Science, Technology and Society | Comprehensive Reviewer
Inadequaci Identified weaknesses:
COMPREHENSIVE es in
Science
undertrained teachers,
inadequate curriculum, minimal
Teaching time allotted to science, lack of
REVIEWER books, equipment, and teaching
aids.
Science, Technology and National Established in 1958 to formulate
Committee objectives for science education
Society (STS) for Science at all levels and recommend
Chapters 1 – 3 | Key Terms, Concepts, and Education improvement steps.
Personalities BSCS A 1959 U.S.-based project
(Biological launched by the American
Sciences Institute of Biological Science (U.
Curriculum of Colorado) to improve biology
Study) education in secondary schools,
funded by the National Science
CHAPTER 1: Science Foundation.
Education in the Philippines Science
Education
A program focused on
disseminating improved curricula
Project and improving quality science and
Overview math education programs through
new course offerings and teacher
Science education in the Philippines has been education improvement.
shaped by historical forces, starting with the
American colonial period. This era brought
formal education and significantly changed how
science was taught and perceived. Over time, Early Efforts to Improve Science
the country developed greater knowledge and Education
understanding of natural and social phenomena
Leading scientists alerted Philippine authorities
across all scientific disciplines.
about the inadequacies in science teaching
across all school levels. The National
Committee for Science Education (1958)
Key Terms & Concepts recommended multiple reforms:
• Integration of science with classroom
KEY TERM DEFINITION / EXPLANATION
instruction
Science The systematic process of • Acquisition of more science equipment
Education teaching and learning science, and tools
encompassing knowledge of
natural and social phenomena • Coordination of efforts with other
across all scientific disciplines. government agencies
• Negotiations for a science institute for
American The era of American colonization
teachers
Period in the Philippines that introduced
formal education systems and • National science talent search and
brought the most significant fellowships
changes to the nature of • Higher salaries for science and
Philippine education. mathematics teachers and promotion of
Formal Structured, institutionalized teacher competence
Education learning programs in schools and
colleges, distinct from informal or
pre-colonial knowledge
transmission. The BSCS Adaptation Project
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In 1959, the Biological Sciences Curriculum Patent A government authority granting
Study (BSCS) project was launched to design an inventor exclusive rights to
high school biology courses with these their invention for a period of time.
objectives:
Incubator An apparatus used to maintain
• Provide recent and latest knowledge in optimal environmental conditions
biological sciences for premature or ill newborn
• Develop understanding of the babies. Credited to Fe del Mundo.
conceptual structure of biological Videophone A two-way television telephone
sciences device (1955) invented by
• Develop skills and processes of biology Gregorio Y. Zara, patented as a
among students 'photo phone signal separator
network.'
• Create an opportunity to use the inquiry
approach in teaching and learning Water-powe A vehicle concept by Daniel
biology red Car Dingel using a hydrogen reactor
• Prepare rich supplementary materials to that converts saltwater into fuel
enrich learning experiences in biological via a 12-volt car battery.
sciences Artificial Man-made structures designed to
Coral Reefs promote marine life; invented by
Angel Alcala for use in Southeast
Asian fisheries.
Karaoke A sing-along device developed by
CHAPTER 2: Science and Machine Roberto del Rosario in 1975,
originally called the 'Minus-One' or
Technology in the Philippines Sing-Along-System (SAS).
– Filipino Inventions and Ethyl Alternative fuels developed by
Discoveries Esters
Fuels
Julian Banzon from sugarcane
and coconut using chemical
extraction processes.
