. Which of the following are parts of the solar system?

A. the sun
B. planets
C. asteroids
D. all stars
E. comets

(181) 10. Fill in the blanks.

a. The inner planets are separated from the outer planets by the ______.
b. Rocky bodies in the solar system that are too small and numerous to be
considered planets are ______.

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(182) 11. Fill

in the blanks.
a. A body in space made up of dust, rocks, and ice is a ______. It has an ______
orbit.
b. The tail of this body grows longer as it approaches the ______.

(183) 12. Fill

in the blanks.
a. A chunk of dust or rock in space is a ______.
b. The bright streak of light seen in the night sky is a ______; it results from a
meteoroid entering the atmosphere and burning.
c. Meteors that pass through the atmosphere and hit the surface of Earth are called
______.

(184) 13. [G1] Describe inner planets.

(185) 14. [G1] Describe outer planets.

(186) 15. [G1] What is a constellation?

Section 6.3 Space Exploration

(187) 16. The invention of a certain instrument revolutionized space exploration.

a. Name the instrument that makes distant objects appear brighter and larger.

b. What are three ways this instrument has made space exploration easier?
A. observing features on the moon, planets, and stars
B. discovering moons orbiting other planets
C. identifying new universes
D. providing evidence for scientific theories about space
E. proving that planets revolve around Earth

(188) 17. Which telescopes produce very detailed images of the universe compared to
telescopes on Earth?

(189) 18. The United States launched a series of space missions known as the Apollo
missions. What was the objective of the Apollo space program?
A. sending a man to Mars
B. sending a man to the moon
C. building a space station
D. installing a space telescope
E. launching a rocket into space

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(190) 19. Fill

in the blanks.
a. A vehicle that takes off into space with a crew and cargo is a ______.
b. An unmanned spacecraft designed to transmit data to Earth is a ______.
(191) 20. Which statements describe the International Space Station (ISS)?
A. It is a large rocket that carried the Hubble telescope to space.
B. It serves as a space laboratory and accommodates crews of astronauts.
C. It was built by the Soviet Union.
D. It took two years to build.
E. It involves many countries and space agencies.

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