Principles of Environmental Science
Course Code: NaRM251
Course Credit; [Link]/ECTS: 3(3+0)/5
Instructor: Yohannes Dikola
II Year, Semester I
2025/26
Objectives
After these class end, you will be able to:
Understand the concept of the environment;
Discuss the relationship between development
and environment;
Describe perspectives on environment; and
Discuss the environmental sustainability
Introduction
• The term environment is coined from the French word
“Environer,” meaning “neighborhood” in other words, the place,
people, things, and nature surrounding any living organism is
called the environment.
• The environment is the sum total of biotic and abiotic aspects of
life.
• The environment is a system that
• provides natural surroundings for the existence of organisms
such as humans Environmental Perspective and animals and
which is a prerequisite for their further evolution.
Introduction
• A-biotic components of the environment (atmosphere, water,
minerals, energy) and biotic concept of environment (organisms
from simple to complex) are its main elements
• Environmental science studies the interactions between humans
and the natural world, including ecosystems, resources, and
pollution.
• Because, Understanding these interactions is key to finding
sustainable solutions.
• Environmental science integrates biology, chemistry, physics, and
social sciences to address environmental problems.
Introduction
• This holistic approach is crucial for
understanding complex environmental issues.
• Environmental science seeks to understand
environmental problems and develop
solutions based on scientific principles.
• Practical solutions are emphasized alongside
theoretical knowledge.
The environment perspective
• Human perspective on the environment is influenced by factors,
education, economic status, and the living environment.
• The environment is determined by how we perceive and treat it in
our day to day life.
• The perception and perspectives of people on the environment
and their relationship with nature are traditionally divided into
three categories: anthropocentric, bio-centric and eco-centric
• These perspectives are still relevant to the environment today
Environmental Sustainability
• Then, in 1981, the concept of “sustainable development” appeared
for the first time
• Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
• Balancing current welfare with future well-being is key.
• Three Pillars in sustainability includes environmental, social, and
economic dimensions, ensuring a balanced approach to
development.
• Addressing all three pillars is essential for long-term success.
Principles of Environmental Sustainability
• Three Main Principles of Environmental Sustainability: Resource
Management, Ecosystem Protection and Social Equity
Efficient and responsible use of natural resources to minimize waste
and pollution is a key principle of sustainability.
Protecting biodiversity and maintaining healthy ecosystems are
crucial for supporting life and providing essential services.
Conservation efforts and habitat restoration are vital.
Ensuring fair distribution of resources and opportunities, promoting
social justice, and addressing inequalities are essential for
sustainability. Social equity supports long-term environmental
solutions.
Environmentalism
• Historically, early environmentalism focused on preserving
wilderness areas and protecting natural resources for future use.
• John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt were influential figures.
• The modern environmental movement emerged in the 1960s,
raising awareness about pollution, overpopulation, and resource
depletion.
• Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" was pivotal.
Environmental Dilemmas
• Environmental Dilemmas are situations where people,
organizations, or governments must make difficult choices
between actions that have both environmental benefits and
costs.
• These dilemmas occur when protecting the environment
conflicts with economic growth, social needs, or technological
development
• Example, building a dam provides clean energy and water for
irrigation but can destroy wildlife habitats and displace
communities.
Environmental Dilemmas
• Economic development often comes at the expense of
environmental quality, posing a dilemma for policymakers.
• Finding a balance is crucial for long-term sustainability.
• Implementing sustainable development strategies that integrate
environmental considerations into economic planning is
essential.
• Green technologies and responsible resource management are
key.
Addressing Climate Change
• Mitigation and Adaptation
• Climate change requires both reducing greenhouse gas
emissions (mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of a
changing climate.
• Both strategies are necessary for addressing the challenge.
• International cooperation is crucial for addressing climate
change, as it requires coordinated efforts from all countries.
• Global agreements and shared responsibility are essential.
Resource Depletion and Population Growth
• Overconsumption of resources, driven by population
growth and affluent lifestyles, leads to environmental
degradation.
• Promoting sustainable consumption patterns is crucial.
• Managing resources sustainably, including water, minerals,
and forests, is essential for meeting the needs of a
growing population.
• Efficiency and conservation are key strategies.