Overview Crop Technique by Ramon Barba using
Filipino scientists and technologists have made Flowering potassium nitrate to make mango
Induction trees flower and fruit up to three
significant contributions to various industries,
times a year.
helping drive the country's economic
development. The 20th century saw remarkable
inventions and discoveries by Filipinos that
have had both national and global impact. Notable Filipino Scientists and Their
Contributions
Key Terms & Concepts 1. Fe del Mundo — Incubator
Fe del Mundo was the first Asian to enter
KEY TERM DEFINITION / EXPLANATION Harvard University's School of Medicine and a
Invention A new device, method, or process graduate of the University of the Philippines
developed from study and College of Medicine. Known as the 'Mother of
experimentation; a product of Philippine Pediatrics,' she pioneered
creative or scientific effort. breakthroughs in immunization and jaundice
treatment. Her studies led to the invention of
Discovery Finding something that already
the incubator and a jaundice-relieving device.
exists in nature but was previously
unknown or unreported. She became the Philippines' first female
National Scientist in 1980 and received the
Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in
1977.
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2. Gregorio Y. Zara — Videophone allowing mango trees to fruit three times a year
A renowned Filipino engineer and physicist instead of once. His technique is the only
from Lipa, Batangas. Zara earned a BS in Southeast Asian invention recognized by the
Mechanical Engineering from MIT in 1926. In World Intellectual Property Organization
1955, he invented the first two-way television (WIPO). He was conferred the rank of National
telephone (videophone), patenting it as a 'photo Scientist in 2013.
phone signal separator network' — a
8. Other Notable Inventions
technology that laid groundwork for modern
video communication. • Aisa Mijeno — SALt Lamp: A
saltwater-powered lamp using Galvanic
3. Daniel Dingel — Water-powered Car cell principles; operates on 2
Dingel began developing a water-powered car tablespoons of salt and 1 glass of water
prototype in 1969. His hydrogen reactor uses for 8 hours.
electricity from a 12-volt car battery to convert • Maria Y. Orosa — Banana ketchup,
ordinary tap water with salt into deuterium oxide Soyalac (powdered soybean food that
(heavy water) as fuel. The invention was never saved prisoners of war in WWII),
patented or commercialized, which Dingel Calamansi nip, Orosa Palayok Oven.
attributed to opposition by multinational oil • Abelardo Aguilar — Erythromycin:
companies. Discovered in 1949 from a soil sample in
Iloilo; an antibiotic drug against bacterial
4. Angel Alcala — Artificial Coral Reefs infections.
Alcala was a biologist who pioneered • Dado Banatao — 16-bit Microchip:
comprehensive studies on Philippine reptiles Co-produced the first microchip in 1984,
and amphibians, identifying 50 new species. He still present in most personal computers.
invented artificial coral reefs used for fisheries • Desiree Hautea — Bt Eggplant: A
in Southeast Asia. His work established pest-resistant crop developed in 2002 at
conservation programs in the Philippines. He the University of the Philippines.
was proclaimed National Scientist in 2014 by
Presidential Decree 782. • Ronnie Pasola Jr. — Game of the
Generals: A war board game (capture
5. Julian Banzon — Alternative Fuels the flag) designed in 1967 after winning
a chess tournament.
Julian Banzon researched the production of
alternative fuels, experimenting with ethyl ester • Susana Mercado — Microbial Rennet:
fuels from sugarcane and coconut. He invented Discovered the use of Rhizopus
a chemical method (rather than physical chinencis as an alternative to animal
process) for extracting residual coconut oil, rennet for creamier cheese production.
contributing to sustainable energy research.
6. Roberto del Rosario — Karaoke (1975)
Roberto del Rosario developed the Sing-Along
System (SAS) in 1975, later patenting it in the CHAPTER 3: Science,
1980s. Originally called 'Minus-One,' it became
known as the karaoke machine — from the Technology and Nation
Japanese term for 'singing without Building
accompaniment.' Del Rosario holds the patent
for the device as we know it today.
Overview
7. Ramon Barba — Crop Flowering The Department of Science and Technology
Techniques (DOST) serves as the primary government
Horticulturist Ramon Barba developed agency managing national technology
techniques to induce flowering in mango trees development, scientific research, and public
using ethrel and potassium nitrate sprays, consciousness of science in the Philippines. It
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Science, Technology and Society | Comprehensive Reviewer
formulates the National Science and National Highest rank awarded by the
Technology Plan and monitors its Scientist Philippine government to science
implementation. practitioners with distinguished
individual or collaborative
achievement in science and
technology.
