LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Presented By:- Arun Kumar Gangwar Hydroelectric Power Plants ¢ Hydroelectric power plants are used to convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical energy. Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in ly areas where dams can be built and large water reservoirs can be obtained. Introduction to Hydroelectricity « Hydropower _ is considered as one of the most economic and non polluting sources of energy. * Power generated from water is known as hydroelectricity. ° Hydroelectricity means electricity generated by hydropower or from the use of the gravitational force of falling of flowing water.1 Hyd Electric P | Classification of Hydroelectric Dene eee chee! ‘ Power Plants by size ee Large- hydro More than 100 MW Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW. Small-hydro 1-15MW Schematic Arrangement of modern 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant Mini-hydro Above 100 KW, but below | MW Micro-hydro From 5KW up to 100 KW Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to SKWWorking of Hydroelectric Power Plant | °A dam is constructed across a water » Water is taken to water turbine through body. | a huge steel pipe known as penstock. | ___ + Water from the catchment area collects Be The water turbine converts hydraulic é ] at the back of the dam to form reservoir. energy into mechanical energy. - Water is brought to valve house at the The turbine drives the alternator which start of penstock. converts mechanical energy into electrical - The valve house contains mai energy. valves and automatic isolating valves. Constituents of Hydroelectric Hydraulic Structures Power Plant Dams _ Spillways Hydraulic lie Headwork : Meter turbines Surge Tanks « Electrical equipment Penstock Power StationsDams Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir. A dam performs following two ba: functions:~ elt develops a reservoir of the desired capacity to store water and; « It builds up a head for power generation. Classification of dams based upon the height of the head « High head — 100m and above ° Medium head - 30 to 100m « Low head — 25 to 80m Classification of Dams based upon material of construction Dams Fill Dams Masonry Dams |. Earth fill dams |. Gravity dams 2. Rock fill dams 2. Buttress dams [Link] dams Spillways ing of water from dams. + It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. + It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams.es & Classification of spillways e Uncontrolled type * Controlled type Surge Tanks Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. elt serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. Headwork * The headwork consists of the diversion structures at the head of an intake. They generally include booms and racks for diverting floating debris, sluices for by passing debris and sediments and valves for controlling the flow of water to the turbine. Penstocks Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems. * Concrete penstocks are suitable for low head (<30m). e Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. PE teFigure showing various devices Provided for the protection of the penstock ‘Surge tank Penstock = Air valve: | Anchor block buttery The equipment provided in the power station « Hydraulic turbines « Electric generators « Governors * Gate valves © Relief valves « Water circulation pumps ¢ Air duct Switch board and instruments Storage batteries ° Cranes Power Stai » Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. ° The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. © This rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is converted into elec ° The used water is released through the tail race. Water Turbines ° The water turbines are used to convert the energy of falling water into mechanical energy, which in turn rotates the electric generator coupled to it in producing the electric power.The principal types of water turbines are:- \. Impulse turbine 2. Reaction turl Ratings of Pelton/ Turgo (impulse) turbines « Rated head: 80- 1600 m * Rated flow: 0.1- 20m?/s + Rated speed: 150- 1500 rpm « Rated output: 100 KW- s0MWw Impulse Turbines * Impulse turbines are one that works under atmospheric pressure. Such turbines are used for high heads. eln this turbine the entire pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy in a nozzle and the velocity of the jet drives the wheel. Reaction Turbines ° These work under pressure much higher than atmospheric pressure. © These turbines are used for low and medium heads. e In this turbine, water enters the runner partly with pressure energy and partly with velocity head.Types of Reaction Turbines ' Ratings of Francis turbine * The important types of reaction turbines 4s Rated head: 10-300 m | * Rated flow: 0.3- 100 m/s | |. Francis turbine « Rated speed: 68.2- 1500 2. Kaplan turbine j "pm + Rated output: 100KW- loomw « Rated efficiency: 93% Ratings of the Kaplan turbine Turbine Selection Graph « Rated head: 2- 70 m © Rated flow: |- 200 m/s | « Rated speed: 68.2 — 750 t rpm : + Rated output: 100 KW- 100 MW hem « Rated efficiency: 93%Electrical Equipment ° The electrical equipment of a hydro electric Power station includes alternators, transformers, circuit breaker and other switching and protective devices. It does not takes more starting time like in steam power station. In fact such plant put into service instantly. It is robust and has a longer life. The hydropower plant serves many purposes. like generation of electrical in and energy, they also helps in irriga controlling flood. * Being simple in design and operation. e Manpower requirement is also low. e More reliable than others. TR Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Plants No fuel is required here as water is used for the generation of electrical energy. It is quit safe as no smoke or ash is produced. It requires very small running charges than other power plant because water is the source of energy which is available free of cost. It is comparatively simple in construction and requires less maintenance. Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power Plant elt requires high capital because the construction of dam is required. There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water because it is dependent on whether condition. ¢ Skilled and experienced hands required to build the plant. * Since far from the load centre and require long transmission lines is required. areConclusion , Hydroelectric power plants should be Promoted since they don't pose any threat to the environment and also it requires very small running charges because water is the source of energy which is available free of cost. THANK YOU