Key Terms & Concepts
STI Science, Technology, and
KEY TERM DEFINITION / EXPLANATION Innovation — the combined field
driving national development,
DOST Department of Science and productivity, and competitiveness.
Technology — the Philippine
government agency overseeing HEIs Higher Education Institutions —
national science and technology universities and colleges involved
development, research, and in research and development in
policy. DOST's various programs.
S4CP Science for Change Program — MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium
created by DOST to accelerate Enterprises — a priority sector for
science, technology, and S&T assistance under DOST's
innovation (STI) in the Philippines. Agenda 8.
NICER Niche Centers in the Regions for
Program R&D — capacitates Higher
Education Institutions in regions DOST Mandate and Functions
to improve regional research and
R&D infrastructure. The DOST is responsible for:
RDLead R&D Leadership Program — • Overseeing and managing national
Program brings in experts to strengthen technology development and acquisition
research capabilities of HEIs, • Undertaking technological and scientific
NGAs, and Research research
Development Institutions (RDIs).
• Promoting public consciousness of
CRADLE Collaborative Research and science and technology
Program Development to Leverage • Formulating and adopting a
Philippine Economy — fosters
comprehensive National Science and
academe-industry collaboration
through trihelix partnerships Technology Plan
(government-industry-academe). • Monitoring and coordinating funding and
implementation of S&T programs
BIST Business Innovation through S&T
Program for Industry — helps private • Undertaking policy research, technology
companies acquire novel assessment, and feasibility studies
technologies; covers up to 70% of • Maintaining a national information
technology cost at zero interest. system and databank on science and
KIST Park Knowledge, Innovation and technology
Science Technology Park —
launched by Batangas State
University on July 20, 2020; the
first of its kind in the Philippines;
DOST Eleven Point Agenda
designated as a Special The DOST's strategic plan identifies seven
Economic Zone. outcomes it strives to achieve, operationalized
Trihelix A three-way collaboration model through an Eleven Point Agenda:
Partnership between government, industry,
and academe where government Agenda 1 — Pursue R&D to Address
funds collaboration between Pressing National Problems
private companies and Focuses on health technology development and
universities/RDIs.
drug discovery. Central to this is the study of
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Science, Technology and Society | Comprehensive Reviewer
endemic resources and documentation of Agenda 8 — Expand STI Assistance to
traditional health knowledge to decrease costs MSMEs
of medicines and health interventions.
Provides technological assistance to Micro,
Agenda 2 — Conduct R&D to Enhance Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
including process improvement, technical
Productivity and Resource Management
consultancy, packaging, labelling, testing, and
Utilizes R&D to make traditional industries product development.
competitive through technological innovations.
Primary beneficiaries include coconut and rice Agenda 9 — Provide STI-based
production, bamboo processing, and natural Solutions for Disaster Risk
textile industries.
Highlights DOST's role in building
Agenda 3 — Engage in R&D to Generate disaster-resilient communities through
observation and monitoring systems, hazard
and Apply New Knowledge
and risk assessment, and research for disaster
Engages emerging scientific platforms that may risk management and climate change
disrupt existing industries. Supports local adaptation.
capability in artificial intelligence (AI) for new
industry development and nanotechnology for Agenda 10 — Strengthen
new materials. Industry-Academe-Government and
International STI Collaboration
Agenda 4 — Strengthen Regional R&D
Capabilities Focuses on S&T linkages and international
networks. In 2017, DOST participated in 24
Focuses on building institutional research bilateral engagements and activities involving
capacity in regions. The Department partners 14 international organizations.
with HEIs to establish niche R&D centers
serving as hubs for regional capability Agenda 11 — Enhance Effectiveness of
development. STI Governance
Agenda 5 — Maximize Utilization of R&D Provides the policy framework governing
Results through Tech Transfer implementation of DOST programs, grounded
in the National 0+10 Socioeconomic Agenda
Provides mechanisms for technology transfer and the Philippine Development Plan.
and commercialization of R&D results,
supporting innovations from development stage
through to market.
Science for Change Program (S4CP)
Agenda 6 — Develop STI Human — Four Sub-programs
Resources and Build STI Culture
Builds a critical mass of competitive 1. NICER Program
researchers, scientists, and engineers (RSEs) Establishes R&D centers in regions to promote
through scholarship programs and by promoting regional development. Currently, 18 NICERs
a culture of science, technology, and innovation. exist across 14 regions with total funding of
P641M. Endorsed by the Regional
Agenda 7 — Upgrade STI Facilities and Development Council (RDC).
Capacities
Features S&T facilities offering technical 2. RDLead Program
services for R&D, quality assurance, standards Brings expert researchers with leadership and
compliance, product development, and management skills to HEIs, National
innovation — particularly for electronics, Government Agencies (NGAs), and Research
semiconductor, agricultural, and food Development Institutions (RDIs). Implemented
manufacturing sectors. by the National Research Council of the
Philippines (NRCP).
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3. CRADLE Program Gregorio Y. First videophone / two-way
Operates through a trihelix partnership Zara television telephone (1955);
(government-industry-academe). Government engineer and physicist from
Batangas
finances collaboration between private
companies and universities. As of reporting, Daniel Water-powered car using
DOST provided nearly Php 125M in funding to Dingel hydrogen reactor (1969); never
29 academe-industry collaborations nationwide. patented commercially
4. BIST Program Angel Artificial coral reefs; 50 new
Alcala species of reptiles/amphibians
Helps Philippine industrial companies acquire identified; National Scientist 2014
strategic technologies (equipment, machinery,
technology licenses, patent rights). Covers up Julian Alternative fuels from
to 70% of eligible technology costs at zero Banzon sugarcane/coconut; chemical
extraction of residual coconut oil
percent interest. First approved project:
Herbanext Laboratories Inc. (Php 11.7M). Roberto del Karaoke machine / Sing-Along
Rosario System (1975); 'Minus-One'
device patent
BatStateU KIST Park Ramon Mango flowering induction
Barba (potassium nitrate method); fruit
Batangas State University launched the yield tripled; National Scientist
Philippines' first Knowledge, Innovation and 2013; only WIPO-recognized SE
Science Technology (KIST) Park on July 20, Asian invention
2020. Designated as a Special Economic Zone
Aisa Mijeno SALt lamp (saltwater-powered
under Presidential Proclamation No. 947, s.
lamp); runs 8 hours on salt +
2020. The KIST Park serves as a catalyst for: water
• Industrial productivity and economic
growth in CaLaBaRZon Maria Y. Banana ketchup; Soyalac;
Orosa Calamansi nip; Orosa Palayok
• Industry-academe linkages and Oven; food preservation
knowledge/technology transfer
Abelardo Erythromycin antibiotic (1949;
• Commercialization of innovations
Aguilar discovered in Iloilo soil sample)
• Technopreneurship and
innovation-based business incubation Dado 16-bit microchip (1984); widely
and acceleration Banatao used in personal computers
• Knowledge co-creation in science and Desiree Bt Eggplant (pest-resistant
technology Hautea eggplant, 2002)
Ronnie Game of the Generals (1967 war
Pasola Jr. board game)
Susana Microbial rennet from Rhizopus
Mercado chinencis for cheese production
QUICK REFERENCE: People
and Their Key Contributions
KEY TERM DEFINITION / EXPLANATION — END OF REVIEWER —
Fe del Incubator; jaundice-relieving Science, Technology and Society (STS) | Good
Mundo device; BRAT diet; first female luck on your exam!
National Scientist (1980); Mother
of Philippine Pediatrics
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